PMC:7556614 / 1760-3712
Annnotations
{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7556614","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7556614","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7556614","text":"Viral diseases are emerging as a major cause for the mortality of the human life. Emergence of these infectious virus causes a pandemic and an epidemic from time to time, disturbing normal life. Virus strains and their classifications are vast, their transmission (e.g. zoonotic spread) makes them additional biologically vulnerable to human. The recent issues of the occurrence of endangered coronavirus (Covid-19) for threatening the world. Some examples of cross-species virus transmission are Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), chicken pox, and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is from the family of Herpesvirida and mainly forms two main types (HSV-1 and HSV-2). HSV-2 infected more than 400 million people at the age of 15–59 worldwide with genital herpes with sexually transmitted and also lifelong incurable disease HSV-2 (1,2). Currently, the therapeutic drugs available are acyclovir, valaclovir, and famciclovir, in which acyclovir is referred as the most widely used drug to control disease. Acyclovir (ACV) is acyclic guanosine analog of purine nucleoside, (guanine substituted at (2-hydroxyethoxy) methyl) at 9 position (2-amino-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-1H-purin-6-one) (2). It is mostly involved in the treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2, given orally daily with a dose of 400 to 800 mg (2–3) (3). In the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class III drugs, the large dose and frequent administration are due to acyclovir having poor aqueous solubility (1.5 mg/mL) and poor permeability (0.12 ~ 2 × 10−6cm s−1), rendering acyclovir to have low oral bioavailability (10 ~ 30%) and short half-life (3 h) with molar mass 225.21 g/mol (4–8). Oral acyclovir has a narrow absorption window, which is from the stomach to duodenum (9). The low absorption depicts the need for a delivery system that could release effectively in either or both gastric and intestinal environment to target the disease.","tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"33057878-25005585-27994","span":{"begin":873,"end":874},"obj":"25005585"},{"id":"33057878-25005585-27995","span":{"begin":1226,"end":1227},"obj":"25005585"},{"id":"33057878-29649496-27996","span":{"begin":1344,"end":1345},"obj":"29649496"},{"id":"33057878-24215288-27997","span":{"begin":1692,"end":1693},"obj":"24215288"},{"id":"33057878-26375604-27997","span":{"begin":1692,"end":1693},"obj":"26375604"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"33057878-25005585-27994","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"33057878-25005585-27995","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"33057878-29649496-27996","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"33057878-24215288-27997","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"33057878-26375604-27997","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#d693ec","default":true}]}]}}