> top > docs > PMC:7565665 > spans > 15820-20791 > annotations

PMC:7565665 / 15820-20791 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T89 194-199 Body_part denotes lungs http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68877
T90 271-275 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T91 293-295 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T92 359-361 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T93 539-541 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T94 642-644 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T95 771-773 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T96 827-835 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T97 966-968 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T98 1389-1391 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T99 1495-1497 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T100 1519-1523 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T101 2476-2483 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T102 2545-2558 Body_part denotes autophagosome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326100
T103 2582-2587 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T104 2815-2829 Body_part denotes autophagosomes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326100
T105 2833-2842 Body_part denotes lysosomes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63836
T106 3490-3501 Body_part denotes macrophages http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T107 3955-3962 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T108 4232-4243 Body_part denotes macrophages http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T109 4422-4424 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T110 4514-4516 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T111 4693-4695 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995
T112 4843-4845 Body_part denotes CS http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma284995

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T26 271-275 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T27 1519-1523 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T141 423-425 Disease denotes EB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006541
T142 1596-1606 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T143 1666-1676 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T144 1877-1886 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T145 2039-2048 Disease denotes Influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T146 2221-2254 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T147 2268-2276 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T148 2721-2731 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T149 3058-3067 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T150 3271-3283 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T151 3401-3413 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T152 3819-3821 Disease denotes CF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009061
T153 4189-4191 Disease denotes CF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009061
T154 4343-4345 Disease denotes CF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009061
T155 4666-4670 Disease denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005002

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T183 194-199 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lungs
T184 423-425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002867 denotes EB
T185 434-435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T186 607-617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T187 845-846 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 1225-1228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T189 1322-1324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T190 1358-1359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 1414-1415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T192 1519-1523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T193 1519-1523 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T194 1732-1741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T195 1732-1741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T196 1887-1892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T197 2049-2052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T198 2329-2337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T199 2510-2513 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T200 2582-2587 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T201 2712-2719 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T202 2763-2766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T203 2833-2842 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005764 denotes lysosomes
T204 2856-2864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T205 3161-3164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T206 3182-3183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T207 3204-3212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T208 3284-3287 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T209 3414-3417 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T210 3433-3441 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activate
T211 3567-3576 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T212 3567-3576 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T213 3593-3599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T214 3674-3678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T215 3679-3682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T216 3764-3768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T217 3886-3890 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T218 3943-3947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T219 4088-4092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T220 4164-4171 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airways
T221 4263-4267 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T222 4315-4319 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T223 4373-4377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T224 4387-4390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T225 4479-4483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T226 4525-4529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T227 4618-4619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T228 4740-4744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR
T229 4885-4886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T230 4904-4908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001044 denotes CFTR

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T60 293-295 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T61 359-361 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T62 423-425 Chemical denotes EB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53197
T63 539-541 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T64 642-644 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T65 771-773 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T66 827-835 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T67 966-968 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T68 1371-1380 Chemical denotes biomarker http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59163
T69 1389-1391 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T70 1495-1497 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T71 2126-2134 Chemical denotes antigens http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T72 2367-2369 Chemical denotes TM http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_55460|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74861
T74 2476-2483 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T75 2879-2883 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T76 3955-3962 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T77 4422-4424 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T78 4514-4516 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T79 4593-4601 Chemical denotes ceramide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17761|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52639
T81 4638-4650 Chemical denotes sphingolipid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26739
T82 4693-4695 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462
T83 4723-4726 Chemical denotes ROS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523
T84 4843-4845 Chemical denotes CS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73462

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
403 402-425 Gene denotes transcription factor-EB Gene:7942
404 427-431 Gene denotes TFEB Gene:7942
405 519-523 Gene denotes TFEB Gene:7942
406 583-587 Gene denotes TFEB Gene:7942
407 677-681 Gene denotes TFEB Gene:7942
408 840-843 Gene denotes p62 Gene:51164
409 1495-1497 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
410 966-968 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
411 276-291 Gene denotes cigarette smoke Gene:1431
412 1389-1391 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
413 771-773 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
414 642-644 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
415 539-541 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
416 359-361 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
417 293-295 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
418 132-145 Disease denotes dysfunctional MESH:D009461
419 491-504 Disease denotes dysfunctional MESH:D009461
420 1178-1199 Disease denotes pulmonary dysfunction MESH:D011660
421 1596-1606 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
431 2362-2366 Gene denotes PLP2 Gene:5355
432 2487-2491 Gene denotes NSP6 Gene:43740578
433 1877-1892 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11308
434 2221-2266 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Tax:694009
435 2268-2276 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
436 2496-2509 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
437 2604-2615 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
438 2039-2048 Species denotes Influenza Tax:11320
439 1989-2026 Disease denotes impairment via aggresome accumulation MESH:D060825
449 3268-3283 Species denotes M. tuberculosis Tax:1773
450 3398-3413 Species denotes M. tuberculosis Tax:1773
451 3593-3599 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
452 2721-2744 Disease denotes Legionella pneumophilia MESH:D007877
453 2749-2761 Disease denotes pneumophilia
454 2806-2814 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
455 2966-2978 Disease denotes pneumophilia
456 3058-3067 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
457 3144-3156 Disease denotes pneumophilia
467 3674-3678 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
468 3764-3768 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
469 3886-3890 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
470 3943-3947 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
471 4088-4092 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
472 4263-4267 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
473 3868-3876 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
474 4175-4183 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
475 4249-4262 Disease denotes dysfunctional MESH:D009461
491 4373-4377 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
492 4740-4744 Gene denotes CFTR Gene:1080
493 4514-4516 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
494 4843-4845 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
495 4693-4695 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
496 4422-4424 Gene denotes CS Gene:1431
497 4671-4679 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
498 4593-4601 Chemical denotes ceramide MESH:D002518
499 4723-4726 Chemical denotes ROS MESH:D017382
500 4315-4331 Disease denotes CFTR dysfunction MESH:D009461
501 4479-4495 Disease denotes CFTR dysfunction MESH:D009461
502 4525-4541 Disease denotes CFTR dysfunction MESH:D009461
503 4630-4662 Disease denotes altered sphingolipid homeostasis MESH:D013106
504 4666-4670 Disease denotes COPD MESH:D029424
505 4904-4920 Disease denotes CFTR dysfunction MESH:D009461

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T60 4666-4670 Phenotype denotes COPD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0006510

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T211 17-26 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes Autophagy
T212 17-26 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes Autophagy
T213 65-74 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T214 65-74 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T215 222-231 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T216 222-231 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T217 310-315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T218 402-422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000981 denotes transcription factor
T219 402-415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351 denotes transcription
T220 443-452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T221 443-452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T222 567-579 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051179 denotes localization
T223 621-630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T224 621-630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T225 653-662 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T226 653-662 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T227 857-866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T228 857-866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T229 918-927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T230 918-927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T231 981-990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T232 981-990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T233 1074-1083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T234 1074-1083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T235 1204-1213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T236 1204-1213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T237 1444-1453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T238 1444-1453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T239 1524-1529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T240 1556-1565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T241 1556-1565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T242 1637-1646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T243 1637-1646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T244 1716-1725 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T245 1716-1725 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T246 1788-1797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T247 1788-1797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T248 1951-1960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T249 1979-1988 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T250 1979-1988 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T251 2084-2093 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T252 2084-2093 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T253 2157-2172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response
T254 2308-2317 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T255 2417-2426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T256 2417-2426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T257 2643-2652 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T258 2643-2652 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T259 2926-2935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T260 3103-3112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T261 3103-3112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T262 3317-3340 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001845 denotes phagolysosome formation
T263 3331-3340 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T264 3473-3482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T265 3473-3482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T266 3610-3619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T267 3610-3619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T268 3674-3678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T269 3707-3716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T270 3707-3716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T271 3764-3768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T272 3886-3890 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T273 3943-3947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T274 4088-4092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T275 4102-4111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T276 4102-4111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T277 4263-4267 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T278 4315-4319 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T279 4362-4371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T280 4362-4371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T281 4373-4377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T282 4479-4483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T283 4525-4529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T284 4562-4571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T285 4562-4571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T286 4651-4662 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042592 denotes homeostasis
T287 4740-4744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T288 4790-4799 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T289 4790-4799 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy
T290 4904-4908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005260 denotes CFTR
T291 4939-4948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016236 denotes autophagy
T292 4939-4948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006914 denotes autophagy

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T77 0-2 Sentence denotes 3.
T78 3-38 Sentence denotes Mechanisms of Autophagy Dysfunction
T79 39-186 Sentence denotes Despite the importance of autophagy, there are many conditions where this process can become dysfunctional, leading to various pathological states.
T80 187-327 Sentence denotes In the lungs, the major sources of autophagy dysfunction includes first- and second-hand cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and aging [35,62,93].
T81 328-471 Sentence denotes Studies have demonstrated that CS exposure can decrease the expression of transcription factor-EB (TFEB), a master autophagy regulator [34,35].
T82 472-636 Sentence denotes This occurs by the dysfunctional processing of TFEB in response to CS, causing the perinuclear localization of TFEB which prevents the activation of autophagy [62].
T83 637-734 Sentence denotes This CS-induced autophagy impairment of TFEB leads to impaired bacterial clearance [22,33,34,35].
T84 735-936 Sentence denotes Furthermore, there is evidence that CS exposure increases the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and p62 (a marker of autophagy impairment) in aggresome bodies, further impairing autophagy [22,34].
T85 937-1137 Sentence denotes These deleterious effects of CS exposure on autophagy have also been demonstrated to be present in eCV exposure, which similarly impairs autophagy through the accumulation of aggresome bodies [39,94].
T86 1138-1381 Sentence denotes Furthermore, increasing the severity of pulmonary dysfunction and autophagy impairment has been observed to statistically correlate directly with increased levels of aggresome bodies [36], demonstrating its potential as a prognostic biomarker.
T87 1382-1485 Sentence denotes Hence, CS exposure demonstrates a common, but preventable way autophagy can be impaired in individuals.
T88 1486-1612 Sentence denotes Notably, CS exposure accelerates lung aging, known to be initiated by autophagy decline, which can exacerbate infections [33].
T89 1613-1684 Sentence denotes In addition to smoking, autophagy can be impaired by infectious agents.
T90 1685-1828 Sentence denotes Due to the conserved nature of autophagy, many organisms have adapted and evolved mechanisms to impair autophagy in order to infect their host.
T91 1829-2038 Sentence denotes For example, studies have demonstrated that the influenza virus promotes its own survival by preventing autophagolysosome formation; thus, leading to autophagy impairment via aggresome accumulation [41,85,95].
T92 2039-2178 Sentence denotes Influenza has also been found to prevent the autophagy-dependent presentation of viral antigens necessary to mount an immune response [10].
T93 2179-2443 Sentence denotes Similarly, investigations have found that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can inhibit autophagolysosome formation with trans membrane papain-like protease 2 (PLP2-TM) to provoke phagolysosome accumulation causing autophagy impairment [96].
T94 2444-2633 Sentence denotes Additionally, the nonstructural protein 6 (NSP6) of coronaviruses has also been observed to restrict autophagosome development to prevent cells from inhibiting coronavirus replication [97].
T95 2634-2720 Sentence denotes However, autophagy inhibition by pathogens is not something that is unique to viruses.
T96 2721-2944 Sentence denotes Legionella pneumophilia (L. pneumophilia) has been found to delay the progression of infected autophagosomes to lysosomes to allow the bacteria to develop an acid-tolerant state prior to autophagolysosome formation [98,99].
T97 2945-3084 Sentence denotes This delay allows L. pneumophilia to replicate in the acidic environment of the autophagolysosome [99] and cause infection within the host.
T98 3085-3267 Sentence denotes This mechanism of autophagy impairment is not unique to L. pneumophilia and has been observed as a common mechanism of bacteria to promote their invasion and replication [7,100,101].
T99 3268-3541 Sentence denotes M. tuberculosis has also been observed to impair phagolysosome formation; meanwhile, other studies have further demonstrated that M. tuberculosis has the ability to activate cellular pathways that inhibit autophagy within macrophages to promote intracellular survival [61].
T100 3542-3655 Sentence denotes Hence, there are various organisms that can infect humans and cause autophagy dysfunction for their own survival.
T101 3656-3736 Sentence denotes The expression of CFTR has been shown to influence autophagy as discussed above.
T102 3737-3905 Sentence denotes One mechanism of decreased CFTR expression is due to the genetic defects found in CF, where the most common mutation seen in these patients is ΔF508-CFTR [102,103,104].
T103 3906-4054 Sentence denotes Studies have demonstrated that ΔF508-CFTR causes protein misfolding that forms aggregates potentially impairing cellular proteostasis [20,42,53,61].
T104 4055-4197 Sentence denotes This dysfunction caused by ΔF508-CFTR includes autophagy dysfunction and decreases pathogen clearance in the airways of patients with CF [53].
T105 4198-4278 Sentence denotes Similar findings were observed in macrophages with dysfunctional CFTR [105,106].
T106 4279-4496 Sentence denotes Along with the genetic mechanism of CFTR dysfunction present in CF that can impair autophagy, CFTR function has been shown to be diminished by CS exposure [40,107,108,109], which is known as acquired CFTR dysfunction.
T107 4497-4692 Sentence denotes One mechanism of CS-induced CFTR dysfunction leading to impaired autophagy is through increased ceramide accumulation as a result of altered sphingolipid homeostasis in COPD patients [22,93,110].
T108 4693-4808 Sentence denotes CS exposure can also increase ROS which causes CFTR to accumulate in aggresome bodies and impair autophagy [42,62].
T109 4809-4971 Sentence denotes Thus, both genetic mechanisms and CS exposure or environmental factors play a critical role in CFTR dysfunction and the resulting autophagy impairment (Figure 1).