PMC:7556614 / 19557-21456 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"33057878-27265551-28012","span":{"begin":224,"end":226},"obj":"27265551"},{"id":"33057878-21904452-28013","span":{"begin":708,"end":710},"obj":"21904452"},{"id":"33057878-25453292-28014","span":{"begin":804,"end":806},"obj":"25453292"},{"id":"33057878-29079515-28015","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1164},"obj":"29079515"}],"text":"Mechanism of PALN Formation\nPEGylated lipid polymeric nanoparticle (PALN) formation hypothesis is shown Fig. 1. The method follows the self-organising interaction between the combination of lecithin, chitosan, and PEG 2000 (15). ACV, being polar in nature, attracts the hydrophilic head of lecithin (26), while randomly dispersing in the solvent for fabricating nanoparticles. The lecithin/ACV solution was added into chitosan solution, the electrostatic interaction between chitosan, and lecithin led to the formation of chitosan hydrophilic shell layer surrounding the internal core of lecithin and ACV. The combination of chitosan and lecithin permitted the formulation of stiff and stable nanostructure (27). Hydrogen bonding and physical entanglement might also occur between lecithin and chitosan (28).\nFig. 1 Schematic diagram for PALNs formation. a Hydrophilic head attracts towards the polar head. b Lecithin-chitosan leads to electrostatic interaction and formation assembly. c Self-organisation between the lecithin, chitosan, and PEG 2000\nPEG can provide stealth property on nanoparticles to avoid RES elimination and prolong their circulation time (29). Protonation on chitosan-free amino group in the acidic environment caused it to be positively charged. The dipole-dipole or hydrogen bonding between chitosan shell and PEG became stronger than intra-molecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding of chitosan chain and allowed PEG grafting onto it due to interaction between amine or amide nitrogen of chitosan, and hydroxyl and etheric oxygen of PEG (30). Probe sonication was employed to reduce particle size as well as improving uniformity of size. PALNs formulated exhibited a pale white appearance with soapy texture. Pale white colour resulted from the massive amount of nanoparticles formed, while the frothy white texture was due to the presence of PEG 2000 in the formulation."}