
PMC:7461420 / 106-1220
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7461420","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7461420","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7461420","text":"Abstract\nCoronaviruses (CoVs) infect both humans and animals. In humans, CoVs can cause respiratory, kidney, heart, brain, and intestinal infections that can range from mild to lethal. Since the start of the 21st century, three β‐coronaviruses have crossed the species barrier to infect humans: severe‐acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐CoV‐1, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2 (2019‐nCoV). These viruses are dangerous and can easily be transmitted from human to human. Therefore, the development of anticoronaviral therapies is urgently needed. However, to date, no approved vaccines or drugs against CoV infections are available. In this review, we focus on the medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of antiviral agents against SARS‐CoV‐1, MERS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2, targeting biochemical events important for viral replication and its life cycle. These targets include the spike glycoprotein and its host‐receptors for viral entry, proteases that are essential for cleaving polyproteins to produce functional proteins, and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase for viral RNA replication.","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":8}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T66365","span":{"begin":101,"end":107},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T52326","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T73963","span":{"begin":116,"end":121},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T56377","span":{"begin":127,"end":137},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T49869","span":{"begin":915,"end":927},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19419","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1053},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T54908","span":{"begin":1059,"end":1062},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T51001","span":{"begin":1073,"end":1076},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T58222","span":{"begin":1098,"end":1101},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A26982","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T66365","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7203"},{"id":"A53703","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T52326","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088"},{"id":"A81056","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T73963","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma50801"},{"id":"A27159","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T56377","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7199"},{"id":"A44002","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T49869","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A81235","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T19419","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A48205","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T54908","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A68513","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T51001","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A18168","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T58222","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"subj":"T66365","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T52326","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T73963","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T56377","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T49869","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T19419","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T54908","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T51001","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T58222","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":101,"end":107},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":116,"end":121},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"},{"id":"A2","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000955"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":138,"end":148},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":295,"end":328},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":330,"end":334},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":392,"end":396},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":631,"end":641},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":768,"end":772},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":790,"end":794},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A2","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A3","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A4","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A5","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A6","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A7","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T94379","span":{"begin":42,"end":48},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T52125","span":{"begin":53,"end":60},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208"},{"id":"T67426","span":{"begin":65,"end":71},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T99451","span":{"begin":101,"end":107},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002113"},{"id":"T89987","span":{"begin":101,"end":107},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000927"},{"id":"T29008","span":{"begin":101,"end":107},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000929"},{"id":"T86367","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"T59948","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100"},{"id":"T63891","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228"},{"id":"T79729","span":{"begin":109,"end":114},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815"},{"id":"T45711","span":{"begin":116,"end":121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000955"},{"id":"T97993","span":{"begin":116,"end":121},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000302"},{"id":"T35050","span":{"begin":127,"end":137},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000160"},{"id":"T97808","span":{"begin":127,"end":137},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000834"},{"id":"T95899","span":{"begin":287,"end":293},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T99550","span":{"begin":422,"end":429},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T70264","span":{"begin":479,"end":487},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T19920","span":{"begin":488,"end":493},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T66400","span":{"begin":676,"end":681},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T94379","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T52125","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T67426","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T99451","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T89987","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T29008","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T86367","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T59948","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T63891","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T79729","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T45711","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T97993","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T35050","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T97808","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T95899","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T99550","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T70264","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T19920","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T66400","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":613,"end":618},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":743,"end":759},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":915,"end":927},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":1045,"end":1053},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A2","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A3","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17089"},{"id":"A4","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"subj":"T1","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T2","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T3","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T4","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T48484","span":{"begin":845,"end":862},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019079"},{"id":"T22466","span":{"begin":845,"end":862},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019058"},{"id":"T70589","span":{"begin":1098,"end":1113},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0039703"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T48484","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T22466","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T70589","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"26","span":{"begin":909,"end":914},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"27","span":{"begin":9,"end":22},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"28","span":{"begin":24,"end":28},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"29","span":{"begin":42,"end":48},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"30","span":{"begin":65,"end":71},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"31","span":{"begin":73,"end":77},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"32","span":{"begin":228,"end":243},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"33","span":{"begin":287,"end":293},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"34","span":{"begin":295,"end":339},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"35","span":{"begin":377,"end":386},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"36","span":{"begin":392,"end":402},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"37","span":{"begin":404,"end":413},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"38","span":{"begin":479,"end":484},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"39","span":{"begin":488,"end":493},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"40","span":{"begin":627,"end":630},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"41","span":{"begin":768,"end":776},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"42","span":{"begin":780,"end":788},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"43","span":{"begin":790,"end":800},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"44","span":{"begin":88,"end":99},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"45","span":{"begin":355,"end":366},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"46","span":{"begin":127,"end":148},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"47","span":{"begin":631,"end":641},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A26","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"26","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A27","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"27","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A28","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"28","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A29","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"29","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A30","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"30","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A31","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"31","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A32","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"32","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A33","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"33","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A34","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"34","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A35","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"35","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A36","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"36","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A37","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"37","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A38","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"38","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A39","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"39","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A40","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"40","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A41","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"41","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A42","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"42","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A43","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"43","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A44","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"44","obj":"Tax:12814"},{"id":"A45","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"45","obj":"Tax:12814"},{"id":"A46","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"46","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A47","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"47","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"subj":"26","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"27","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"28","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"30","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"31","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"32","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"33","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"34","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"35","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"36","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"37","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"38","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"39","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"40","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"41","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"42","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"43","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"44","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"45","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"46","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"47","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":0,"end":8},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":9,"end":61},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":62,"end":184},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":185,"end":415},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":416,"end":494},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":495,"end":570},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":571,"end":656},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":657,"end":882},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":883,"end":1114},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T5","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T6","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T7","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T8","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T9","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T10","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T11","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T12","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T13","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#ecc193","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","color":"#a793ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","color":"#99ec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#ec93b3"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#93cdec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","color":"#e7ec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#d793ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#93ecbd"}]}]}}