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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":516,"end":537},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003094"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":1523,"end":1547},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002250"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":1532,"end":1547},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":3344,"end":3355},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050817"}],"text":"7.1. Clinical Features in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) seems to be associated with enhanced risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. Cheng et al. evaluated the association between markers of renal impairment and death in a cohort of 701 COVID-19 patients. They found that 43.9% of patients admitted had proteinuria and 26.7% had hematuria, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were increased in 14.4% and 13.1% of patients, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate \u003c 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2was found in 13.1% of patients [8]. In particular, the authors have shown that, at univariate analysis the presence of proteinuria was associated with a 4 up to 11-fold increased risk of in-hospital death compared with COVID-19 patients without kidney damage, whereas hematuria increased the risk of death by 12 times. These hazard ratios (HR)were higher than risk factors such as advanced age (HR: 2.43), severe disease (HR: 6.10) and remained significantly associated with mortality even after adjustment (therefore to multivariate analysis) by age, gender, disease severity, lymphocyte count, comorbidity, thus demonstrating that measures of kidney damage play a very important role in assessing prognosis of COVID-19 patients [8,102,103].\nThis significant association of CKD with severe COVID-19 infection was observed also in the meta-analysis by Lippi [21]. This can be explained by the pro-inflammatory state and by the alterations of the innate and adaptive immune response associated with CKD. This immune profile increases susceptibility to all infections [104]. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with high baseline serum levels of creatinine are more likely to be led to intensive care unit treatment and to undergo mechanical ventilation, because the presence of a renal disease on admission constitutes a higher risk of negative prognosis. It has been recently shown that a large part of COVID-19 patients suffer from other comorbidities and most of these patients are also elderly and males [102,103]. Among these comorbidities, the presence of chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor of poor prognosis. It is also true, on the contrary, that nephropathic patients are mainly affected by hypertension and cardiovascular disease per se and this can lead to a higher risk of COVID-19 infection when compared with the general population or with patients without kidney disease [105]. Nephropathic patients are also patients with cardiovascular disease which is currently considered a biomarker of increased risk for COVID 19 infection and for poor prognosis [105]. However, an increased risk of death, about 3–8 times, was found in patients infected with other viruses such as H1N1 flu virus and who developed kidney injury during infection as compared to those who had not [106]. Moreover, patients who enter the hospital with elevated serum creatinine levels were predominantly male and older (median age was 73 years) and were more severely ill compared with patients who had normal serum creatinine (median age was 61 years). In addition, patients with increased baseline serum creatinine levels show an alteration of leukocyte count with an increase in the absolute number of leukocytes and a decrease in lymphocyte and platelet counts. Coagulation pathway abnormalities, which include prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and higher D-dimer, are more frequent in patients with increased baseline serum levels of creatinine. The rate of patients with increased procalcitonin, and the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and LDH are also higher in patients with CKD compared with those with normal renal function. The incidence of in-hospital death in patients with CKD was found to be significantly higher than in those patients with normal baseline serum levels of creatinine."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T262","span":{"begin":0,"end":4},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T263","span":{"begin":5,"end":68},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":69,"end":183},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":184,"end":306},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T266","span":{"begin":307,"end":505},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T267","span":{"begin":506,"end":601},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T268","span":{"begin":602,"end":884},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T269","span":{"begin":885,"end":964},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T270","span":{"begin":965,"end":991},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T271","span":{"begin":992,"end":1308},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T272","span":{"begin":1309,"end":1429},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T273","span":{"begin":1430,"end":1568},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T274","span":{"begin":1569,"end":1638},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T275","span":{"begin":1639,"end":1930},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T276","span":{"begin":1931,"end":2093},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T277","span":{"begin":2094,"end":2208},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T278","span":{"begin":2209,"end":2485},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T279","span":{"begin":2486,"end":2666},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T280","span":{"begin":2667,"end":2882},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T281","span":{"begin":2883,"end":3131},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T282","span":{"begin":3132,"end":3343},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T283","span":{"begin":3344,"end":3542},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T284","span":{"begin":3543,"end":3738},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T285","span":{"begin":3739,"end":3903},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"7.1. Clinical Features in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) seems to be associated with enhanced risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. Cheng et al. evaluated the association between markers of renal impairment and death in a cohort of 701 COVID-19 patients. They found that 43.9% of patients admitted had proteinuria and 26.7% had hematuria, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were increased in 14.4% and 13.1% of patients, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate \u003c 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2was found in 13.1% of patients [8]. In particular, the authors have shown that, at univariate analysis the presence of proteinuria was associated with a 4 up to 11-fold increased risk of in-hospital death compared with COVID-19 patients without kidney damage, whereas hematuria increased the risk of death by 12 times. These hazard ratios (HR)were higher than risk factors such as advanced age (HR: 2.43), severe disease (HR: 6.10) and remained significantly associated with mortality even after adjustment (therefore to multivariate analysis) by age, gender, disease severity, lymphocyte count, comorbidity, thus demonstrating that measures of kidney damage play a very important role in assessing prognosis of COVID-19 patients [8,102,103].\nThis significant association of CKD with severe COVID-19 infection was observed also in the meta-analysis by Lippi [21]. This can be explained by the pro-inflammatory state and by the alterations of the innate and adaptive immune response associated with CKD. This immune profile increases susceptibility to all infections [104]. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with high baseline serum levels of creatinine are more likely to be led to intensive care unit treatment and to undergo mechanical ventilation, because the presence of a renal disease on admission constitutes a higher risk of negative prognosis. It has been recently shown that a large part of COVID-19 patients suffer from other comorbidities and most of these patients are also elderly and males [102,103]. Among these comorbidities, the presence of chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor of poor prognosis. It is also true, on the contrary, that nephropathic patients are mainly affected by hypertension and cardiovascular disease per se and this can lead to a higher risk of COVID-19 infection when compared with the general population or with patients without kidney disease [105]. Nephropathic patients are also patients with cardiovascular disease which is currently considered a biomarker of increased risk for COVID 19 infection and for poor prognosis [105]. However, an increased risk of death, about 3–8 times, was found in patients infected with other viruses such as H1N1 flu virus and who developed kidney injury during infection as compared to those who had not [106]. Moreover, patients who enter the hospital with elevated serum creatinine levels were predominantly male and older (median age was 73 years) and were more severely ill compared with patients who had normal serum creatinine (median age was 61 years). In addition, patients with increased baseline serum creatinine levels show an alteration of leukocyte count with an increase in the absolute number of leukocytes and a decrease in lymphocyte and platelet counts. Coagulation pathway abnormalities, which include prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and higher D-dimer, are more frequent in patients with increased baseline serum levels of creatinine. The rate of patients with increased procalcitonin, and the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and LDH are also higher in patients with CKD compared with those with normal renal function. The incidence of in-hospital death in patients with CKD was found to be significantly higher than in those patients with normal baseline serum levels of creatinine."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

LitCovid-PubTator

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32759645-32617010-58096231","span":{"begin":1299,"end":1302},"obj":"32617010"},{"id":"32759645-27955633-58096232","span":{"begin":1633,"end":1636},"obj":"27955633"},{"id":"32759645-32617010-58096233","span":{"begin":2084,"end":2087},"obj":"32617010"},{"id":"32759645-32426991-58096234","span":{"begin":2480,"end":2483},"obj":"32426991"},{"id":"32759645-32426991-58096235","span":{"begin":2661,"end":2664},"obj":"32426991"},{"id":"32759645-21489748-58096236","span":{"begin":2877,"end":2880},"obj":"21489748"}],"text":"7.1. Clinical Features in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) seems to be associated with enhanced risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality. Cheng et al. evaluated the association between markers of renal impairment and death in a cohort of 701 COVID-19 patients. They found that 43.9% of patients admitted had proteinuria and 26.7% had hematuria, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were increased in 14.4% and 13.1% of patients, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate \u003c 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2was found in 13.1% of patients [8]. In particular, the authors have shown that, at univariate analysis the presence of proteinuria was associated with a 4 up to 11-fold increased risk of in-hospital death compared with COVID-19 patients without kidney damage, whereas hematuria increased the risk of death by 12 times. These hazard ratios (HR)were higher than risk factors such as advanced age (HR: 2.43), severe disease (HR: 6.10) and remained significantly associated with mortality even after adjustment (therefore to multivariate analysis) by age, gender, disease severity, lymphocyte count, comorbidity, thus demonstrating that measures of kidney damage play a very important role in assessing prognosis of COVID-19 patients [8,102,103].\nThis significant association of CKD with severe COVID-19 infection was observed also in the meta-analysis by Lippi [21]. This can be explained by the pro-inflammatory state and by the alterations of the innate and adaptive immune response associated with CKD. This immune profile increases susceptibility to all infections [104]. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with high baseline serum levels of creatinine are more likely to be led to intensive care unit treatment and to undergo mechanical ventilation, because the presence of a renal disease on admission constitutes a higher risk of negative prognosis. It has been recently shown that a large part of COVID-19 patients suffer from other comorbidities and most of these patients are also elderly and males [102,103]. Among these comorbidities, the presence of chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor of poor prognosis. It is also true, on the contrary, that nephropathic patients are mainly affected by hypertension and cardiovascular disease per se and this can lead to a higher risk of COVID-19 infection when compared with the general population or with patients without kidney disease [105]. Nephropathic patients are also patients with cardiovascular disease which is currently considered a biomarker of increased risk for COVID 19 infection and for poor prognosis [105]. However, an increased risk of death, about 3–8 times, was found in patients infected with other viruses such as H1N1 flu virus and who developed kidney injury during infection as compared to those who had not [106]. Moreover, patients who enter the hospital with elevated serum creatinine levels were predominantly male and older (median age was 73 years) and were more severely ill compared with patients who had normal serum creatinine (median age was 61 years). In addition, patients with increased baseline serum creatinine levels show an alteration of leukocyte count with an increase in the absolute number of leukocytes and a decrease in lymphocyte and platelet counts. Coagulation pathway abnormalities, which include prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and higher D-dimer, are more frequent in patients with increased baseline serum levels of creatinine. The rate of patients with increased procalcitonin, and the plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and LDH are also higher in patients with CKD compared with those with normal renal function. The incidence of in-hospital death in patients with CKD was found to be significantly higher than in those patients with normal baseline serum levels of creatinine."}

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