> top > docs > PMC:7543267 > spans > 44200-59646 > annotations

PMC:7543267 / 44200-59646 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T13 2960-2965 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T9 2960-2965 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T105 112-120 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T106 162-178 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T107 794-797 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T108 907-923 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T109 1249-1265 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T110 1851-1867 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T111 1954-1970 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T112 2386-2389 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T113 2678-2686 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T114 3099-3102 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T115 3462-3465 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T116 4249-4252 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T117 4628-4631 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T118 6180-6196 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T119 6912-6928 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T120 10176-10184 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T121 10185-10194 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T122 11194-11197 Disease denotes PBC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005388
T123 12684-12700 Disease denotes social cognition http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010244
T124 15322-15325 Disease denotes GPS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007686

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T173 478-484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T174 498-499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T175 1667-1668 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T176 1906-1907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T177 2544-2549 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T178 2792-2793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T179 2885-2886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T180 2960-2965 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T181 2960-2965 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T182 3069-3071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 34
T183 3732-3737 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T184 4103-4104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T185 4457-4459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T186 4482-4488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T187 5174-5176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T188 5611-5613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T189 6007-6008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T190 6110-6111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 6274-6276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T192 6613-6616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050236 denotes lag
T193 6668-6669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T194 6763-6765 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T195 6768-6769 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T196 6837-6848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing its
T197 6878-6881 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T198 6902-6903 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T199 6969-6970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T200 7536-7541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T201 7709-7711 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T202 7726-7732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T203 7873-7879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T204 8262-8263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T205 8565-8567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T206 10300-10301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T207 10413-10414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T208 11237-11238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T209 12040-12041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 12094-12097 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T211 12287-12292 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T212 12380-12381 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T213 12418-12421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050236 denotes lag
T214 12481-12482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T215 13482-13483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T216 13653-13658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T217 13878-13879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T218 13991-13996 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T219 14273-14276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T220 14388-14395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T221 14765-14766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T222 15305-15312 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T95 133-144 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T96 1042-1048 Chemical denotes Action http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5133
T97 1475-1481 Chemical denotes formal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48341
T98 1640-1646 Chemical denotes formal http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48341
T46864 10312-10320 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
189 1428-1440 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
190 794-797 Chemical denotes PBC
191 112-120 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
195 2386-2389 Chemical denotes PBC
196 3099-3102 Chemical denotes PBC
197 2678-2686 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
201 3462-3465 Chemical denotes PBC
202 4249-4252 Chemical denotes PBC
203 4628-4631 Chemical denotes PBC
209 9710-9722 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
210 10550-10562 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
211 10176-10184 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
212 10185-10194 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
213 10199-10208 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
217 11469-11475 Species denotes people Tax:9606
218 11898-11904 Species denotes people Tax:9606
219 11194-11197 Chemical denotes PBC
222 14959-14971 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
223 15322-15325 Disease denotes GPS MESH:D055652

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T168 85-93 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T169 169-178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T170 242-250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T171 454-462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T172 735-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T173 914-923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T174 956-964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T175 1098-1106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T176 1153-1161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T177 1218-1226 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T178 1256-1265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T179 1392-1400 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T180 1730-1738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T181 1858-1867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T182 1896-1904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T183 1961-1970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T184 2028-2036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T185 2204-2212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T186 2372-2380 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T187 2826-2834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T188 2941-2950 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T189 3190-3198 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T190 3244-3253 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T191 3405-3414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T192 3577-3585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T193 3976-3984 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T194 4127-4135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T195 4303-4311 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T196 4392-4400 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T197 4447-4455 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T198 4553-4561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T199 4729-4737 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T200 4971-4979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T201 5061-5069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T202 5091-5099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T203 5122-5130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T204 5419-5427 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T205 5507-5515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T206 5688-5696 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T207 5780-5788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T208 5814-5823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T209 5995-6003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T210 6040-6048 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T211 6098-6106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T212 6187-6196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T213 6385-6393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T214 6503-6511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T215 6587-6595 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T216 6633-6641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T217 6704-6712 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T218 6919-6928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T219 7030-7038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T220 7054-7062 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T221 7131-7139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T222 7235-7243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T223 7345-7354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T224 7950-7958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T225 8345-8353 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T226 8378-8386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T227 8443-8451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T228 8717-8725 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T229 8893-8901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T230 9109-9117 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T231 9282-9290 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T232 10390-10399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes retention
T233 11057-11065 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T234 11219-11227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T235 11389-11397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T236 11700-11708 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T237 11871-11879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T238 12169-12177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T239 12463-12471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T240 12514-12522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T241 12580-12588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T242 12691-12700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050890 denotes cognition
T243 12720-12728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T244 13193-13201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T245 13238-13246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T246 13289-13297 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T247 13314-13322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T248 13400-13408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T249 13633-13641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T250 13728-13736 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T251 13920-13928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T252 14091-14099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T253 14264-14272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T254 14364-14372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T255 14696-14705 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T256 14738-14746 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T257 15027-15035 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T258 15405-15413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T347 0-10 Sentence denotes Discussion
T348 11-185 Sentence denotes The present study aimed to identify the determinants of social distancing behavior in the context of COVID-19 through the application of an integrated social cognition model.
T349 186-463 Sentence denotes The integrated model was based on the theory of planned behavior [13] augmented to include additional predictors relating to normative (moral norm), anticipated affect (anticipated regret), volitional (action planning), and nonconscious (habit) determinants of health behavior.
T350 464-642 Sentence denotes The model was tested in data from a correlational prospective survey study in two samples of Australian and U.S. residents subject to national or local “shelter-in-place” orders.
T351 643-760 Sentence denotes Results indicated that intention and habit were significant predictors of social distancing behavior in both samples.
T352 761-857 Sentence denotes Subjective norm, moral norm, and PBC were significant predictors of social distancing intention.
T353 858-1041 Sentence denotes In addition, intention-mediated effects of these social cognition constructs on social distancing behavior in the U.S. sample, but did so only for moral norm in the Australian sample.
T354 1042-1199 Sentence denotes Action planning did not mediate effects of intention on behavior in either samples but moderated the intention–behavior relationship in the Australia sample.
T355 1200-1417 Sentence denotes Inclusion of past behavior attenuated effects of social cognition constructs in the models in both samples, although habit and intention remained significant determinants of social distancing behavior in both samples.
T356 1418-1754 Sentence denotes Excluding participants in the U.S. sample not subject to formal “shelter-in-place” orders, or had the orders lifted during the study, did not affect the pattern or size of the effects in the model, providing evidence that formal orders did not have a substantive bearing on the determinants of social distancing behavior in this sample.
T357 1755-1905 Sentence denotes Current findings provide qualified support for some, but not all, predictions of the integrated social cognition model for social distancing behavior.
T358 1906-2161 Sentence denotes A key assumption of the model, derived from the social cognition theories on which it is based, is that social distancing behavior is reasoned action and, therefore, determined predominantly by intention and the belief-based constructs that underpin them.
T359 2162-2425 Sentence denotes Effects of intention on social distancing behavior and its mediation of constructs reflecting social reasons for acting, particularly beliefs relating to significant others and moral obligations to perform the behavior, and PBC is consistent with this assumption.
T360 2426-2584 Sentence denotes This is unsurprising in this context, considering the widely publicized details of the relatively mild effects of the virus in the majority of the population.
T361 2585-2879 Sentence denotes It is likely that the majority of individuals do not view themselves as at serious risk from COVID-19 but have internalized the view that significant others want them to engage in social distancing and feel a moral obligation to perform the behavior to protect the health of those most at risk.
T362 2880-3073 Sentence denotes Such a finding is consistent with research on similar health behaviors, such as blood donation, where behavioral performance is likely to promote the health of others rather than the self [34].
T363 3074-3259 Sentence denotes Similarly, the impact of PBC indicates the importance of perceived personal agency in maintaining social distancing behavior, consistent with previous research on health behaviors [14].
T364 3260-3415 Sentence denotes Individuals that see fewer barriers to maintaining social distancing and have the confidence to do so are more likely to intend to perform these behaviors.
T365 3416-3605 Sentence denotes The effects of subjective and moral norms and PBC suggests that these should be viable targets for behavioral interventions aimed at promoting social distancing behavior based on the model.
T366 3606-3952 Sentence denotes For example, messages promoting moral obligation (e.g., highlighting social responsibility for preventing transmission of the virus to vulnerable others through social distancing) and perceived control (e.g., demonstrating how to easily and successfully maintain appropriate social distance) may facilitate greater intention to socially distance.
T367 3953-4147 Sentence denotes However, the intention–behavior relationship in the present study was relatively modest in size, particularly in the Australian sample, indicative of a substantive intention–behavior “gap” [15].
T368 4148-4312 Sentence denotes This suggests that interventions targeting change in intention determinants, such as moral norms and PBC, may have only small effects on social distancing behavior.
T369 4313-4461 Sentence denotes It may be of value to explore how properties of intention may affect intention–behavior relations in the context of social distancing behavior [35].
T370 4462-4632 Sentence denotes Such properties may signal potential intervention strategies that may strengthen intention–behavior relations in conjunction with messaging targeting moral norms and PBC.
T371 4633-4738 Sentence denotes Current findings also indicated consistent effects of self-reported habits on social distancing behavior.
T372 4739-5009 Sentence denotes Importantly, the effects of habit were direct and independent of intentions, consistent with the theory that suggests that effects of habits reflect nonconscious, automatic processes developed through consistent experience with the behavior in stable contexts over time.
T373 5010-5178 Sentence denotes Habits also partially mediated the effects of past behavior on social distancing behavior, suggesting that past behavior effects, at least in part, reflect habits [27].
T374 5179-5327 Sentence denotes An implication of these findings is that facilitating habit development in behavioral interventions may be effective in promoting social distancing.
T375 5328-5729 Sentence denotes Research suggests that strategies, such as providing successful experiences of the desired behavior consistently over time and creating environment conditions that facilitate the behavior (e.g., consistent reminders and environmental restructuring) are effective in inducing habits [36], but the efficacy of such strategies in the context of social distancing behavior need to be verified empirically.
T376 5730-5834 Sentence denotes Furthermore, legislation restricting or mandating behavior change facilitates habit formation over time.
T377 5835-5976 Sentence denotes This suggests that the introduction of “shelter-in-place” and other government-mandated restrictions may facilitate social distancing habits.
T378 5977-6221 Sentence denotes Inclusion of past behavior as a predictor of social distancing behavior at follow-up reduced the effects of intention on behavior to a trivial size in both samples and also attenuated the effects of the social cognition constructs on intention.
T379 6222-6394 Sentence denotes Such effects are consistent with previous research [22] and raise questions over the sufficiency of the model in identifying the determinants of social distancing behavior.
T380 6395-6596 Sentence denotes However, such findings must be interpreted in light of the current study design and how the effects of past behavior can provide important information on the determinants of social distancing behavior.
T381 6597-6767 Sentence denotes The 1 week time lag means that past behavior was always likely to have a large effect because individuals’ behavior tends to be relatively stable over short periods [22].
T382 6768-7039 Sentence denotes A more complete evaluation of model sufficiency would be afforded by testing its long-range prediction, which has often been cited as a goal of social cognition theories [14], and should be considered a future research priority for research on social distancing behavior.
T383 7040-7214 Sentence denotes However, past behavior effects can be informative on the determinants of social distancing behavior as it may reflect the effects of other unmeasured behavioral determinants.
T384 7215-7477 Sentence denotes In particular, past behavior will likely reflect determinants that bypass the reasoned, intention-mediated processes that lead to behaviors, such as implicit attitudes and motives, personality traits, and variables reflecting the social and physical environment.
T385 7478-7673 Sentence denotes The effects of such constructs are speculative and future tests of the integrated model that incorporate such factors alongside those from the current model may assist in resolving these effects.
T386 7674-7843 Sentence denotes Consistent with dual-phase models [18, 19], we also tested the extent to which action planning was implicated in the process by which individuals act on their intention.
T387 7844-7972 Sentence denotes Two patterns of effects were tested: mediation and moderation effects of action planning on the intention–behavior relationship.
T388 7973-8132 Sentence denotes The mediation effect was significant in the U.S. sample but not the Australia sample, while the moderation effect was significant in the Australia sample only.
T389 8133-8188 Sentence denotes However, in both cases, the effects were small in size.
T390 8189-8410 Sentence denotes The small size of the mediation effects suggests that action planning is a relatively trivial component of the link between social distancing intention and behavior, particularly when past behavior was taken into account.
T391 8411-8569 Sentence denotes The moderation of the intention–behavior relationship by action planning in the Australian sample was negative in sign, which is contrary to predictions [18].
T392 8570-8864 Sentence denotes However, probing this interaction indicated that individuals with stronger intention were more likely to follow through on their social distancing behavior at both high and low levels of action planning, but the rate of increase was much steeper for low planning, which supports the prediction.
T393 8865-9024 Sentence denotes However, when the intention–behavior relationship was strongest, planning had little effect, so planning may only be effective for those with lower intentions.
T394 9025-9144 Sentence denotes As with the mediation effect, the moderation effect was no longer present once past behavior was included in the model.
T395 9145-9326 Sentence denotes Taken together, current results do not provide strong evidence for the role of action planning in mediating and moderating the intention–behavior relationship for social distancing.
T396 9328-9371 Sentence denotes Limitations and Avenues for Future Research
T397 9372-9448 Sentence denotes Current findings should be interpreted in light of some notable limitations.
T398 9449-9583 Sentence denotes First, attrition rates in both samples were relatively high given the relatively brief time between the baseline survey and follow-up.
T399 9584-9703 Sentence denotes High attrition could lead to selection bias with those who are more motivated or engaged overrepresented in the sample.
T400 9704-9896 Sentence denotes While participants were reminded multiple times to complete follow-up measures, we acknowledge that more intensive recruitment and incentivization of nonresponders may have minimized drop out.
T401 9897-10003 Sentence denotes Attrition also affected the demographic profile of the sample, particularly among underrepresented groups.
T402 10004-10085 Sentence denotes Although the effect sizes of these differences were small, they were not trivial.
T403 10086-10299 Sentence denotes This is particularly pertinent in the current context given emerging data indicating that COVID-19 infection and mortality rates are significantly higher in underrepresented minority and socioeconomic groups [37].
T404 10300-10450 Sentence denotes A potential solution would be to oversample in underrepresented groups likely to have low retention rates and is a recommendation for future research.
T405 10451-10725 Sentence denotes It is also important to note that, although our sampling strategy ensured that the distribution of participants in our samples matched those of the national population according to gender and state, we did not stratify the sample by key demographic or socioeconomic factors.
T406 10726-10842 Sentence denotes The samples, therefore, should not be considered representative of the national populations of Australia or the USA.
T407 10843-11034 Sentence denotes Taken together, the bias linked to attrition rates and nonrepresentativeness of the samples places limits on the extent to which current findings can be generalized to the broader population.
T408 11035-11228 Sentence denotes Second, the intention–behavior “gap” in the current study resulted in small indirect effects of intention determinants, such as subjective and moral norms and PBC on social distancing behavior.
T409 11229-11405 Sentence denotes This is a limitation of the current model and means that intervention strategies aimed at changing intention determinants may have relatively modest effects on behavior change.
T410 11406-11580 Sentence denotes However, small effects may still translate to large numbers of people changing if interventions targeting change in these constructs are administered at the population level.
T411 11581-11709 Sentence denotes Future intervention research is, nevertheless, needed to verify the effects of targeting change in model constructs on behavior.
T412 11710-11982 Sentence denotes Research should also adopt behavioral measures that can be converted to meaningful metrics that demonstrate practically significant changes in social distancing behavior (e.g., numbers of people complying with social distancing guidelines when venturing outside the home).
T413 11983-12070 Sentence denotes Third, the current study observed social distancing over a relatively brief time frame.
T414 12071-12178 Sentence denotes Short-range prediction has value as it helps identify potential determinants of social distancing behavior.
T415 12179-12391 Sentence denotes However, consistency in performing social distancing over time is important for the effective prevention of virus transmission, so research on the determinants of social distancing in the long term is a priority.
T416 12392-12557 Sentence denotes The relatively short time lag is also likely to be the reason why past behavior had such a pervasive effect in predicting behavior and other constructs in the model.
T417 12558-12756 Sentence denotes The relevance of past behavior is likely to wane over time, so examining prediction over time may be more revealing as to the social cognition predictors of this behavior and the processes involved.
T418 12757-12957 Sentence denotes Fourth, the correlational design precludes the inference of causal effects among the constructs in the current model, so the proposed direction of effects are inferred from theory alone, not the data.
T419 12958-13058 Sentence denotes Causal sequencing among variables would necessitate experimental or controlled intervention designs.
T420 13059-13202 Sentence denotes Verification of such effects will highlight the value of the model in informing interventions to promote changes in social distancing behavior.
T421 13203-13308 Sentence denotes In addition, the inclusion of past behavior in the current analysis modeled change in behavior over time.
T422 13309-13456 Sentence denotes Past behavior also had the effect of modeling residual effects of unmeasured constructs on behavior, such as past measures of the model constructs.
T423 13457-13681 Sentence denotes However, the adoption of a cross-lagged panel design would better facilitate the examination of how the change in specific model constructs over time affects social distancing behavior and permit tests of reciprocal effects.
T424 13682-13929 Sentence denotes It is also important that the effects of past behavior do not provide definitive evidence that affecting change in model constructs, such as intentions or habit, through intervention will lead to a concomitant change in social distancing behavior.
T425 13930-14169 Sentence denotes This highlights the imperative of intervention research that tests the efficacy of manipulating constructs from the current model in promoting social distancing behavior and illustrates the extent to which model constructs can be modified.
T426 14170-14243 Sentence denotes Finally, the current research relies exclusively on self-report measures.
T427 14244-14582 Sentence denotes While self-reported behavior has exhibited concurrent validity when evaluated against non-self-report measures, such as behavior measured using devices or direct observation, the potential for recall bias or inaccurate reporting likely introduces additional measurement error in the behavioral measure, which would affect model relations.
T428 14583-14688 Sentence denotes Further, self-reported data are also at risk of self-presentation bias and socially desirable responding.
T429 14689-14924 Sentence denotes Health behaviors, particularly social distancing behavior in the context of a pandemic, are likely to be considered desirable, which may have compelled respondents to provide positive responses, without even being aware of such biases.
T430 14925-15109 Sentence denotes Although we stressed anonymity to participants to make it clear that they had license to report their behavior without prejudice, this is unlikely to have fully eliminated such biases.
T431 15110-15264 Sentence denotes Current data should, therefore, be interpreted in light of these potential biases and their potential to contribute to error variance in observed effects.
T432 15265-15446 Sentence denotes Future research may consider the use of devices, such as GPS tracking of cellular phones, as alternative means to measure social distancing behavior that do not rely on self-report.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32914831-22612559-2620059 3069-3071 22612559 denotes 34
32914831-9639861-2620060 4143-4145 9639861 denotes 15
32914831-15285829-2620061 4457-4459 15285829 denotes 35
32914831-25207647-2620062 5611-5613 25207647 denotes 36