PMC:7546716 / 1426-2698
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":290,"end":294},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":583,"end":593},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":683,"end":692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":724,"end":737},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":740,"end":742},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1089},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A26","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A27","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261"},{"id":"A28","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A29","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264829"},{"id":"A30","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578"},{"id":"A31","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":290,"end":294},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":78,"end":86},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":98,"end":145},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":98,"end":131},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":147,"end":155},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":290,"end":302},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":319,"end":327},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":366,"end":374},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":394,"end":406},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":425,"end":460},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":431,"end":460},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":466,"end":478},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":517,"end":562},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":583,"end":613},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":615,"end":618},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":711,"end":714},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":841,"end":849},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":885,"end":904},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":937,"end":949},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1029},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":1056,"end":1059},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":1090,"end":1104},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1121},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1162,"end":1165},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A11","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A12","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A13","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A14","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A15","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005275"},{"id":"A16","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A17","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A18","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A19","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A20","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971"},{"id":"A21","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001531"},{"id":"A22","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015542"},{"id":"A23","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A24","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A25","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A26","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A27","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005087"},{"id":"A28","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A29","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A30","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"},{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008496"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015545"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-CLO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":290,"end":294},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":290,"end":294},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":566,"end":571},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":594,"end":604},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":642,"end":649},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":724,"end":737},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001393"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":767,"end":783},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000000017"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1192,"end":1193},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":1228,"end":1229},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":246,"end":255},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":740,"end":742},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":751,"end":762},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":767,"end":777},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":778,"end":783},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A15","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A16","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895"},{"id":"A17","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072"},{"id":"A18","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360"},{"id":"A19","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999"},{"id":"A20","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30212"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-HP
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":290,"end":302},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":431,"end":451},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":466,"end":478},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1081,"end":1095},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002088"},{"id":"A4","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"},{"id":"A5","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003256"},{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PD-GO-BP
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":394,"end":406},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":583,"end":604},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042116"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":937,"end":949},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-sentences
{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":0,"end":12},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":13,"end":188},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":189,"end":620},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":621,"end":1060},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1061,"end":1272},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
LitCovid-PubTator
{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"65","span":{"begin":724,"end":737},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"66","span":{"begin":767,"end":783},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"67","span":{"begin":785,"end":789},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"68","span":{"begin":791,"end":793},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"69","span":{"begin":747,"end":749},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"70","span":{"begin":98,"end":145},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"71","span":{"begin":147,"end":157},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"72","span":{"begin":329,"end":337},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"73","span":{"begin":78,"end":86},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"74","span":{"begin":290,"end":302},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"75","span":{"begin":319,"end":327},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"76","span":{"begin":346,"end":360},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"77","span":{"begin":366,"end":374},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"78","span":{"begin":394,"end":406},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"79","span":{"begin":425,"end":460},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"80","span":{"begin":466,"end":478},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"81","span":{"begin":517,"end":562},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"82","span":{"begin":583,"end":613},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"83","span":{"begin":841,"end":849},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"84","span":{"begin":885,"end":904},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"85","span":{"begin":937,"end":949},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"86","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1029},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"87","span":{"begin":1113,"end":1121},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A65","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"65","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A66","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"66","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A67","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"67","obj":"Gene:3458"},{"id":"A68","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"68","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A69","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"69","obj":"Gene:50512"},{"id":"A70","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"70","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A71","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"71","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A72","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"72","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A73","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"73","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A74","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"74","obj":"MESH:D008171"},{"id":"A75","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"75","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A76","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"76","obj":"MESH:D016638"},{"id":"A77","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"77","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A78","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"78","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A79","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"79","obj":"MESH:D012128"},{"id":"A80","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"80","obj":"MESH:D001778"},{"id":"A81","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"81","obj":"MESH:D060085"},{"id":"A82","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"82","obj":"MESH:D055501"},{"id":"A83","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"83","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A84","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"84","obj":"MESH:D012140"},{"id":"A85","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"85","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A86","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"86","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A87","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"87","obj":"MESH:C000657245"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}
2_test
{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"33073244-30774631-66244503","span":{"begin":807,"end":808},"obj":"30774631"}],"text":"Introduction\nIntensive efforts are underway to unravel the immunopathology of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to control the pandemic. Given the public health emergency, scarcity of effective antiviral therapies, and rapid evolution of lung disease associated with COVID-19, patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 and have exuberant inflammation, life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, and coagulopathy, are basically treated as if they had secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or virus-associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). These treatments are focused on therapies that neutralise key cytokines driving classical MAS, such as interleukin-6 ([IL]-6; eg, tocilizumab) or interferon gamma (IFNγ; eg, emapalumab).1, 2 In fact, some fatal cases of COVID-19 are accompanied not only by severe respiratory disease, but also by increased systemic inflammation as shown by higher ferritin concentrations.2 However, in many aspects, COVID-19 does not resemble typical MAS. We propose that the cytokine storm syndrome seen in COVID-19 is dissimilar to that seen in canonical MAS and should be regarded as a distinct entity and approached in a novel way reflecting its unique qualities."}