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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 2220-2228 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T2 2263-2271 Body_part denotes Antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T3 2297-2300 Body_part denotes IgM http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62873
T4 2302-2305 Body_part denotes IgA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62874
T5 2307-2310 Body_part denotes IgG http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872
T6 2338-2343 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T7 2467-2473 Body_part denotes finger http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9666
T8 2483-2488 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T9 2880-2888 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T10 2994-2997 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T11 3219-3242 Body_part denotes upper respiratory tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45661
T12 3305-3328 Body_part denotes lower respiratory tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45662
T13 3397-3408 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54878
T14 3410-3420 Body_part denotes oropharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54879
T15 3422-3429 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T16 3431-3442 Body_part denotes oral cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma20292
T17 3448-3466 Body_part denotes respiratory tracts http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma265130
T18 5298-5304 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T19 5452-5459 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T20 5935-5941 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T21 5953-5960 Body_part denotes pharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46688
T22 6003-6011 Body_part denotes nostrils http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma72005
T23 6022-6029 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T24 6160-6168 Body_part denotes nostrils http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma72005
T25 6177-6182 Body_part denotes mouth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma49184
T26 6201-6207 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54640
T27 6320-6323 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T28 7219-7230 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54878
T29 7232-7242 Body_part denotes oropharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54879
T30 7251-7269 Body_part denotes respiratory tracts http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma265130
T31 7304-7320 Body_part denotes epithelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768
T32 7315-7320 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T33 7365-7368 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T34 7801-7805 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T35 7940-7954 Body_part denotes nasal cavities http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54378
T36 7946-7954 Body_part denotes cavities http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma76576
T37 8397-8404 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T38 9619-9626 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T39 9732-9739 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T40 9753-9758 Body_part denotes mouth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma49184
T41 9842-9849 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T42 9898-9905 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T43 9950-9956 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T44 10024-10029 Body_part denotes Mouth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma49184
T45 10039-10046 Body_part denotes Tonsile http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9609
T46 10068-10073 Body_part denotes Uvula http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55022
T47 10079-10086 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T48 10145-10152 Body_part denotes pharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46688
T49 10180-10186 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54640
T50 10192-10199 Body_part denotes nostril http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59645
T51 10232-10236 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056
T52 10240-10246 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T53 10276-10288 Body_part denotes nasal meatus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma53146
T54 10314-10320 Body_part denotes palate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54549
T55 10388-10395 Body_part denotes tonsils http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9609
T56 10414-10429 Body_part denotes pharyngeal wall http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55033
T57 10446-10452 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54640
T58 10457-10468 Body_part denotes oral mucosa http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59660
T59 10462-10468 Body_part denotes mucosa http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma85355
T60 10551-10557 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T61 12436-12447 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54878
T62 12597-12608 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54878
T63 13112-13121 Body_part denotes turbinate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma57456

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 424-429 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T2 1742-1747 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T3 2338-2343 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T4 2467-2473 Body_part denotes finger http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002389
T5 2483-2488 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T6 3219-3242 Body_part denotes upper respiratory tract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001557
T7 3225-3242 Body_part denotes respiratory tract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065
T8 3305-3328 Body_part denotes lower respiratory tract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001558
T9 3311-3328 Body_part denotes respiratory tract http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065
T10 3397-3408 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001728
T11 3410-3420 Body_part denotes oropharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001729
T12 3431-3442 Body_part denotes oral cavity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000167
T13 3448-3466 Body_part denotes respiratory tracts http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065
T14 5298-5304 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T15 5539-5542 Body_part denotes tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2001840
T16 5935-5941 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T17 5953-5960 Body_part denotes pharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006562
T18 6177-6182 Body_part denotes mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000165
T19 6201-6207 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723
T20 7219-7230 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001728
T21 7232-7242 Body_part denotes oropharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001729
T22 7251-7269 Body_part denotes respiratory tracts http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065
T23 7801-7805 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T24 9274-9277 Body_part denotes tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2001840
T25 9657-9660 Body_part denotes tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2001840
T26 9753-9758 Body_part denotes mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000165
T27 9950-9956 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T28 10024-10029 Body_part denotes Mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000165
T29 10145-10152 Body_part denotes pharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006562
T30 10180-10186 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723
T31 10240-10246 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T32 10276-10288 Body_part denotes nasal meatus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015216
T33 10446-10452 Body_part denotes tongue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723
T34 10462-10468 Body_part denotes mucosa http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344
T35 10551-10557 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T36 10630-10634 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T37 12436-12447 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001728
T38 12597-12608 Body_part denotes nasopharynx http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001728
T39 14900-14905 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 32-40 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 249-273 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 275-283 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 1634-1642 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 1959-1983 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 1985-1993 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 2158-2166 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 2400-2408 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T9 2409-2418 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T10 2663-2671 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 2770-2779 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 2927-2974 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 2927-2960 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T14 2976-2980 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T15 3267-3275 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T16 3679-3688 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T17 3764-3772 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T18 4026-4034 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 4360-4368 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T20 4530-4538 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T21 4579-4587 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T22 5158-5167 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T23 5234-5237 Disease denotes flu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T24 5293-5304 Disease denotes sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002258
T25 5631-5639 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T26 5789-5797 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T27 6303-6307 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T28 6474-6484 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T29 6832-6840 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T30 8918-8922 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T31 9331-9338 Disease denotes sterile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005047
T32 9406-9414 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T33 10677-10684 Disease denotes sterile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005047
T34 11485-11493 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T35 11961-11969 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T36 12015-12019 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T37 12525-12540 Disease denotes viral infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T38 12531-12540 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T39 12725-12734 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T40 13081-13085 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T41 13294-13298 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T42 13775-13783 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T43 14823-14831 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T44 14949-14957 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T45 16533-16542 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T46 16847-16856 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T47 17202-17210 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T48 17643-17651 Disease denotes COVID‐19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 597-598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 984-985 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 1311-1312 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T4 1771-1772 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T5 2033-2036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T6 2177-2182 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T7 2229-2236 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T8 2256-2261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T9 2272-2277 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T10 2336-2337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 2338-2343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T12 2338-2343 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T13 2352-2353 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 2380-2381 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15 2437-2441 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T16 2483-2488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T17 2483-2488 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T18 2596-2600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T19 2672-2677 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T20 2705-2709 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T21 2732-2733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 2826-2831 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T23 2843-2848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T24 2850-2851 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 2895-2902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T26 3032-3038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 , 4
T27 3084-3091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T28 3172-3175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000990 denotes CDC
T29 3281-3285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T30 3305-3328 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001558 denotes lower respiratory tract
T31 3431-3442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000167 denotes oral cavity
T32 3431-3442 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes oral cavity
T33 3810-3815 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T34 3828-3829 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T35 3887-3888 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 4143-4144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 4379-4384 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T38 4521-4525 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Test
T39 4557-4560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T40 4593-4598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T41 4736-4738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T42 4912-4913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43 4914-4918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T44 5061-5068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T45 5136-5137 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46 5203-5204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 5217-5220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054060 denotes 102
T48 5377-5382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T49 5445-5446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 5474-5475 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51 5640-5647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T52 5803-5807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T53 5876-5879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001755 denotes ask
T54 5943-5952 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001353 denotes posterior
T55 5953-5960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001042 denotes pharynx
T56 5953-5960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006562 denotes pharynx
T57 6177-6182 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes mouth
T58 6201-6207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723 denotes tongue
T59 6424-6433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labelling
T60 6472-6473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T61 6529-6533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T62 6599-6603 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T63 6822-6827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Tests
T64 6965-6972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T65 7304-7314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066 denotes epithelial
T66 7315-7320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T67 7946-7954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002553 denotes cavities
T68 8175-8176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 8227-8228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T70 8585-8592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T71 9177-9179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T72 9309-9310 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T73 9357-9364 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Testing
T74 9373-9377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Test
T75 9753-9758 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes mouth
T76 9973-9974 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T77 10024-10029 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes Mouth
T78 10039-10046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002372 denotes Tonsile
T79 10048-10057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001353 denotes posterior
T80 10135-10144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001353 denotes posterior
T81 10145-10152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001042 denotes pharynx
T82 10145-10152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006562 denotes pharynx
T83 10180-10186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723 denotes tongue
T84 10353-10356 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 3–5
T85 10388-10395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002372 denotes tonsils
T86 10404-10413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001353 denotes posterior
T87 10446-10452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001723 denotes tongue
T88 10462-10468 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344 denotes mucosa
T89 10630-10634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T90 10833-10836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4°C
T91 10884-10885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92 10895-10902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T93 10975-10978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008190 denotes Per
T94 10979-10983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T95 11311-11314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T96 12026-12029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T97 12314-12321 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T98 12753-12754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T99 12833-12835 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T100 12957-12962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T101 12985-12990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T102 13006-13008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T103 13012-13013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T104 13037-13039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009445 denotes Tu
T105 13135-13137 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T106 13763-13771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focusing
T107 13818-13819 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T108 13886-13891 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Tests
T109 14113-14118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T110 14171-14172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T111 14344-14346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T112 14906-14913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T113 14968-14971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T114 15016-15019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T115 15107-15108 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T116 15364-15369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T117 15854-15858 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T118 15948-15949 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T119 16096-16099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T120 16327-16331 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T121 16940-16943 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T122 17055-17056 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T123 17526-17530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050475 denotes M.‐Y

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 8864-8873 Chemical denotes indicator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_47867
T2 8929-8941 Chemical denotes nucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T3 8937-8941 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 32-40 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
10 724-727 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
11 651-654 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
12 615-618 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
13 464-472 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
14 961-969 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
15 1037-1045 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
16 249-273 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
17 275-283 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
20 1761-1769 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
21 1634-1642 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
42 1940-1957 Species denotes novel coronavirus Tax:2697049
43 2630-2638 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
44 2663-2677 Species denotes COVID‐19 virus Tax:2697049
45 2927-2974 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
46 2976-2986 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
47 3001-3009 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
48 3642-3650 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
49 1959-1983 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
50 1985-1993 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
51 2113-2119 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
52 2158-2166 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
53 2400-2408 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
54 2409-2418 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
55 2649-2657 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
56 2770-2779 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
57 3267-3275 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
58 3679-3688 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
59 3764-3772 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
60 4026-4034 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
61 4360-4368 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
63 4530-4538 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
75 6555-6559 Gene denotes apps Gene:1508
76 4919-4922 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
77 6303-6313 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
78 4579-4587 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
79 5158-5167 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
80 5205-5210 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
81 5284-5289 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
82 5293-5304 Disease denotes sore throat MESH:D010608
83 5310-5329 Disease denotes shortness of breath MESH:D004417
84 5631-5639 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
85 5789-5797 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
87 6733-6736 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
89 6832-6840 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
95 7469-7476 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
96 7480-7487 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
97 7511-7518 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
98 8652-8660 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
99 8918-8928 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
105 9197-9204 Species denotes Infants Tax:9606
106 9220-9228 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
107 9406-9414 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
108 10308-10320 Disease denotes nasal palate MESH:D002972
109 10757-10760 Disease denotes DPD MESH:D054067
111 11485-11493 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
120 12015-12025 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
121 12957-12990 Species denotes human respiratory syncytial virus Tax:11250
122 12994-13002 Species denotes children Tax:9606
123 13081-13091 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
124 13294-13304 Species denotes SARS‐CoV‐2 Tax:2697049
125 11961-11969 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
126 12525-12540 Disease denotes viral infection MESH:D001102
127 13775-13783 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
132 14563-14566 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
133 14094-14097 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
134 13988-13991 Gene denotes kit Gene:3815
135 14186-14198 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
140 15308-15316 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
141 14823-14831 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
142 14949-14957 Disease denotes COVID‐19 MESH:C000657245
143 15299-15307 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
147 16496-16502 Species denotes people Tax:9606
148 16527-16542 Disease denotes cross‐infection MESH:D003428
149 16847-16856 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
151 17202-17210 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 5205-5210 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T2 5260-5273 Phenotype denotes loss of taste http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000223
T3 5284-5289 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T4 5293-5304 Phenotype denotes sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033050
T5 5310-5329 Phenotype denotes shortness of breath http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 79-100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T2 87-100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351 denotes transcription
T3 1474-1495 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T4 1482-1495 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351 denotes transcription
T5 5268-5273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050909 denotes taste
T6 6447-6458 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulations
T7 7281-7291 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903 denotes secretions
T8 9510-9523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003968 denotes transcriptase
T9 9510-9523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003899 denotes transcriptase
T10 12525-12540 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infection
T11 15800-15807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-49 Sentence denotes Home Sample Self‐Collection for COVID‐19 Patients
T2 51-59 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 60-68 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 69-285 Sentence denotes Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) using specimens collected from nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs is the standard screening approach for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).
T5 286-473 Sentence denotes While PCR is rapid and highly accurate, it requires costly laboratory equipment and healthcare professionals that limit its use for large‐scale screening of mild or asymptomatic patients.
T6 474-580 Sentence denotes Self‐collection kits for use in the home could remedy this and have consequently received great attention.
T7 581-681 Sentence denotes In April, 2020, a self‐collection kit from LapCorp was the first such kit to be approved by the FDA.
T8 682-866 Sentence denotes In the following month, May 2020, another kit developed by Everlywell received FDA approval, and more kits are evidently on their way to the market in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
T9 867-1068 Sentence denotes Because these home‐based, self‐collection kits are easy to use and may be more acceptable for patients, they provide a superior screening option for mild or asymptomatic patients under self‐quarantine.
T10 1069-1167 Sentence denotes These kits conserve personal protective equipment and healthcare manpower already in short supply.
T11 1168-1310 Sentence denotes The primary issues affecting the efficacy of this approach are the potential for inappropriate sampling and insufficient clinical examination.
T12 1311-1462 Sentence denotes A detailed review of the commercially available kits currently available is provided and their prospective impact is noted during the current pandemic.
T13 1464-1770 Sentence denotes Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction using specimens collected from nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs is the standard screening approach for COVID‐19; it requires costly laboratory equipment and healthcare professionals that limit its use for large‐scale screening of patients.
T14 1771-1918 Sentence denotes A detailed review of the commercially available self‐collection kits is provided and their prospective impact is noted during the current pandemic.
T15 1920-1935 Sentence denotes 1 Introduction
T16 1936-2157 Sentence denotes The novel coronavirus, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), that began in China in December 2019 has spread globally, causing 30.4 million confirmed cases and more than 950 000 deaths worldwide as of September 19th, 2020.
T17 2158-2216 Sentence denotes COVID‐19 screening tests fall into two primary categories:
T18 2217-2262 Sentence denotes 1) antibody testing; and, 2) PCR‐based tests.
T19 2263-2419 Sentence denotes Antibody tests detect antibodies (IgM, IgA, IgG, or total antibodies) in a blood sample; a positive result indicates a possible previous COVID‐19 infection.
T20 2420-2522 Sentence denotes Samples for this test are usually obtained via finger prick or blood draw by healthcare professionals.
T21 2523-2832 Sentence denotes However, because seroconversion requires time and is host‐dependent, the test may not detect antibodies in patients currently infected with COVID‐19 virus.[ 1 , 2 ] Therefore, this test should not be used as a standalone tool to diagnose current infection, but it can be used in combination with other tests.
T22 2833-3343 Sentence denotes PCR‐based tests, a more direct assessment than antibody‐based testing, detect the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viral RNA in patients currently afflicted.[ 3 , 4 ] When sampling is properly carried out, PCR testing can be highly accurate. [5] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recommends the collection of an upper respiratory tract specimen for diagnosing COVID‐19, but test specimens from the lower respiratory tract are an option.
T23 3344-3746 Sentence denotes The common sampling sites and techniques include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, nostril, oral cavity, and respiratory tracts by swabs, wash, and bronchoalveolar lavage. [6] Certain sampling methods are technically challenging and should be conducted by healthcare providers, but direct contact with patients places them at high risk of infection despite their use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
T24 3747-3846 Sentence denotes Moreover, rising COVID‐19 cases and high demand for diagnostic tests have led to a shortage of PPE.
T25 3847-3976 Sentence denotes These factors prompt the development of a platform that is easy to use and distribute for asymptomatic and pre‐symptomatic cases.
T26 3977-4276 Sentence denotes Accordingly, home‐based self‐collection kits for COVID‐19 screening, which have recently been approved for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the FDA, appear to be a reasonable alternative to sampling methods that place demand on healthcare professionals and an already burdened healthcare system.
T27 4277-4469 Sentence denotes Thus, in this review, we will provide details regarding home‐based self‐collecting COVID‐19 screening tests and provide our perspectives on their possible role(s) during the existing pandemic.
T28 4471-4538 Sentence denotes 2 Current Progress of Home‐Based Self‐Collection Test for COVID‐19
T29 4539-4798 Sentence denotes Thus far, the FDA has issued EUA to two COVID‐19 home tests developed by LabCorp,[ 7 ] Everlywell,[ 8 ] Quest Diagnostics,[ 9 ] PrivaPath Diagnostics 10 and Clinical Reference Laboratory.[ 11 ] Protocol schematics for both are provided in Figure  1 .
T30 4799-4929 Sentence denotes In brief, subjects must first register and complete an online eligibility screening questionnaire before placing a test kit order.
T31 4930-5034 Sentence denotes The online system not only assesses whether the subjects are suitable, it prevents intentional hoarding.
T32 5035-5357 Sentence denotes The preferred subject for testing with these self‐collecting kits are those who have been exposed to a potential source of infection or have "mild" symptoms, including a fever below 102° Fahrenheit, flu‐like symptoms, recent loss of taste or smell, cough or sore throat, and shortness of breath that doesn't limit talking.
T33 5358-5487 Sentence denotes Both of these home tests request specimen collection from both anterior nares, but not a deep‐nostril sample, using a nasal swab.
T34 5488-5571 Sentence denotes Of note, LabCorp especially advocates the use of Q‐tip‐like swabs, designed by U.S.
T35 5572-5662 Sentence denotes Cotton, which are FDA approved and are fully synthetic for COVID‐19 testing compatibility.
T36 5663-5813 Sentence denotes Other companies, such as Private Harley Street[ 12 ] and Blue Horizon Medicals[ 13 ] in the United Kingdom, also provide COVID‐19 home test kits.
T37 5814-6047 Sentence denotes However, unlike those from LabCorp and Everlywell, these kits ask for samples to be collected by repeatedly brushing the throat, posterior pharynx, and tonsillar areas, and then wiping two nostrils (anterior nostril only) one by one.
T38 6048-6208 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the same swab is supposed to be used for collecting from each of the sample sites, including the nostrils and the mouth, but not from the tongue.
T39 6209-6341 Sentence denotes The swabs will are subsequently processed and shipped overnight to the company laboratory for SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA detection by PCR.
T40 6342-6584 Sentence denotes The packaging process is supposed to comply with UN 3373, which covers packaging, labelling and shipping regulations for category B infectious substances.[ 14 ] Results are provided to test subjects via E‐mail, apps, or phone within 3 days.
T41 6585-6692 Sentence denotes Subjects that test positive are asked to inform their healthcare provider for further clinical examination.
T42 6693-6757 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Procedure for self‐collection kit approved by the FDA.
T43 6759-6841 Sentence denotes 3 What Should We Expect from These Home‐Based Self‐Collection Tests for COVID‐19?
T44 6842-7035 Sentence denotes While these home‐based self‐collection kits offer several advantages (Table  1 ), the seemingly appealing approach of home testing comes with certain features that may undermine its usefulness.
T45 7036-7182 Sentence denotes Indeed, as mentioned previously, the kits provided by LabCorp and Everlywell specifically request the collection of specimens from anterior nares.
T46 7183-7660 Sentence denotes It should be noted that, unlike the nasopharynx, oropharynx, or the respiratory tracts, where the secretions from mucous epithelial cells may contribute to the accumulation of viral RNA, the anterior nares can be quite arid.[ 3 ] The detection rates of each specimen type differ from patient to patient and may vary with each patient's course of illness.[ 1 ] In addition, although RT‐PCR analysis can be highly accurate, inappropriate sampling may lead to false negatives.
T47 7661-7787 Sentence denotes For example, misunderstanding or ignoring the instruction details can lead to sample contamination or insufficient collection.
T48 7788-7975 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the kits from the Private Harley Street and Blue Horizon Medicals request specimen collection from multiple sites covering oral and nasal cavities using the same swab.
T49 7976-8130 Sentence denotes Although the instructions do not specify the reasons for such multiple collections, it is speculated that they increase the likelihood of proper sampling.
T50 8131-8512 Sentence denotes Indeed, relevant studies have reported that a combination of oropharyngeal/nares swab serves as a suitable alternative to nasopharyngeal swabbing, with 91.7% and 94.4% sensitivities, respectively.[ 15 ] Meanwhile, these kits prohibit nasal swabbing deep into the nostril, likely because this procedure is very technique‐sensitive and potentially dangerous for non‐professionals.
T51 8513-8593 Sentence denotes Moreover, individuals with mild symptoms are the preferred subjects for testing.
T52 8594-8777 Sentence denotes Because the viral loads of asymptomatic or presymptomatic patients are lower than those with severe symptoms, the accuracy of these home‐based self‐collection kits may be compromised.
T53 8778-8958 Sentence denotes Accordingly, an effective collection verification system or guidance, for example, an indicator on the swab to reveal sufficient capture of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid, is much needed.
T54 8959-9051 Sentence denotes Table 1 Differences between self‐collection and healthcare professional inspection protocol
T55 9052-9113 Sentence denotes Self‐collection Healthcare professionals inspection protocol
T56 9114-9161 Sentence denotes Age restrictions Private Harley Street Clinic:
T57 9162-9164 Sentence denotes No
T58 9165-9176 Sentence denotes Everlywell:
T59 9177-9240 Sentence denotes 18 years and older Infants and some older patients not allowed
T60 9241-9356 Sentence denotes Material of swab Cotton swab, Q‐tip–like swab Polyester swab with a plastic shaft swab, sterile Dacron/nylon swab
T61 9357-9475 Sentence denotes Testing timing Test when you think you may have COVID‐19 symptoms or between 1 and 5 days after the onset of symptoms
T62 9476-9558 Sentence denotes Sample diagnostic method Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR)
T63 9559-9694 Sentence denotes Sample collection place LapCorp: entire inside edge of the nostril (insert just until the cotton tip of the swab is no longer visible)
T64 9695-9797 Sentence denotes Everlywell: insert the swab into the nostril, parallel to mouth, about 2–4 cm until resistance is met.
T65 9798-9849 Sentence denotes Quest Diagnostics: insert the swab into the nostril
T66 9850-9905 Sentence denotes PrivaPath Diagnositcs: insert the swab into the nostril
T67 9906-10000 Sentence denotes Clinical Reference Laboratory: individual's saliva be deposited in a collection vial provided.
T68 10001-10023 Sentence denotes Blue Horizon Medicals:
T69 10024-10104 Sentence denotes Mouth (Include Tonsile, posterior wall, and Uvula) and nostril (about 2 cm deep)
T70 10105-10217 Sentence denotes Private Harley Street Clinic: posterior pharynx and tonsillar areas (avoid tongue) and nostril (about 2 cm deep)
T71 10218-10263 Sentence denotes Right‐angled: back of throat Nasopharyngeal:
T72 10264-10362 Sentence denotes Insert into nasal meatus until reaching the nasal palate, stay for 15 to 30 s and rotate 3–5 times
T73 10363-10469 Sentence denotes Oropharyngeal: bilateral tonsils and the posterior pharyngeal wall (avoid touching tongue and oral mucosa)
T74 10470-10511 Sentence denotes How to ensure proper specimen collection:
T75 10512-10593 Sentence denotes When you collect the specimen from the throat, gagging is necessary. (Everlywell)
T76 10594-10692 Sentence denotes Sample preservation way Collection tube (with 2–3 mL viral preservation medium or sterile saline)
T77 10693-10749 Sentence denotes Sample delivery About 2–3 days by Express delivery (EX:
T78 10750-10880 Sentence denotes FedEx, DPD) or Post No long‐term delivery process, but sample should be stored at 4°C and submitted to the laboratory within 2 h.
T79 10881-10963 Sentence denotes If a delay in testing or shipping is expected, store specimens at −70 °C or below.
T80 10964-10967 Sentence denotes USA
T81 10968-11017 Sentence denotes Price (Per test) ○ LapCorp: $ 119 USD >$500 USD
T82 11018-11041 Sentence denotes ○ Everlywell: $ 109 USD
T83 11042-11072 Sentence denotes ○ Quest Diagnostics: $ 119 USD
T84 11073-11105 Sentence denotes ○ PrivaPath Diagnotics: $119 USD
T85 11106-11147 Sentence denotes ○ Clinical Reference Laboratory: $175 USD
T86 11148-11150 Sentence denotes UK
T87 11151-11180 Sentence denotes ○ Blue Horizon Medicals: £199
T88 11181-11232 Sentence denotes ○ Private Harley Street Clinic: £250 + £15 delivery
T89 11233-11252 Sentence denotes ○ Rightangled: £140
T90 11253-11378 Sentence denotes Result received time About 1–3 days (after your specimen has been received by the lab) Within 3 days but it can take longer
T91 11379-11402 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T92 11403-11527 Sentence denotes This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T93 11528-11710 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T94 11712-11747 Sentence denotes 4 What Can We Learn from the Past?
T95 11748-12061 Sentence denotes Although laboratory validations of self‐collected samples have shown reasonable concordance with healthcare staff collection,[ 16 ] it is not clear whether these home‐based self‐collection kits are of value for COVID‐19 screening as specificity and sensitivity for SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been systemically reported.
T96 12062-12322 Sentence denotes However, since these kits are mostly based on nasal swabbing, it is worth reviewing the efficacy of nasal swabbing as the primary method for sampling compared to nasopharyngeal swabbing, with an emphasis on the difference in infectivity among distinct viruses.
T97 12323-12476 Sentence denotes The primary feature that distinguishes nasopharyngeal swabbing from nasal swabbing are the collection sites, the nasopharynx and the nares, respectively.
T98 12477-12626 Sentence denotes Notably, several previous studies have examined viral infection detection efficiency using specimens collected from the nasopharynx versus the nares.
T99 12627-13163 Sentence denotes For example, Irving et al. compared the detection rate of these two sampling sties for diagnosing influenza by PCR and showed a similar sensitivity between nasal swabbing (89%) and nasopharyngeal swabbing (94%).[ 17 ] Another study observed good agreement and high detection rates between different swabbing sites for detecting human respiratory syncytial virus in children.[ 18 ] A more recent study from Tu et al. found that the detection rates of SARS‐CoV‐2 using nasal and mid‐turbinate samples were 94% and 96.2%, respectively.
T100 13164-13678 Sentence denotes They also found high correlations with cycle threshold values for nasopharyngeal samples.[ 19 ] Kojima et al. also examined the SARS‐CoV‐2 detection sensitivity using specimens of self‐collected oral fluid, nasal swabs, and clinician‐collected nasopharyngeal samples.[ 20 ] Despite the limited sample size, this study showed that the differences in detection rate between clinician‐supervised, self‐collected oral fluid, nasal swab specimens, and clinician‐collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens were minimal.
T101 13679-13842 Sentence denotes Taken together, these studies support the use of nasal swabs; however, more studies focusing on COVID‐19 detection are needed to establish a definitive conclusion.
T102 13844-13891 Sentence denotes 5 Current Usage of These Self‐Collection Tests
T103 13892-14042 Sentence denotes Regarding the current applications of these kits around the world, the detailed numbers of each kit were not easily assessible due to confidentiality.
T104 14043-14158 Sentence denotes In general, each brand of the home self‐collection kit reached 10 000 tests per day and is anticipated to increase.
T105 14159-14549 Sentence denotes In the USA, a total of 185 participants were enrolled; compared with the clinician swab, the sensitivity and specificity of the home swab were 80.0% (95% CI, 63–91%) and 97.9% (95% CI, 94–99.5%), respectively.[ 21 ] The home self‐collection kits have presented several advantages, including accessibility outside of the health care system and minimizing personal protective equipment use.
T106 14550-14763 Sentence denotes This kind of kit is safe and scalable in the pandemic setting, and the home‐based strategy should be targeted toward individuals early in illness, when risk of transmission is highest and care seeking less likely.
T107 14765-14778 Sentence denotes 6 Conclusion
T108 14779-14914 Sentence denotes Home‐based self‐collection of specimens for COVID‐19 screening is less invasive, more acceptable, and suitable for large scale testing.
T109 14915-15050 Sentence denotes Thus, although the usefulness for COVID‐19 screening has not been comprehensively evaluated, the FDA has approved its EUA use in April.
T110 15051-15191 Sentence denotes One of the contributions provided by self‐collection is a preservation of manpower and resources that can be used for those in greater need.
T111 15192-15387 Sentence denotes Moreover, self‐collection of specimens not only protects medical staff from direct exposure to potentially infected patients but also reduces the risks of transmitting the virus within hospitals.
T112 15388-15516 Sentence denotes The reduced cost compared to that associated with hospital or health center visits may further increase screening accessibility.
T113 15517-15616 Sentence denotes However, there are still several limitations to self‐collection kits (summarized in the Table  2 ).
T114 15617-15728 Sentence denotes For example, it is more likely to obtain insufficient or inappropriate specimens without professional training.
T115 15729-15867 Sentence denotes Further, suboptimal conditions (such as leaks in packaging or improper storage temperatures) during shipping may also affect test results.
T116 15868-16083 Sentence denotes Moreover, contamination of the package is another concern, as this will produce a new pathway for disease transmission if disinfection and cleaning are not properly carried out before and after the sampling process.
T117 16084-16175 Sentence denotes Hygeiatouch has developed the RFID‐based tracking system to potentially solve these issues.
T118 16176-16284 Sentence denotes Nonetheless, these kits are still of great value and may have an impactful role during the current pandemic.
T119 16285-16331 Sentence denotes Table 2 Pros and cons of self‐collection test
T120 16332-16356 Sentence denotes Advantage Disadvantages
T121 16357-16393 Sentence denotes Alleviate the work of medical staff.
T122 16394-16543 Sentence denotes Collect the specimen by yourself, thus can avoid direct contact between medical staff and symptomatic people, and reduce the risk of cross‐infection.
T123 16544-16587 Sentence denotes Free up more personal protective equipment.
T124 16588-16685 Sentence denotes Compared to standardized swabbing methods, self‐collection is less invasive and more comfortable.
T125 16686-16780 Sentence denotes Alternative screening method in some places without sufficient medical personnel and resources
T126 16781-16864 Sentence denotes Receive reports without going to the hospital and avoid potential infection spread.
T127 16866-17001 Sentence denotes Without professional training, there is no guarantee that enough specimen has been collected, which may lead to false negative results.
T128 17002-17054 Sentence denotes Inappropriate shipping may influence sample quality.
T129 17055-17095 Sentence denotes A possible disease transmission pathway.
T130 17096-17119 Sentence denotes John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T131 17120-17244 Sentence denotes This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response.
T132 17245-17427 Sentence denotes It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
T133 17429-17449 Sentence denotes Conflict of Interest
T134 17450-17494 Sentence denotes The authors declare no conflict of interest.
T135 17496-17512 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T136 17513-17568 Sentence denotes W.‐T.‐L. and M.‐Y.‐H. contributed equally to this work.
T137 17569-18096 Sentence denotes This work was supported by grants from the National Tsing Hua University [COVID‐19 project; 109Q2806E1], the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan (MOST 109‐2622‐E‐007‐009‐CC3 to C.‐M.C., MOST‐109‐2636‐E‐040‐001 and MOST Young Scholar Fellowship Columbus Program to M.‐Y.H.), and the Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE 107QR001I5) in Taiwan.