PMC:7499584 / 6157-7948 JSONTXT

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32829416-6799507-45163158","span":{"begin":15,"end":19},"obj":"6799507"},{"id":"32829416-6298470-45163159","span":{"begin":222,"end":226},"obj":"6298470"},{"id":"32829416-6615812-45163160","span":{"begin":350,"end":354},"obj":"6615812"},{"id":"32829416-2960321-45163161","span":{"begin":520,"end":524},"obj":"2960321"},{"id":"32829416-9678587-45163162","span":{"begin":722,"end":726},"obj":"9678587"},{"id":"32829416-16528036-45163163","span":{"begin":744,"end":748},"obj":"16528036"},{"id":"32829416-29933661-45163165","span":{"begin":1332,"end":1336},"obj":"29933661"},{"id":"32829416-21173177-45163166","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1354},"obj":"21173177"},{"id":"32829416-23582447-45163167","span":{"begin":1486,"end":1490},"obj":"23582447"},{"id":"T69822","span":{"begin":15,"end":19},"obj":"6799507"},{"id":"T58944","span":{"begin":222,"end":226},"obj":"6298470"},{"id":"T17703","span":{"begin":350,"end":354},"obj":"6615812"},{"id":"T54443","span":{"begin":520,"end":524},"obj":"2960321"},{"id":"T85359","span":{"begin":722,"end":726},"obj":"9678587"},{"id":"T57238","span":{"begin":744,"end":748},"obj":"16528036"},{"id":"T70444","span":{"begin":1332,"end":1336},"obj":"29933661"},{"id":"T60938","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1354},"obj":"21173177"},{"id":"T66988","span":{"begin":1486,"end":1490},"obj":"23582447"}],"text":"Elbein et al. (1982) showed swainsonine, an α-mannosidase inhibitor, to inhibit processing of oligosaccharides on influenza viral hemagglutinin, and in 1983 showed its effect on vesicular stomatitis virus (Kang and Elbein 1983). In 1983, he showed castanospermine, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, inhibited influenza hemagglutinin expression (Pan et al. 1983). Both inhibited N-glycan processing. Tyms et al. (1987) showed castanospermine and other plant alkaloid glucosidase inhibitors to block HIV growth. Sunkara et al. (1987) tested castanospermine and 1-deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) showing anti-retroviral activity. Dwek et al. (1998) later suggested α-glucosidase inhibitors as general antiviral agents (Mehta et al. 1998). Chapel et al. (2006) showed antiviral effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors on hepatitis C virus. Chang et al. (2013a) reported that iminosugar α-glucosidase inhibitors related to 1-deoxynojirimycin (that interfered with N-linked glycan maturation in the calnexin-mediated folding pathway) were also effective as antivirals for Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae and Flaviviridae including hemorrhagic fever Marburg and Ebola in mice. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (Duvoglustat) suppresses postprandial blood glucose and is used for treatment of diabetics in doses of 20-110 mg/kg (Gao et al. 2016, Tong et al. 2018). Qu et al. (2011), inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases potently suppress hepatitis C virus virion assembly and release. Howe et al. (2013) applied similar compounds to HCV and BVDV. Castanospermine and its O- and N-butyl derivatives were tested in many viral systems with positive results and FDA approval for type 2 diabetes and Gaucher’s treatments as described below. Off-label, repurposing treatments for COVID19 should be considered."}