PMC:7544934 / 28511-30139 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7544934","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7544934","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7544934","text":"Naltrexone hydrochloride is an FDA-approved non-peptide opioid antagonist (Cornish et al., 1997). In 1995, the FDA approved 50 mg naltrexone (ReVia) for the treatment of alcohol addiction. Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN; dose between 1 and 5 mg) is an immune-modulator, and a known TLR4 and opioid receptor antagonist (Cant et al., 2017; Hutchinson et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2016). Although naltrexone was synthesized as an orally active competitive opioid receptor antagonist, however, LDN exhibits paradoxical properties, including analgesia and anti-inflammatory actions, where, LDN simultaneously has an antagonist effect on non-opioid receptors (TLR4) which have not been reported at higher doses (Cant et al., 2017; Hutchinson et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2016; Younger et al., 2014). Unlike high doses of naltrexone, LDN has several mechanisms of action reported in the literature (The Uses of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Clinical Practice, 2020). LDN stimulates the release of β-endorphins by acting on the opioid receptor (Gold et al., 1982; The Uses of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Clinical Practice, 2020). LDN acts as a TLR4 antagonist, in a human pilot study (4.5 mg of LDN daily) significantly reduced serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, etc (Parkitny and Younger, 2017). Importantly, low cost, low side effects, no reports of LDN interactions with other medications, and oral availability make LDN as a lucrative option to be used as an immunomodulatory agent and may be considered for use in combination with antiviral drugs or hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe or critical cases of COVID-19.","tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure","denotations":[{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":210,"end":213},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":210,"end":213},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":482,"end":485},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":482,"end":485},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":577,"end":580},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":577,"end":580},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":817,"end":820},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":817,"end":820},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":943,"end":946},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":943,"end":946},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1103},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1103},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1168},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1168},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1351},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":1348,"end":1351},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1419},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00057MO"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":1416,"end":1419},"obj":"https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G31736BK"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T69","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T70","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T71","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T72","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T73","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T74","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T75","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T76","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T77","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T78","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T79","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T80","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T81","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T82","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T83","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T84","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T85","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"},{"subj":"T86","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"698","span":{"begin":276,"end":280},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"699","span":{"begin":646,"end":650},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"700","span":{"begin":1114,"end":1118},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"701","span":{"begin":1204,"end":1237},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"702","span":{"begin":1239,"end":1243},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"703","span":{"begin":1252,"end":1257},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"704","span":{"begin":1136,"end":1141},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"705","span":{"begin":0,"end":24},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"706","span":{"begin":130,"end":140},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"707","span":{"begin":170,"end":177},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"708","span":{"begin":198,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"709","span":{"begin":386,"end":396},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"710","span":{"begin":805,"end":815},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"711","span":{"begin":903,"end":913},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"712","span":{"begin":1060,"end":1070},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"713","span":{"begin":1165,"end":1168},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"714","span":{"begin":1551,"end":1569},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"715","span":{"begin":1619,"end":1627},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A698","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"698","obj":"Gene:7099"},{"id":"A699","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"699","obj":"Gene:7099"},{"id":"A700","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"700","obj":"Gene:7099"},{"id":"A701","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"701","obj":"Gene:3553"},{"id":"A702","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"702","obj":"Gene:3558"},{"id":"A703","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"703","obj":"Gene:3606"},{"id":"A704","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"704","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A705","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"705","obj":"MESH:D009271"},{"id":"A706","pred":"tao:has_d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