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PMC:7556165 / 53979-60316 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T170 3704-3715 Chemical denotes angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T171 6161-6169 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080

LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue ncbi_taxonomy_id
T332 90-98 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T333 1067-1075 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T334 1909-1917 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T335 2004-2014 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T336 2004-2008 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T337 2619-2627 Species denotes SARS-CoV NCBItxid:694009
T338 2619-2623 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T339 2711-2721 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T340 2711-2715 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T341 2807-2817 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T342 2807-2811 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T343 4302-4312 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T344 4302-4306 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T345 4546-4556 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T346 4546-4550 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T347 5216-5224 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T348 5617-5625 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T349 5735-5743 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049
T350 5958-5968 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 NCBItxid:2697049
T351 5958-5962 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T352 5982-5987 Species denotes human NCBItxid:9606
T353 6116-6121 Species denotes human NCBItxid:9606
T354 6268-6276 Species denotes COVID-19 NCBItxid:2697049

LitCovid-sample-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T335 0-41 Sentence denotes The Controversial Role of ACE2 Expression
T336 42-282 Sentence denotes Epidemiological data consistently show that the COVID-19 patients at highest risk of a poor prognosis are males older than 60 years with chronic underlying diseases, mostly hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus.
T337 283-465 Sentence denotes Clinical reports have been rapidly delivered from all over the world, and meta-analyses assessing the prevalence of comorbidities and their impact on prognosis are already available.
T338 466-713 Sentence denotes A meta-analysis pooling data from seven studies following a total number of 1,576 infected patients from hospitals in China found that the most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (21.1%), diabetes (9.7%), and cardiovascular diseases (8.4%).
T339 714-922 Sentence denotes These increased the risk of developing a more serious disease (i.e., requiring intensive care treatment), with odds ratios ranging from 2.4 (hypertension) to 3.4 (cardiovascular disease) (Yang et al., 2020b).
T340 923-1198 Sentence denotes These findings have been confirmed in the analysis performed by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a huge sample of 72314 COVID-19 cases (Epidemiology Working Group for Ncip Epidemic Response and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).
T341 1199-1352 Sentence denotes A study with 1591 Italian patients, similarly, reported a significant association between hypertension and mortality in Intensive Care Unit (63 vs. 40%).
T342 1353-1497 Sentence denotes This series reported an even higher prevalence of hypertension (49%), diabetes (17%), and cardiovascular disease (21%) (Grasselli et al., 2020).
T343 1498-1686 Sentence denotes Diabetes has been reported to predict the occurrence of ARDS (HR = 1.44), acute kidney injury (HR = 3.01), septic shock (HR = 1.95), and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.70) (Zhu et al., 2020).
T344 1687-1845 Sentence denotes Notably, poor glycemic control was significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes, namely multi-organ injuries and higher mortality (Zhu et al., 2020).
T345 1846-1927 Sentence denotes Obesity has also emerged as an important factor in determining COVID-19 severity.
T346 1928-2196 Sentence denotes Indeed, obesity was more frequent in patients admitted to critical care for SARS-CoV-2 as compared to the general population; moreover, the BMI was positively related to the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality (Drucker, 2020; Simonnet et al., 2020).
T347 2197-2339 Sentence denotes The RAAS system is the target of widely used anti-hypertensive drugs, such as ACE-inhibitors (ACEI) and Ang-II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB).
T348 2340-2552 Sentence denotes Several experimental studies reported that, although not directly affecting ACE2 activity, these drugs are able to upregulate its expression (Ishiyama et al., 2004; Ferrario et al., 2005; Gallagher et al., 2008).
T349 2553-2785 Sentence denotes Increased expression of ACE2 has also been reported to facilitate SARS-CoV infection in several experimental models and postulated to act in the same way for SARS-CoV-2 (Li et al., 2003; Hofmann et al., 2004; Perrotta et al., 2020).
T350 2786-2956 Sentence denotes Hence, following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, it has been speculated that the use of ACEI and ARB could increase viral invasion and should therefore be temporarily suspended.
T351 2957-3425 Sentence denotes This topic has been abundantly debated in the last few months (March–May 2020), with contradictory views (Bavishi et al., 2020; Buckley et al., 2020; Danser et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020; Huang Z. et al., 2020; Kreutz et al., 2020; Kuster et al., 2020; Mourad and Levy, 2020; Park et al., 2020; Rico-Mesa et al., 2020; Sommerstein et al., 2020; South et al., 2020; Tignanelli et al., 2020; Vaduganathan et al., 2020; Verdecchia et al., 2020b; Zhang P. et al., 2020).
T352 3426-3815 Sentence denotes As a consequence of this debate, several clinical societies have stated that suspension of ACEI and ARB is not justified on the basis of the present scientific evidence, although a recent BMJ editorial (Aronson and Ferner, 2020) suggested to consider stopping ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with mild hypertension who are at high risk of coronavirus infection.
T353 3816-4041 Sentence denotes On the other hand, a different viewpoint is based on the intriguing observation that several conditions increasing the risk of viral infection and disease severity are all characterized by a certain degree of ACE2 deficiency.
T354 4042-4229 Sentence denotes As discussed above (section “Structure of ACE2”) ACE2 deficiency has been suggested to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
T355 4230-4427 Sentence denotes The role of ACE2 expression in the panel of comorbidities correlated to SARS-CoV-2 is a matter of intense still unsolved debate, as brilliantly revised by Shyh et al. (2020) in a very recent paper.
T356 4428-4567 Sentence denotes On the whole, there is still uncertainty about the relationship between ACE2 density on cell membrane and the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T357 4568-4909 Sentence denotes An interesting speculation which could reconcile the two position comes from the hypothesis that while ACE2 is for sure the entry door for the virus, once the infection has evolved, there is the subsequent downregulation of ACE2, responsible for the precipitating of respiratory distress, as showed also in animal models (Kuba et al., 2005).
T358 4910-5082 Sentence denotes It should be pointed out that the great clinical impact of this issue has encouraged discussions that are largely based on indirect speculations rather than objective data.
T359 5083-5376 Sentence denotes Data from appropriate clinical trials are still lacking, although a retrospective multicenter study on more than 1,000 patients with COVID-19 and hypertension treated with ACEI or ARB revealed that the use of these drugs was associated with lower mortality from all cause (Bosso et al., 2020).
T360 5377-5781 Sentence denotes A definite conclusion would require specific prospective clinical trials, which are still running: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04312009 is a multi-centered double blind trial with the aim to test the role of ARB in patients with COVID-19 and https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04331574 is another trial evaluating the outcome of patients with COVID-19 in therapy with either ACEI and ARBS.
T361 5782-6337 Sentence denotes In the meanwhile, partial but important information might be obtained by circumscribed experimental and clinical investigations focused some on crucial issues, namely: fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells manipulated in order to modify ACE2 density; correlation of ACE2 density (in different cell types) and clinical course in human patients; potential role of additional proteins interacting with ACE2, such as the membrane transporter SIT1, which appears to be associated with COVID-19 prognosis and is also affected by anti-hypertensive therapy.

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T140 1578-1584 Body_part denotes kidney http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113
T141 1790-1795 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T142 3829-3833 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue pubann:denotes
1505 26-30 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1536 99-107 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1537 557-565 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1538 1225-1233 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1539 1965-1973 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1540 2004-2014 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1541 90-98 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1542 215-227 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1543 229-252 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
1544 257-281 Disease denotes type-2 diabetes mellitus MESH:D003924
1545 548-556 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1546 639-651 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1547 661-669 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1548 682-705 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
1549 855-867 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1550 877-899 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1551 1067-1075 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1552 1289-1301 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1553 1306-1315 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1554 1403-1415 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1555 1423-1431 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1556 1443-1465 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1557 1498-1506 Disease denotes Diabetes MESH:D003920
1558 1554-1558 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
1559 1572-1591 Disease denotes acute kidney injury MESH:D058186
1560 1605-1617 Disease denotes septic shock MESH:D012772
1561 1645-1654 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1562 1816-1825 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1563 1909-1917 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1564 1936-1943 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
1565 2147-2156 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1571 2416-2420 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1572 2577-2581 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1573 2711-2721 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1574 2247-2259 Disease denotes hypertensive MESH:D006973
1575 2619-2637 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection MESH:C000657245
1581 3686-3689 Gene denotes ACE Gene:1636
1582 2807-2817 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1583 3737-3745 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1584 3756-3768 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1585 3793-3814 Disease denotes coronavirus infection MESH:D018352
1595 4025-4029 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1596 4084-4088 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1597 4091-4095 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1598 4242-4246 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1599 4302-4312 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1600 3943-3958 Disease denotes viral infection MESH:D001102
1601 4179-4191 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1602 4193-4215 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1603 4220-4228 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1611 4500-4504 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1612 4671-4675 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1613 4792-4796 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1614 4521-4529 Gene denotes membrane Gene:43740571
1615 4546-4566 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
1616 4727-4736 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1617 4835-4855 Disease denotes respiratory distress MESH:D012128
1622 5202-5210 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1623 5216-5224 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1624 5229-5241 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1625 5330-5339 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1630 5603-5611 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1631 5721-5729 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1632 5617-5625 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1633 5735-5743 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1645 6025-6029 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1646 6054-6058 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1647 6187-6191 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1648 6226-6230 Gene denotes SIT1 Gene:27240
1649 5982-5987 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1650 6116-6121 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1651 6122-6130 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1652 6205-6213 Gene denotes membrane Gene:43740571
1653 5958-5978 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
1654 6268-6276 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1655 6316-6328 Disease denotes hypertensive MESH:D006973

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uniprot_id
T5708 26-30 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5709 2275-2278 Protein denotes ACE https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GLN7|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GLN6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9EQM9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8CFN1|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7TMC6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7M4L4|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6GTS2|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q59GY8|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q53YX9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q50JE5|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q10751|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q0GA41|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47820|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22968|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22967|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22966|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12822|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12821|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12820|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P09470|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O02852|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E7EU16|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B4DXI3|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0LPF0|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VJV3
T5734 2416-2420 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5735 2577-2581 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5736 3686-3689 Protein denotes ACE https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GLN7|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GLN6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9EQM9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8CFN1|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7TMC6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7M4L4|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6GTS2|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q59GY8|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q53YX9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q50JE5|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q10751|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q0GA41|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P47820|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22968|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22967|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P22966|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12822|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12821|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12820|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P09470|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O02852|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E7EU16|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B4DXI3|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0LPF0|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VJV3
T5761 3704-3715 Protein denotes angiotensin https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q10757
T5762 4025-4029 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5763 4084-4088 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5764 4091-4095 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5765 4242-4246 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5766 4500-4504 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5767 4671-4675 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5768 4792-4796 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5769 6025-6029 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5770 6054-6058 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6
T5771 6187-6191 Protein denotes ACE2 https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UFZ6

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T207 198-206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes diseases
T208 244-252 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes diseases
T209 548-556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infected
T210 697-705 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes diseases
T211 768-775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes disease
T212 892-899 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes disease
T213 1010-1017 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes Disease
T214 1160-1167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes Disease
T215 1458-1465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes disease
T216 1790-1795 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organ
T217 2628-2637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T218 3805-3814 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T219 3949-3958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T220 3963-3970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes disease
T221 4208-4215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031 denotes disease
T222 4516-4520 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000 denotes cell
T223 4557-4566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T224 4711-4716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T225 4727-4736 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T226 5033-5041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/TRANS_0000002 denotes indirect
T227 5067-5076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objective
T228 5969-5978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586 denotes infection
T229 5988-5993 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000 denotes cells
T230 6081-6085 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000 denotes cell

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T397 1578-1584 Body_part denotes kidney http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7203
T398 1790-1795 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T399 3829-3833 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T400 4516-4529 Body_part denotes cell membrane http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63841
T401 4516-4520 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T402 5988-5993 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T403 6081-6085 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T404 6161-6169 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T296 90-98 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T297 215-252 Disease denotes hypertension, cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001302
T298 257-281 Disease denotes type-2 diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005148
T299 639-651 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T300 661-669 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T301 682-705 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004995
T302 855-867 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T303 877-899 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004995
T304 1067-1075 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T305 1289-1301 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T306 1403-1415 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T307 1423-1431 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T308 1443-1465 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004995
T309 1498-1506 Disease denotes Diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T310 1554-1558 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T311 1572-1591 Disease denotes acute kidney injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002492
T312 1846-1853 Disease denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T313 1909-1917 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T314 1936-1943 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T315 2004-2014 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T316 2004-2008 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T317 2334-2337 Disease denotes ARB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0012733
T318 2619-2637 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T319 2619-2623 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T320 2711-2721 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T321 2711-2715 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T322 2807-2817 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T323 2807-2811 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T324 2876-2879 Disease denotes ARB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0012733
T325 3235-3239 Disease denotes Park http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008199
T326 3526-3529 Disease denotes ARB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0012733
T327 3756-3768 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T328 3805-3814 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T329 3943-3958 Disease denotes viral infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T330 4179-4215 Disease denotes hypertension, cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001302
T331 4220-4228 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T332 4302-4312 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T333 4302-4306 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T334 4546-4556 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T335 4546-4550 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T336 4557-4566 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T337 4727-4736 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T338 5216-5224 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T339 5229-5241 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T340 5263-5266 Disease denotes ARB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0012733
T341 5596-5599 Disease denotes ARB http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0012733
T342 5617-5625 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T343 5735-5743 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T344 5958-5968 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T345 5958-5962 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T346 5969-5978 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T347 6268-6276 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T128 148-153 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000029 denotes males
T129 1578-1584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000119 denotes kidney
T130 3829-3833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000091 denotes hand

LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T105 3943-3958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infection
T106 6205-6225 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0055085 denotes membrane transporter

LitCovid-sample-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T42 215-227 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T43 229-252 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T44 264-281 Phenotype denotes diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T45 639-651 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T46 682-705 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T47 855-867 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T48 877-899 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T49 1289-1301 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T50 1403-1415 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T51 1443-1465 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T52 1572-1591 Phenotype denotes acute kidney injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001919
T53 1612-1617 Phenotype denotes shock http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273
T54 1846-1853 Phenotype denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T55 1936-1943 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T56 3756-3768 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T57 4179-4191 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T58 4193-4215 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T59 4835-4855 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T60 5229-5241 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822

LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T107 3943-3958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infection
T108 6205-6225 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0055085 denotes membrane transporter

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T45 215-227 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T46 229-252 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T47 264-281 Phenotype denotes diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T48 639-651 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T49 682-705 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T50 855-867 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T51 877-899 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T52 1289-1301 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T53 1403-1415 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T54 1443-1465 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T55 1572-1591 Phenotype denotes acute kidney injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001919
T56 1612-1617 Phenotype denotes shock http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273
T57 1846-1853 Phenotype denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T58 1936-1943 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T59 3756-3768 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T60 4179-4191 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T61 4193-4215 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T62 4835-4855 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T63 5229-5241 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1505 26-30 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1536 99-107 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1537 557-565 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1538 1225-1233 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1539 1965-1973 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1540 2004-2014 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1541 90-98 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1542 215-227 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1543 229-252 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
1544 257-281 Disease denotes type-2 diabetes mellitus MESH:D003924
1545 548-556 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1546 639-651 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1547 661-669 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1548 682-705 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
1549 855-867 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1550 877-899 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1551 1067-1075 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1552 1289-1301 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1553 1306-1315 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1554 1403-1415 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1555 1423-1431 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1556 1443-1465 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1557 1498-1506 Disease denotes Diabetes MESH:D003920
1558 1554-1558 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
1559 1572-1591 Disease denotes acute kidney injury MESH:D058186
1560 1605-1617 Disease denotes septic shock MESH:D012772
1561 1645-1654 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1562 1816-1825 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1563 1909-1917 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1564 1936-1943 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
1565 2147-2156 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1571 2416-2420 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1572 2577-2581 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1573 2711-2721 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1574 2247-2259 Disease denotes hypertensive MESH:D006973
1575 2619-2637 Disease denotes SARS-CoV infection MESH:C000657245
1581 3686-3689 Gene denotes ACE Gene:1636
1582 2807-2817 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1583 3737-3745 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1584 3756-3768 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1585 3793-3814 Disease denotes coronavirus infection MESH:D018352
1595 4025-4029 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1596 4084-4088 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1597 4091-4095 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1598 4242-4246 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1599 4302-4312 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
1600 3943-3958 Disease denotes viral infection MESH:D001102
1601 4179-4191 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1602 4193-4215 Disease denotes cardiovascular disease MESH:D002318
1603 4220-4228 Disease denotes diabetes MESH:D003920
1611 4500-4504 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1612 4671-4675 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1613 4792-4796 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1614 4521-4529 Gene denotes membrane Gene:43740571
1615 4546-4566 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
1616 4727-4736 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1617 4835-4855 Disease denotes respiratory distress MESH:D012128
1622 5202-5210 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1623 5216-5224 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1624 5229-5241 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
1625 5330-5339 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1630 5603-5611 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1631 5721-5729 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1632 5617-5625 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1633 5735-5743 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1645 6025-6029 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1646 6054-6058 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1647 6187-6191 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
1648 6226-6230 Gene denotes SIT1 Gene:27240
1649 5982-5987 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1650 6116-6121 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1651 6122-6130 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1652 6205-6213 Gene denotes membrane Gene:43740571
1653 5958-5978 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
1654 6268-6276 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1655 6316-6328 Disease denotes hypertensive MESH:D006973

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T335 0-41 Sentence denotes The Controversial Role of ACE2 Expression
T336 42-282 Sentence denotes Epidemiological data consistently show that the COVID-19 patients at highest risk of a poor prognosis are males older than 60 years with chronic underlying diseases, mostly hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus.
T337 283-465 Sentence denotes Clinical reports have been rapidly delivered from all over the world, and meta-analyses assessing the prevalence of comorbidities and their impact on prognosis are already available.
T338 466-713 Sentence denotes A meta-analysis pooling data from seven studies following a total number of 1,576 infected patients from hospitals in China found that the most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (21.1%), diabetes (9.7%), and cardiovascular diseases (8.4%).
T339 714-922 Sentence denotes These increased the risk of developing a more serious disease (i.e., requiring intensive care treatment), with odds ratios ranging from 2.4 (hypertension) to 3.4 (cardiovascular disease) (Yang et al., 2020b).
T340 923-1198 Sentence denotes These findings have been confirmed in the analysis performed by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a huge sample of 72314 COVID-19 cases (Epidemiology Working Group for Ncip Epidemic Response and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).
T341 1199-1352 Sentence denotes A study with 1591 Italian patients, similarly, reported a significant association between hypertension and mortality in Intensive Care Unit (63 vs. 40%).
T342 1353-1497 Sentence denotes This series reported an even higher prevalence of hypertension (49%), diabetes (17%), and cardiovascular disease (21%) (Grasselli et al., 2020).
T343 1498-1686 Sentence denotes Diabetes has been reported to predict the occurrence of ARDS (HR = 1.44), acute kidney injury (HR = 3.01), septic shock (HR = 1.95), and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.70) (Zhu et al., 2020).
T344 1687-1845 Sentence denotes Notably, poor glycemic control was significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes, namely multi-organ injuries and higher mortality (Zhu et al., 2020).
T345 1846-1927 Sentence denotes Obesity has also emerged as an important factor in determining COVID-19 severity.
T346 1928-2196 Sentence denotes Indeed, obesity was more frequent in patients admitted to critical care for SARS-CoV-2 as compared to the general population; moreover, the BMI was positively related to the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality (Drucker, 2020; Simonnet et al., 2020).
T347 2197-2339 Sentence denotes The RAAS system is the target of widely used anti-hypertensive drugs, such as ACE-inhibitors (ACEI) and Ang-II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB).
T348 2340-2552 Sentence denotes Several experimental studies reported that, although not directly affecting ACE2 activity, these drugs are able to upregulate its expression (Ishiyama et al., 2004; Ferrario et al., 2005; Gallagher et al., 2008).
T349 2553-2785 Sentence denotes Increased expression of ACE2 has also been reported to facilitate SARS-CoV infection in several experimental models and postulated to act in the same way for SARS-CoV-2 (Li et al., 2003; Hofmann et al., 2004; Perrotta et al., 2020).
T350 2786-2956 Sentence denotes Hence, following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, it has been speculated that the use of ACEI and ARB could increase viral invasion and should therefore be temporarily suspended.
T351 2957-3425 Sentence denotes This topic has been abundantly debated in the last few months (March–May 2020), with contradictory views (Bavishi et al., 2020; Buckley et al., 2020; Danser et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020; Huang Z. et al., 2020; Kreutz et al., 2020; Kuster et al., 2020; Mourad and Levy, 2020; Park et al., 2020; Rico-Mesa et al., 2020; Sommerstein et al., 2020; South et al., 2020; Tignanelli et al., 2020; Vaduganathan et al., 2020; Verdecchia et al., 2020b; Zhang P. et al., 2020).
T352 3426-3815 Sentence denotes As a consequence of this debate, several clinical societies have stated that suspension of ACEI and ARB is not justified on the basis of the present scientific evidence, although a recent BMJ editorial (Aronson and Ferner, 2020) suggested to consider stopping ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with mild hypertension who are at high risk of coronavirus infection.
T353 3816-4041 Sentence denotes On the other hand, a different viewpoint is based on the intriguing observation that several conditions increasing the risk of viral infection and disease severity are all characterized by a certain degree of ACE2 deficiency.
T354 4042-4229 Sentence denotes As discussed above (section “Structure of ACE2”) ACE2 deficiency has been suggested to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
T355 4230-4427 Sentence denotes The role of ACE2 expression in the panel of comorbidities correlated to SARS-CoV-2 is a matter of intense still unsolved debate, as brilliantly revised by Shyh et al. (2020) in a very recent paper.
T356 4428-4567 Sentence denotes On the whole, there is still uncertainty about the relationship between ACE2 density on cell membrane and the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T357 4568-4909 Sentence denotes An interesting speculation which could reconcile the two position comes from the hypothesis that while ACE2 is for sure the entry door for the virus, once the infection has evolved, there is the subsequent downregulation of ACE2, responsible for the precipitating of respiratory distress, as showed also in animal models (Kuba et al., 2005).
T358 4910-5082 Sentence denotes It should be pointed out that the great clinical impact of this issue has encouraged discussions that are largely based on indirect speculations rather than objective data.
T359 5083-5376 Sentence denotes Data from appropriate clinical trials are still lacking, although a retrospective multicenter study on more than 1,000 patients with COVID-19 and hypertension treated with ACEI or ARB revealed that the use of these drugs was associated with lower mortality from all cause (Bosso et al., 2020).
T360 5377-5781 Sentence denotes A definite conclusion would require specific prospective clinical trials, which are still running: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04312009 is a multi-centered double blind trial with the aim to test the role of ARB in patients with COVID-19 and https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04331574 is another trial evaluating the outcome of patients with COVID-19 in therapy with either ACEI and ARBS.
T361 5782-6337 Sentence denotes In the meanwhile, partial but important information might be obtained by circumscribed experimental and clinical investigations focused some on crucial issues, namely: fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells manipulated in order to modify ACE2 density; correlation of ACE2 density (in different cell types) and clinical course in human patients; potential role of additional proteins interacting with ACE2, such as the membrane transporter SIT1, which appears to be associated with COVID-19 prognosis and is also affected by anti-hypertensive therapy.