PMC:7454258 / 93548-97316
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7454258","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7454258","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7454258","text":"National food and nutrition monitoring and surveillance\nNational monitoring and surveillance are integral to nutrition research and translation. Several CDC and other federal collaborations (Supplemental Table 6) and USDA efforts (Supplemental Table 4) focus on food and nutrition monitoring and surveillance surveys and related research (Supplemental Table 7). These federal efforts began with an international focus to lend expertise and capacity to developing nations to help them develop nutritional assessment and data-informed food and nutrition policy and programmatic responses, such as food fortification and research and training in nutritional sciences (165). For example, in 1955, the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense was formed after malnutrition was identified to be common among the troops of Korea and China (166, 167). After initial emphasis on surveillance of nutrition programs among military personnel, this Committee expanded focus to civilians in countries of “special interest,” ultimately conducting surveys in 33 developing countries (165). In 1967, this international surveillance program was reorganized in response to Congressional amendments to focus on domestic hunger and malnutrition. In 1968, the Ten State Nutrition Survey identified severe malnutrition in several low-income US states (168), stimulating Congressional hearings regarding hunger and the formation of the US Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Related Needs. In 1969, President Nixon commissioned the first and still only White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health, which put numerous concrete recommendations that led to expansion and standardization of school lunch and Food Stamps, and the creation of school breakfast and the USDA Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) (13, 169).\nIn 1990, Congress (Public Law 101–445) created the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP), with aims to produce a comprehensive, coordinated program for nutrition monitoring and related research to improve assessment of the US population's health and nutrition. Congress required this program to achieve coordination of federal monitoring efforts within 10 y, guided by a new Interagency Board for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research (IBNMRR) and a 9-member National Nutrition Monitoring Advisory Council. The IBNMRR convened between 1991 and 2002, co-chaired by HHS Assistant Secretary for Health and USDA Undersecretary for Research, Education, and Economics, and was charged with designing and implementing a 10-y comprehensive plan for planning and coordinating the activities of 22 federal agencies that conduct nutrition monitoring and surveillance or related research or are major users of nutrition monitoring data (170). The IBNMRR published its 10-y plan in 1993, and summarized ongoing federal nutrition monitoring in its Directory of Federal and State Nutrition Monitoring Activities in 1989, 1992, 1998, and 2000 (171, 172). The impact of this plan is difficult to quantify, although in its first 5 y, 97 proposed and final regulations citing NNMRRP data were published in the Federal Register (173). When this program ended in 2002, federal nutrition monitoring efforts returned to being decentralized, without explicit coordination (11, 174–176). Current national nutrition monitoring and surveillance systems face fiscal, infrastructure, and coordination challenges that limit their capacity to respond to evolving data needs, technological advances, and demographic shifts (e.g., barriers to provide sufficient national data for the Congressional mandate in the 2020–2025 DGAs to include infants and women who are pregnant or lactating) (177, 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