| Id |
Subject |
Object |
Predicate |
Lexical cue |
| T242 |
0-48 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Current Federal Nutrition Research Landscape |
| T243 |
49-266 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The federal government is the largest supporter of US nutrition research, with a diverse federal nutrition research infrastructure that generates critically important research and surveillance across a range of areas. |
| T244 |
267-464 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A new federal research investment and coordination structure must leverage, harmonize, and catalyze—not diminish or replace—these efforts being led across multiple federal departments and agencies. |
| T245 |
465-564 |
Sentence |
denotes |
No current or complete accounting of all federal nutrition research funding is available (12, 105). |
| T246 |
565-747 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For this work, we obtained and collated information on the largest departments and agencies focused on nutrition research, and their current estimated spending on nutrition research. |
| T247 |
748-818 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These findings are presented in Table 1, and summarized further below. |
| T248 |
819-899 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIH and USDA are by far the 2 largest funders of federal nutrition research. |
| T249 |
900-1080 |
Sentence |
denotes |
As recently described (12), NIH and USDA negotiated how to share priorities for nutrition science after the 1978 Congressional report on Nutrition Research Alternatives (106, 107). |
| T250 |
1081-1339 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Secretaries of HHS and USDA agreed that NIH would take the lead on research related to the biomedical aspects of nutrition (e.g., diagnosing and treating diseases), while USDA would be responsible for research on healthy diets for the general population. |
| T251 |
1340-1486 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition to NIH and USDA, many other departments and agencies conduct or utilize nutrition research (11), as described in further detail below. |
| T252 |
1487-1586 |
Sentence |
denotes |
TABLE 1 Current federal nutrition research agencies and departments participating in the US ICHNR1 |
| T253 |
1587-1741 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Department or agency (department) Legislative authorities and appropriations Description Estimated annual expenditures on nutrition research,2 millions |
| T254 |
1742-2114 |
Sentence |
denotes |
National Institutes of Health (HHS) Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and related agencies Supports biomedical research, training, and infrastructure in nutrition to improve health and this work is carried out by investigators in research organizations and settings throughout the country, primarily in universities and biomedical research centers $19003 |
| T255 |
2115-2681 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Agricultural Research Service (USDA) Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and related agencies Works to advance human nutrition research in a variety of ways, drawing from a number of its national programs, including the Human Nutrition National Program that works to: (1) link agricultural practices and beneficial health outcomes; (2) monitor food composition and nutrient intake of the nation; (3) determine the scientific basis for dietary guidance; (4) prevent obesity and obesity-related diseases; and (5) understand life-stage nutrition and metabolism $884 |
| T256 |
2682-3067 |
Sentence |
denotes |
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA) Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and related agencies Invests in and advances agricultural research, education, and extension and through its food, nutrition, and health programs works to strengthen the nation's capacity to address issues related to diet, health, food safety, food security, and food science and technology $425 |
| T257 |
3068-3597 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Food and Nutrition Service (USDA) Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and related agencies Conducts research and makes use of the nutrition research sponsored by other federal agencies to help assess and improve the 15 FNS programs and conducts secondary research such as systematic reviews and policy-related research to develop and disseminate the latest edition of the dietary guidelines every five years, including development of USDA Food Patterns, Healthy Eating Index, USDA Food Plans, and communications research $416 |
| T258 |
3598-3870 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CDC (HHS) Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and related Agencies Addresses nutritional issues related to population health through surveillance, intramural and extramural research, the translation of research into practice, and program implementation $97 |
| T259 |
3871-4560 |
Sentence |
denotes |
FDA (HHS) Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and related agencies Depends on nutrition research to inform its many regulatory and other activities on food labeling, oversight of food additives and constituents of foods, nutrition education activities, and other nutrition-related work; and conducts its own research activities including consumer studies to support nutrition labeling and claims, assessments of constituents of the food supply, development of methods for analyzing food constituents, surveys on health, analyses of dietary intake, monitoring of adverse events from dietary foods and supplements, and cost/benefit analyses of various nutrition regulatory activities $88 |
| T260 |
4561-4740 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Department of Defense Defense Develops, implements, and evaluates effective nutritional strategies to optimize performance before, during, and after training and operations $59 |
| T261 |
4741-5203 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Agency for International Development State, Foreign Operations, and related programs Adopts, adapts, modifies, and increases the information, evidence, practices, and technologies of US institutions in human nutrition to be applicable to USAID target populations in developing countries to: improve food security and nutrient adequacies; increase access to safe water; and reduce infectious diseases, environmental toxins, poor sanitation, and parasitism $410 |
| T262 |
5204-5586 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Economic Research Service (USDA) Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and related agencies Conducts and supports studies examining the actions of and interactions among consumers, food industry, and government as they relate to food supply and access; food choice and its impact on diet quality; and federal nutrition assistance, regulation, and other aspects of food policy NA11 |
| T263 |
5587-5893 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Department of Commerce Commerce, Justice, Science, and related agencies National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides food-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the determination of trace element content, including both nutrient elements (minerals) and toxic metal contaminants. |
| T264 |
5894-6032 |
Sentence |
denotes |
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) contributes to advancing human nutrition research through its work on seafood NA12 |
| T265 |
6033-6332 |
Sentence |
denotes |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and related agencies Conducts life sciences research in space flight on the International Space Station (ISS) and in ground-based analogs of space flight (e.g., extended bed rest, Antarctic winters, undersea habitats) NA13 |
| T266 |
6333-6459 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Federal Trade Commission Financial Services Relevant work and interest primarily focuses on food marketing to children NA14 |
| T267 |
6460-6609 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Environmental Protection Agency Interior, Environment, and related agencies Conducts risk assessments regarding dietary exposure of chemicals NA15 |
| T268 |
6610-7145 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Health Resources and Services Administration (HHS) Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and related agencies Provides health care to people who are geographically isolated, economically or medically vulnerable, including people living with HIV/AIDS, women who are pregnant, mothers and their families, and those in need of high-quality primary health care, and supports the training of health professionals, the distribution of providers to areas where they are needed most, and improvements in health care delivery NA16 |
| T269 |
7146-7168 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Total, millions $2005 |
| T270 |
7169-7342 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1 HHS, Department of Health and Human Services; ICHNR, Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research; NA, not available; USAID, US Agency for International Development. |
| T271 |
7343-7552 |
Sentence |
denotes |
2 There is no annual budget reporting for federal nutrition research and related activities so the footnotes indicate the activities and, where possible, the fiscal year associated with the estimate provided. |
| T272 |
7553-7655 |
Sentence |
denotes |
3 The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Office of Nutrition Research. |
| T273 |
7656-7690 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NIH Nutrition Research Task Force. |
| T274 |
7691-7746 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Estimated Nutrition Research Funding, Fiscal Year 2019. |
| T275 |
7747-7890 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/advisory-coordinating-committees/nih-nutrition-research-task-force (accessed 12 March 2020). |
| T276 |
7891-7952 |
Sentence |
denotes |
4 The 2019 President's Budget—Agricultural Research Service. |
| T277 |
7953-8036 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.obpa.usda.gov/18ars2019notes.pdf (accessed 19 March 2020). |
| T278 |
8037-8839 |
Sentence |
denotes |
5 Specific Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) programs include Foundational and Applied Sciences [anticipated amount available for new grants in this fiscal year 2020 for this request for funding applications (RFAs) is ∼ $192.6 million], which includes 6 priority areas including the number 3 area, Food Safety Nutrition and Health, and the Nutrition program area priorities are Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases and Food and Human Health; Sustainable Agricultural Systems (anticipated amount available for new grants in this fiscal year 2020 for this RFA is ∼$90 million); and Education and Workforce Development (anticipated amount available for new grants in fiscal year 2019 for this RFA is ∼$29.166 million and this fiscal year 2020 has not been determined yet). |
| T279 |
8840-9202 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Selected Higher Education Programs include Distance Education Grants Program for Institutions of Higher Education in Insular Areas (estimated total program funding: $800,000), Higher Education Challenge Grants (estimated total program funding: $4,500,000), and Hispanic-Serving Institutions Education Grants Program (estimated total program funding: $8,800,000). |
| T280 |
9203-9406 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The 2018 Farm Bill increased mandatory commitments to the Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive Program up to $250 million over 5 y and estimated total funding for fiscal year 2019 projects was $41 million. |
| T281 |
9407-9542 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, the Community Food Projects Competitive Grant Program estimated total program funding in fiscal year 2019 was ∼$4,800,000. |
| T282 |
9543-9723 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Also relevant, the Women and Minorities in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fields Program (WAMS) estimated total program funding in fiscal year 2019 was $400,000. |
| T283 |
9724-10468 |
Sentence |
denotes |
There are other RFAs that solicit nutrition-relevant activities including work with the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) (estimated total program funding in fiscal year 2019 was $68,440,680 to support program implementation by land-grant universities) and partnering with the USDA Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) on Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) by facilitating communication among federal, state, and local partners and providing programmatic leadership to cooperative extension/land-grant university program implementers for effective nutrition education and obesity-prevention interventions through the land-grant system in conjunction with other implementing agencies and organizations. |
| T284 |
10469-10637 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) also supports a range of other career development and training programs relevant to human nutrition research. |
| T285 |
10638-11119 |
Sentence |
denotes |
6 For fiscal year 2020, overall FNS spending on federal nutrition assistance programs: $97.3 billion; estimated FNS spending on nutrition education and promotion: $1.2 billion [mostly Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)]; and estimated FNS spending on nutrition assistance-related research and analysis: $34 million [$14 million SNAP, $15 million Child Nutrition (CN), $5 million WIC]. |
| T286 |
11120-11353 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), an estimate of ∼$6.6 million in fiscal year 2020 for nutrition evidence reviews, committee support, and Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)–related educational development. |
| T287 |
11354-11508 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Congress provided CNPP a one-time allocation of $12.3 million in the fiscal year 2019 appropriations bill to complete the 2020–2025 DGA over the next 3 y. |
| T288 |
11509-11743 |
Sentence |
denotes |
7 The CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity (DNPAO) funds the Nutrition and Obesity Policy Research Network (NOPREN) at $300,000 each year, which is their only dedicated research project out of the Obesity Branch. |
| T289 |
11744-11938 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Obesity Branch has 2 full-time employees (FTEs) dedicated to the epidemiology and surveillance of nutrition/obesity (e.g., fruits and vegetables, added sugars, water, food systems, obesity). |
| T290 |
11939-12175 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The CDC's Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (CORD) Project 3.0 (2019–2024) is focused on childhood obesity weight-management program applied research and nutrition is a component but not considered traditional nutrition research. |
| T291 |
12176-12238 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Five grants were awarded with a total budget of $12.5 million. |
| T292 |
12239-12331 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Infant Feeding Practices III (IFPS III) (2019–2026) study cost estimate is $3.4 million. |
| T293 |
12332-12389 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Nutrition Branch has 1 FTE dedicated to the IFPS III. |
| T294 |
12390-12474 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Additional DNPAO funding goes towards other nutrition-relevant surveillance systems. |
| T295 |
12475-12671 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The CDC Division of Population Health School Health Branch addresses nutrition, physical activity, and chronic health conditions in the school setting through research and programmatic activities. |
| T296 |
12672-12752 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The following estimates reflect funds for nutrition-related research activities: |
| T297 |
12753-13060 |
Sentence |
denotes |
1) Contribution to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and School Health Profiles, which is administrated by the CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of Adolescent and School Health: $18,500 per year (this is the portion for nutrition topics). |
| T298 |
13061-13193 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Also, 1.5 FTEs work on nutrition research including descriptive and analytic projects, research synthesis, and research translation. |
| T299 |
13194-13345 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The School Health Branch also supports program evaluation relevant to nutrition estimated at 0.5 FTE and $100,000 per year in 1801 evaluation contract. |
| T300 |
13346-13700 |
Sentence |
denotes |
There are other activities within the CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion that are relevant to nutrition and these activities likely account for a 5% estimate of non-DNPAO Divisions’ budgets (see the US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. |
| T301 |
13701-13807 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/programs-impact/budget/index.htm (accessed 27 April 2020). |
| T302 |
13808-13883 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The total costs to conduct the NHANES in fiscal year 2019 was ∼$40 million. |
| T303 |
13884-14074 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This does not include staff salaries or in-kind contributions for work such as laboratory processing or dietary data coding provided by other parts of the CDC or other agencies such as USDA. |
| T304 |
14075-14164 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This also does not include nutrition-related support for the NHANES from outside the CDC. |
| T305 |
14165-14261 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The nutrition-related NHANES activities attributable costs was ∼$8 million for fiscal year 2019. |
| T306 |
14262-14311 |
Sentence |
denotes |
8 The US Government Accountability Office (GAO). |
| T307 |
14312-14347 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Report to Congressional Requesters: |
| T308 |
14348-14374 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Food Safety and Nutrition. |
| T309 |
14375-14458 |
Sentence |
denotes |
FDA Can Build on Existing Efforts to Measure Progress and Implement Key Activities. |
| T310 |
14459-14470 |
Sentence |
denotes |
GAO-18–174. |
| T311 |
14471-14484 |
Sentence |
denotes |
January 2018. |
| T312 |
14485-14568 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.gao.gov/assets/690/689796.pdf (accessed 26 February 2020). |
| T313 |
14569-14724 |
Sentence |
denotes |
9 The largest resource for nutrition research is the Army, which received ∼$3.3 million in fiscal year 2020 for its intramural nutrition research program. |
| T314 |
14725-14884 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Army nutrition research program also seeks extramural support, which varies from year to year but in fiscal year 2020 is estimated to receive $1.4 million. |
| T315 |
14885-14997 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences is estimated to receive $750,000 per year for the next 3 y. |
| T316 |
14998-15145 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Other services, including the Air Force and Navy, conduct nutrition research, although budgets vary and may depend upon extramural funding sources. |
| T317 |
15146-15285 |
Sentence |
denotes |
10 The US Agency for International Development (USAID) Report to Congress on Health-Related Research and Development for Fiscal Year 2018. |
| T318 |
15286-15371 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.usaid.gov/open/reports-congress (accessed 27 February 2020). |
| T319 |
15372-15940 |
Sentence |
denotes |
11 USDA Economic Research Service (ERS) fiscal year 2019 budget was $87 million, which covered research led by 3 research divisions: market and trade economics, resource and rural economics, and food economics. The ERS does not have a more specific number for food, food security, and nutrition-relevant research. The Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics (RIDGE) program was supported by USDA ERS and FNS; it awarded 8 grants in 2019 and will hold a conference to present findings from those awards in 2020 but has no further funding at this point. |
| T320 |
15941-16047 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The RIDGE program has funded >285 products at >100 educational and research institutions during 1998–2019. |
| T321 |
16048-16300 |
Sentence |
denotes |
USDA ERS and FNS have co-sponsored the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS-1); research grants for analysis of FoodAPS-1, and methodological research to develop FoodAPS-2, as well as a number of data development activities. |
| T322 |
16301-16522 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Between 2013 and 2018, USDA FNS funded ∼50 cooperative research agreements and grants between the ERS researchers, university-based centers, and university-based researchers, tallying >$3 million provided through the ERS. |
| T323 |
16523-16694 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These agreements have covered wide ranging topics including food security, SNAP, WIC, School Meal Programs, promotion of healthier eating, and the food retail environment. |
| T324 |
16695-17024 |
Sentence |
denotes |
12 There is a specific internal budget for the production of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), which includes but is not limited to the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) food matrix items but there is not an exact estimate at this time for other nutrition research–relevant activities across the NIST. |
| T325 |
17025-17139 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Relevant program descriptions indicating staff support and activities are available on the NIST website (see NIST. |
| T326 |
17140-17197 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Measurements and Standards to Support Nutrition Labeling. |
| T327 |
17198-17329 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Available at https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/measurements-and-standards-support-nutrition-labeling; accessed 27 April 2020). |
| T328 |
17330-17526 |
Sentence |
denotes |
There is no current budget estimate for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) nutrition research relevant activities while current staff are actively engaged in this area. |
| T329 |
17527-17757 |
Sentence |
denotes |
13 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) complete food capability roadmap is still under construction, and unfortunately it is not at liberty to share these budget details, but this is a high priority area. |
| T330 |
17758-17866 |
Sentence |
denotes |
14 The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has not engaged in any research related to nutrition in recent years. |
| T331 |
17867-18038 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Since about 2010, Congress prohibited the FTC from completing the study they were conducting with FDA, CDC, and USDA on nutrition standards for food marketing to children. |
| T332 |
18039-18157 |
Sentence |
denotes |
15 There is no specific nutrition research budget as this work is mainly in-house analyses utilizing the NHANES data. |
| T333 |
18158-18411 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Other groups within the Environmental Protection Agency such as the Office of Research and Development and the Office of Air and Radiation also rely on the NHANES, but these data are freely available and NHANES is not contracted with the CDC to collect. |
| T334 |
18412-18611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
16 Nutrition is generally addressed in the context of larger initiatives, so it is not possible for the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) to break out an accurate funding estimate. |
| T335 |
18612-18826 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 2003, the Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) estimated that federal investment for food-related (beyond nutrition alone) research and development was $2.5 billion/y (105). |
| T336 |
18827-19021 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A 2015 USDA report estimated that overall federal investment in nutrition research was $1.6 billion/y in 2009, increased from ∼$0.8 billion/y in 1985 (in constant 2007 dollars) (Figure 3) (108). |
| T337 |
19022-19138 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The increase occurred primarily at NIH, while nutrition funding at USDA declined in real dollars during this period. |
| T338 |
19139-19247 |
Sentence |
denotes |
However, total NIH research funding also doubled between fiscal year 1994 and 2003 (constant dollars) (109). |
| T339 |
19248-19475 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thus, as a share of overall research expenditures, federal nutrition research spending remained generally flat, despite the dramatic increase in diet-related illnesses such as obesity and diabetes from 1980 to the present (12). |
| T340 |
19476-19635 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A limitation of all such estimates is the reliance on keyword searches of grant projects, which may incorporate funding only peripherally related to nutrition. |
| T341 |
19636-19798 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For example, funding for research identified as related to “obesity” increased nearly 4-fold between 1985 and 2009, and was counted as “nutrition” research (108). |
| T342 |
19799-19958 |
Sentence |
denotes |
FIGURE 3 Estimated overall federal expenditures for nutrition research, 1985–2009 (top panel) (108); and within NIH for fiscal year 2019 (bottom panel) (110). |
| T343 |
19959-20211 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The top panel is based on information provided by the DHHS (NIH, FDA, CDC), USDA, VA, USAID, DoD, DoC, NSF, and NASA using data from the NIH Human Nutrition Research Information Management system and the Biomedical Research and Development Price Index. |
| T344 |
20212-20396 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The bottom panel is based on data from all NIH institutes, centers, and offices (x axis) that provided funding for nutrition research in fiscal year 2019, listed in alphabetical order. |
| T345 |
20397-21984 |
Sentence |
denotes |
DHHS, Department of Health and Human Services; DoC, Department of Commerce; DoD, Department of Defense; FIC, Fogarty International Center; FY, fiscal year; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NCATS, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; NCCIH, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NEI, National Eye Institute; NHGRI, National Human Genome Research Institute; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; NIA, National Institute of Aging; NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; NIAMS, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; NIBIB, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; NICHD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse; NIDCD, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; NIDDK, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; NIEHS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; NIGMS, National Institute of General Medical Sciences; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; NIMHD, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; NINDS, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; NINR, National Institute of Nursing Research; NLM, National Library of Medicine; NSF, National Science Foundation; OD, Office of the Director; USAID, US Agency for International Development; VA, Department of Veterans Affairs. |
| T346 |
21985-22090 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Reprinted with permission from the USDA Economic Research Service and NIDDK Office of Nutrition Research. |
| T347 |
22092-22095 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NIH |
| T348 |
22096-22209 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIH is the largest biomedical research agency in the world and largest funder of US nutrition research (110). |
| T349 |
22210-22659 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Important intramural and extramural nutrition research occurs across multiple institutes, centers, and offices, in particular the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institute of Aging (NIA); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); and NIH Office of the Director (110). |
| T350 |
22660-22765 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These institutes focus on diseases or specific subsets of the population, rather than food and nutrition. |
| T351 |
22766-23125 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For example, NIDDK research efforts include diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic diseases; liver disease and other digestive diseases and conditions; nutritional disorders, such as inborn errors of metabolism; obesity; kidney diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease and glomerular disease; urologic diseases and conditions; and blood diseases (111). |
| T352 |
23126-23517 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NHLBI aims to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, and blood diseases, which includes strategic priorities around dietary assessment methodologies that combine objective dietary measures and biomarkers to help identify dietary patterns and food constituents that contribute to weight maintenance and to inform intervention strategies to lower cardiometabolic risks (112). |
| T353 |
23518-23725 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NCI leads, conducts, and supports cancer research to advance scientific knowledge and help all people live longer, healthier lives, which includes efforts to advance dietary assessment methodology (113). |
| T354 |
23726-23956 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIA leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life, including building the understanding of the roles of nutrition, obesity, sleep, and metabolic status (114). |
| T355 |
23957-24076 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NICHD aims to investigate human development through the entire life process, including the role of nutrition (115). |
| T356 |
24077-24383 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Within the NIH Office of the Director, as one example of several offices relevant to nutrition, the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements works to promote the scientific study of the benefits of dietary supplements in maintaining health and preventing chronic disease and other health-related conditions (116). |
| T357 |
24384-24611 |
Sentence |
denotes |
For fiscal year 2019, total NIH expenditures for nutrition research were estimated at $1.9 billion, supporting a total of ∼4600 active projects across at least 25 of the 27 NIH institutes, centers, and offices (Figure 3) (110). |
| T358 |
24612-24840 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NIH's investment in nutrition research has been estimated at 5% of total funding, a percentage that “has remained largely flat for at least three decades, and pales in comparison to many other areas of research” (Figure 4) (12). |
| T359 |
24841-25123 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A separate analysis of NIH-supported research grants and cooperative research projects between 2012 and 2017 found that only 16.7% of projects and 22.6% of funding supported investigations focused on primary prevention or secondary prevention (treatment) of disease in humans (117). |
| T360 |
25124-25189 |
Sentence |
denotes |
And, among this subset, only 7.8% included a focus on diet (118). |
| T361 |
25190-25386 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Thus, this careful analysis suggests that only 1.3% of all research projects supported by NIH in recent years focused on the role of diet in the prevention or treatment of disease in humans (119). |
| T362 |
25387-25708 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Another recent NIH analysis evaluated the leading risk factors and causes of death and disability in the US, compared with NIH funding on these factors, and concluded that large mismatches exist between the top causes of poor health versus research funding to address them, with the largest gap being for nutrition (120). |
| T363 |
25709-26109 |
Sentence |
denotes |
FIGURE 4 Trends in NIH investments in total nutrition research based on data from the NIH, Hathi Trust, and the Government Publishing Office (12) (top panel) and the 2020 NIH analysis of the percentage of NIH's prevention research projects focused on leading risk factors for death in the US compared with the percentage of deaths caused by these leading risk factors in the US (120) (bottom panel). |
| T364 |
26110-26219 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Top panel adapted from POLITICO Pro Datapoint (12), with graphic design support courtesy of Ink&Pixel Agency. |
| T365 |
26220-26487 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Over the years, NIH has aimed to coordinate the diverse nutrition science research being conducted or supported across the agency through a range of initiatives, including recent efforts to help accelerate the science of obesity research (Supplemental Table 3) (121). |
| T366 |
26488-26711 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 1975, the NIH Nutrition Coordinating Committee (NCC) was established within the NIH Office of the Director to improve nutrition research coordination and communications within NIH and across the federal government (122). |
| T367 |
26712-26930 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 1993, NCC was moved from the Office of the Director, the highest level of leadership within NIH, into one of the institutes, NIDDK, where NIH Division of Nutrition Research Coordination (DNRC) was established (123). |
| T368 |
26931-27000 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The DNRC comprised ∼10 full-time employees, more than half with PhDs. |
| T369 |
27001-27214 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 2015, DNRC was disbanded and transitioned from an NIDDK Division into an NIDDK Office, the Office of Nutrition Research (ONR) (123) [within NIDDK, a lower organizational stature and size than a division (124)]. |
| T370 |
27215-27287 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The ONR now comprises 2 PhD-level scientists and 3 other staffers (125). |
| T371 |
27288-27399 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The ONR hosts the renamed and slightly restructured NIH Nutrition Research Coordinating Committee (NRCC) (122). |
| T372 |
27400-27542 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 2016, one of the main tasks of ONR was to develop the first overall NIH strategic plan to expand mission-specific nutrition research (123). |
| T373 |
27543-27739 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIH Nutrition Research Task Force was established later in 2016 to guide the development and implementation of the first NIH-wide strategic plan for nutrition research for the next 10 y (126). |
| T374 |
27740-27871 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A draft plan was released for public comment in the Fall of 2018—the original date the final plan was to be made public (127, 128). |
| T375 |
27872-27959 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The final 2020–2030 Strategic Plan for NIH Nutrition Research was released in May 2020. |
| T376 |
27960-28145 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Including several themes from the 2016 National Nutrition Research Roadmap (11) (see “ICHNR” section below), this first-of-its-kind NIH plan is organized around 4 strategic goals (129): |
| T377 |
28146-28206 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Spur discovery and innovation through foundational research: |
| T378 |
28207-28248 |
Sentence |
denotes |
What do we eat and how does it affect us? |
| T379 |
28249-28322 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Investigate the role of dietary patterns and behaviors in optimal health: |
| T380 |
28323-28351 |
Sentence |
denotes |
What and when should we eat? |
| T381 |
28352-28401 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Define the role of nutrition across the lifespan: |
| T382 |
28402-28458 |
Sentence |
denotes |
How does what we eat promote health across the lifespan? |
| T383 |
28459-28509 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Reduce the burden of disease in clinical settings: |
| T384 |
28510-28557 |
Sentence |
denotes |
How can we improve the use of food as medicine? |
| T385 |
28558-28801 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIH plan includes 5 cross-cutting areas: minority health and health disparities; health of women; rigor and reproducibility; data science, systems science, and artificial intelligence; and training the nutrition scientific workforce (130). |
| T386 |
28802-29364 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Examples of priority objectives in the 4 strategic areas include to investigate bioinformatic gaps in nutrition-related genes and pathways, diet-host-microbiome interrelationships, new tools for microbiome and precision nutrition research, mechanisms of interindividual variability in responses to food-based dietary patterns, influence of diet on infant developmental and health outcomes, the role of nutrition in older adults to promote healthy aging, and interactions between drugs, diseases, and nutrition to improve clinical care and outcomes, among others. |
| T387 |
29365-29523 |
Sentence |
denotes |
How new NIH funding streams, leadership, coordination structures, or other implementation strategies may help achieve these important goals were not detailed. |
| T388 |
29524-29785 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Also in May 2020, the trans-NIH Precision Nutrition Working Group of the NIH Common Fund, in collaboration with the NIH Nutrition Research Task Force, published a request for information on the challenges and opportunities in precision nutrition research (130). |
| T389 |
29786-30056 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The NIH Common Fund is planning a potential program in Precision Nutrition for fiscal year 2021 (131), potentially similar to other Common Fund–supported endeavors such as the All of US Research Program and the NIH Human Microbiome Project (see “Options” section below). |
| T390 |
30058-30062 |
Sentence |
denotes |
USDA |
| T391 |
30063-30256 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Starting in 1895, Dr. Wilbur Atwater's pioneering work at USDA laid much of the groundwork for modern nutrition science in the US as well as many current USDA nutrition research programs (132). |
| T392 |
30257-30392 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA is the second largest federal funder of nutrition-relevant research, with activities across multiple agencies (Table 1) (133). |
| T393 |
30393-30709 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Farm Bill requires the Secretary of USDA to establish and support food and human nutrition research as a distinct mission of the Department, including coordinating nutrition research within the Department and with agencies across the federal government, as well as using formalized mechanisms for external input. |
| T394 |
30710-30859 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA also has a major focus on implementing federal nutrition programs to segments of the public, which constitute the majority of USDA's budget. |
| T395 |
30860-31204 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The importance of the nutrition assistance and associated nutrition education programs for improving food security and health and preventing disease in low-income populations creates a particularly important need to integrate and connect nutrition research from within and outside USDA to inform and guide policy development for these programs. |
| T396 |
31205-31468 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The agencies in USDA's Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area work to integrate research, analysis, and education to create a safe, sustainable, competitive US food and agricultural system and strong, healthy communities, families, and youth (134). |
| T397 |
31469-31569 |
Sentence |
denotes |
REE science agencies include the ARS, NIFA, ERS, and National Agricultural Statistics Service (135). |
| T398 |
31570-31849 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The ARS’ Human Nutrition Program emphasizes food-based approaches for health, including a core network of 6 internationally recognized Human Nutrition Research Centers with scientists, equipment, and facilities for long-term, multidisciplinary, translational research (136, 137). |
| T399 |
31850-32102 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NIFA supports postsecondary education at 113 land-grant colleges and universities (Public Law 37–130), as well as 21 historically black colleges and universities (Public Law 51–841) and 37 tribal colleges and universities (Public Law 89–329) (138–141). |
| T400 |
32103-32492 |
Sentence |
denotes |
While federal funding for these schools initially focused on agricultural research and extension, over time these schools have increasingly focused on human nutrition and food research and extension nutrition education, although the recent growth in research is largely through additional competitive grant mechanisms rather than direct NIFA support to the Agricultural Experiment Station. |
| T401 |
32493-32963 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NIFA further supports extramural nutrition research, often with a focus on integrating agricultural considerations with promotion of health and decreasing health disparities; this work includes funding projects aiming to identify environmental and behavioral factors that act as barriers to consumption of a high-quality diet, while identifying factors that promote healthy eating behaviors (e.g., increasing home access and availability of fruits and vegetables) (142). |
| T402 |
32964-33207 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The ERS’ food and nutrition research aims to study demographic, social, economic, and informational determinants of adequacy and healthfulness of the American diet, related health outcomes, and corresponding health care expenditures (11, 143). |
| T403 |
33208-33545 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This research includes examining interactions among consumers, food industry, and government as they relate to the food supply, markets, and access; food choice and its impact on diet quality; federal regulations and other aspects of food policy; and the USDA's nutrition assistance programs in meeting public policy and nutrition goals. |
| T404 |
33546-33661 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) is the only agency of the Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services mission area. |
| T405 |
33662-33871 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The FNS administers 15 domestic nutrition assistance programs, conducts some limited research, and makes use of nutrition research sponsored by other federal agencies to help assess and improve these programs. |
| T406 |
33872-34219 |
Sentence |
denotes |
And, as discussed in the cross-governmental section below, the USDA FNS Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP) conducts the evidence analysis for the DGAs, including nutrition evidence systematic reviews, data analysis, and food pattern modeling, and develops the corresponding consumer-facing education tools (e.g., MyPlate) (144, 145). |
| T407 |
34220-34358 |
Sentence |
denotes |
USDA investments in research and statistics, including nutrition, have fallen below 1980s levels in constant dollars (Figure 3) (12, 146). |
| T408 |
34359-34613 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Indeed, as a percentage of GDP, public investment in agrifood (agriculture and food combined) research and development (4.2%) and particularly food research and development (1%) was lower in 2018 than pharmaceutical research and development (4.9%) (147). |
| T409 |
34614-34732 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The US fell behind China in public agricultural research in 2009, and now only invests half the amount as China (148). |
| T410 |
34733-34938 |
Sentence |
denotes |
US public sector funding for agricultural research and development is also lower than India, Western Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region including Canada, using constant 2011 purchasing-power parity (148). |
| T411 |
34939-35051 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Yet, growth in productivity in the farm sector has come almost exclusively from science-based innovations (146). |
| T412 |
35052-35257 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Declines in US public funding for food and agriculture research and development “risks national competitiveness, long-term cutting-edge scientific discovery, and the next generation talent pipeline” (147). |
| T413 |
35258-35515 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Specific to nutrition, as one example, the ARS budget for human nutrition research and monitoring, including funding for 6 important extramural and intramural Human Nutrition Centers nationally, has been flat since 1980 in constant dollars (Figure 5) (132). |
| T414 |
35516-35748 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition, 2 USDA research and statistical agencies that include nutrition research—ERS and NIFA—were relocated to Kansas City, Missouri, at the start of fiscal year 2020 and lost 50% (ERS) and 71% (NIFA) of their workforce (149). |
| T415 |
35749-36087 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A recent Congressional Research Service analysis reported the leadership positions at NIFA and ERS have been staffed primarily by acting officials since the relocation and indicated that Congress may be interested in how NIFA and ERS are meeting their responsibilities with reduced workforces and as new staff are potentially hired (150). |
| T416 |
36088-36273 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These trends demonstrate declining investments in science to advance US food and agriculture to increase health, sustain our natural resources, and stimulate rural economic development. |
| T417 |
36274-36564 |
Sentence |
denotes |
FIGURE 5 Trends in USDA ARS investments for total nutrition research based on data from the USDA, Hathi Trust, and the Government Publishing Office (12) (top panel) and for human nutrition research and monitoring for fiscal years 1978–2010 based on data from the USDA (132) (bottom panel). |
| T418 |
36565-36753 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In the bottom panel, shaded bars represent absolute yearly funding (millions of dollars) and open bars represent funding adjusted to 1978 dollars (https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl). |
| T419 |
36754-36806 |
Sentence |
denotes |
ARS, Agricultural Research Service; FY, fiscal year. |
| T420 |
36807-36916 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Top panel adapted from POLITICO Pro Datapoint (12), with graphic design support courtesy of Ink&Pixel Agency. |
| T421 |
36917-37055 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA has aimed to coordinate nutrition research within and outside the department in many different ways (Supplemental Table 4) (132). |
| T422 |
37056-37523 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Food Security Act of 1985 (Public Law 99–198) required the Secretary of Agriculture to submit to Congress “a comprehensive plan for implementing a national nutrition research program, including recommendations relating to research directions, educational activities, and funding levels necessary to carry out such a plan.” This plan was submitted to Congress in 1986, but no new legislative mandates or change in mission resulted from this report (132, 151, 152). |
| T423 |
37524-37802 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 1993, USDA revised its human nutrition program coordination structure and developed a Human Nutrition Policy Committee that reported to the Secretary's Policy Coordination Council and a USDA Human Nutrition Coordinating Committee (HNCC) that reported to the Policy Committee. |
| T424 |
37803-37881 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Human Nutrition Policy Committee has not been active since the late 1990s. |
| T425 |
37882-38052 |
Sentence |
denotes |
HNCC is chaired by an ARS representative and vice-chaired by an FNS representative and includes members from a variety of USDA agencies with additional liaisons from HHS. |
| T426 |
38053-38111 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Over the last 2 decades, HNCC has generally met quarterly. |
| T427 |
38112-38261 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Each March, HNCC coordinates National Nutrition Month activities at USDA and functions as the steering committee for the website Nutrition.gov (153). |
| T428 |
38262-38709 |
Sentence |
denotes |
USDA Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) was established by Congress in 2008 (Public Law 110–234) “to provide strategic coordination of the science that informs USDA's and the federal government's decisions, policies, and regulations that impact all aspects of US food and agriculture and related landscapes and communities.” (154) The OCS advises USDA's Chief Scientist and the Secretary of Agriculture in multiple areas, including the following: |
| T429 |
38710-38986 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Agricultural Systems and Technology; Animal Health and Production, and Animal Products; Plant Health and Production, and Plant Products; Renewable Energy, Natural Resources, and Environment; Food Safety, Nutrition, and Health; and Agricultural Economics and Rural Communities. |
| T430 |
38987-39130 |
Sentence |
denotes |
By statute, OCS is primarily staffed by detailed staff from other departments and agencies across the government for potentially up to 3 years. |
| T431 |
39131-39313 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 2017, OCS hosted the first-of-its-kind USDA Intra-Departmental Nutrition Workshop Series and identified major gaps and needs to strengthen coordination of USDA nutrition research. |
| T432 |
39314-39730 |
Sentence |
denotes |
These gaps and needs included the following: assessing existing and potential new means of coordination and collaboration; developing new interdepartmental working groups and interest groups; identifying new and improved ways to enhance coordination with USDA food safety efforts; better utilizing the HNCC; and hosting overviews of USDA nutrition relevant databases and related data science trainings and resources. |
| T433 |
39731-39851 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The chair of this workshop series was detailed to OCS for 1 y and completed the detail a few months after this workshop. |
| T434 |
39852-39962 |
Sentence |
denotes |
A 2019 GAO report noted there are currently no plans for another intradepartmental meeting on nutrition (155). |
| T435 |
39963-40122 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In 2020, USDA put forth a new Science Blueprint for the next 5 y to help promote synergy across the department for prioritized objectives and strategies (156). |
| T436 |
40123-40856 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This Blueprint includes specific objectives in nutrition and health promotion, such as to develop and update the current evidence base to promote proper macro- and micronutrient intake among critical age groups or life stages, such as women who are pregnant or lactating, infants, children, adolescents, working-age adults, tribal members, and seniors; provide guidance and incentives to promote healthier eating patterns so that the US can reduce incidence of, and morbidity from, obesity and diet-related chronic diseases; promote food systems that reduce the prevalence and severity of food insecurity; and expand understanding about the impacts of USDA nutrition assistance programs on human health, communities, and the economy. |
| T437 |
40857-41262 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA Science Blueprint has objectives related to infrastructure, innovation, and well-being: to develop and evaluate methods to increase access to low-cost and nutritious food as well as sustain efficient agriculture and bioeconomy systems in rural communities; and to evaluate alternative systems that may improve the quality, resiliency, and sustainability of food, fiber, forest, and fuel supplies. |
| T438 |
41263-42305 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The USDA also set forth objectives to work toward being a “beacon for science”: to encourage a global conversation and facilitate such discussion within decision-making bodies about literacy in agriculture, food, forestry, health, and science; advocate globally for the development of science-based, international and domestic standards, regulatory approaches, and policies, including those guiding the development of new and emerging technologies; develop an effective and diverse US agriculture workforce that contributes to safer, healthier, vibrant, sustainable, and innovative communities; enhance the capacities of USDA and other institutions in workforce development, with attention towards developing scientists and practitioners familiar with developing technologies and innovative practices; and develop and expand degree, certificate, curriculum, and youth programs that integrate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) into instruction, considering real-world challenges relevant to agriculture and food science. |
| T439 |
42306-42449 |
Sentence |
denotes |
How new federal funding streams, leadership, or coordination structures may help achieve these laudable goals were not addressed in the report. |
| T440 |
42450-42689 |
Sentence |
denotes |
On 20 February 2020, the Secretary of Agriculture put forth a new Agriculture Innovation Agenda, a department-wide initiative to align resources, programs, and research to position American agriculture to better meet future global demands. |
| T441 |
42690-42837 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Benchmarks of success included reducing US food loss and waste by 50% by the year 2030 and reducing US nutrient loss in water by 30% by 2050 (157). |
| T442 |
42839-42899 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Nutrition research in other federal departments and agencies |
| T443 |
42900-43013 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In addition to NIH and USDA, many other departments and agencies conduct or utilize nutrition research (Table 1). |
| T444 |
43014-43220 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This section highlights summaries provided by 8 departments and agencies in the Topics of Interest section of the 2016 National Nutrition Research Roadmap, as well as any major developments since then (11). |
| T445 |
43221-43482 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Roadmap explained each of the participating ICHNR department and agency's missions, roles and responsibilities, and mechanisms for supporting and/or using nutrition research; many include histories and contemporary overviews of research needs and interests. |
| T446 |
43483-43569 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The DoD, for example, focuses on nutrition's role in human performance and resilience. |
| T447 |
43570-43781 |
Sentence |
denotes |
At the US Army Natick Soldier Systems Center, DoD supports scientists and technologists conducting innovative research to develop foods and combat rations that are nutritious, palatable, and nonperishable (158). |
| T448 |
43782-44142 |
Sentence |
denotes |
In Natick, the Combat Feeding Directorate, a part of the Combat Capabilities Development Command of the US Army Futures Command, provides DoD with a joint-service program responsible for research, development, testing, and integration and engineering for materiel solutions such as combat rations, food service equipment technology, and combat feeding systems. |
| T449 |
44143-44411 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Military Nutrition Division (MND) of the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, a part of the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Development Command, also of the US Army Futures Command is co-located in Natick with the Combat Feeding Directorate. |
| T450 |
44412-44776 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The MND conducts research that provides the biomedical science basis for warfighter nutritional requirements utilized for the development of rations, menus, policies and programs that enable warfighter health and performance, evaluates warfighter nutritional status, and examines interactions between nutrition, health, performance and the operational environment. |
| T451 |
44777-45219 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The Consortium for Health and Military Performance (CHAMP) at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (DoD's health sciences university) conducts various nutrition-related research on the nutrition environment (Go For Green and the Military Nutrition Environment Assessment Tool) and tests strategies to mitigate the consequences of environmental and/or physiological stressors and sustain physical and cognitive performance. |
| T452 |
45220-45361 |
Sentence |
denotes |
CHAMP is also extensively involved in dietary supplement research—from beneficial ingredients to those that could compromise force readiness. |
| T453 |
45362-45466 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Both MND and CHAMP collaborate on projects whenever possible to maximize efficiencies and effectiveness. |
| T454 |
45467-45670 |
Sentence |
denotes |
NASA conducts nutrition research to understand the dietary requirements of space travelers and the role of nutrition in human adaptation to microgravity, each critical to crew safety and mission success. |
| T455 |
45671-45824 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The CDC addresses population nutrition through surveillance, intramural and extramural research, and translation of research into program implementation. |
| T456 |
45825-45962 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by ensuring the safety of our nation's food supply, among other activities (159). |
| T457 |
45963-46067 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The FDA works to foster an environment to promote healthy and safe food choices through several actions. |
| T458 |
46068-46442 |
Sentence |
denotes |
This includes providing and supporting accurate and useful nutrition information and education to customers, monitoring and assessing emerging nutrition science and changes in the composition of foods in the marketplace in relation to the health status of Americans, and encouraging and facilitating new products and product reformulation to promote a healthier food supply. |
| T459 |
46443-46953 |
Sentence |
denotes |
To achieve this mission, FDA depends heavily on federal nutrition research from other departments and agencies and also conducts its own research activities, such as consumer studies to support nutrition labeling and claims, assessments of constituents of the food supply, development of methods for analyzing food constituents, surveys on health, analyses of dietary intake, monitoring of adverse events from dietary foods and supplements, and cost–benefit analyses of various nutrition regulatory activities. |
| T460 |
46954-47024 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The VA is home to the largest integrated health care system in the US. |
| T461 |
47025-47183 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Known as the VHA, this system includes ∼150 medical centers and 1400 community-based outpatient clinics, community living centers, Vet Centers, and domiciles. |
| T462 |
47184-47434 |
Sentence |
denotes |
The VHA Office of Research and Development supports a range of projects that relate to nutrition including The Million Veteran Program, which aims to build one of the largest databases of genetic, military exposure, lifestyle, and health information. |
| T463 |
47435-47687 |
Sentence |
denotes |
USAID adopts, adapts, modifies, and increases the information, evidence, practices, and technologies of US institutions in human nutrition to be applicable to USAID target populations in developing countries as a key plank of US diplomacy and security. |
| T464 |
47688-48036 |
Sentence |
denotes |
Demonstrating its increased prioritization of nutrition, USAID recently hired its first Chief Nutritionist, who aims to galvanize support for the December 2020 Nutrition for Growth Summit and secure commitments from partner countries, private sectors, and nongovernmental organizations to accelerate progress on improving nutrition worldwide (160). |
| T465 |
48037-48549 |
Sentence |
denotes |
There are a variety of other federal departments and agencies that are not a member of ICHNR that engage with and leverage nutrition research, such as, but not limited to, HHS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), HHS Office of the Surgeon General, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and Departments of Veterans Affairs, Education, Energy, Transportation, Labor, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, and Justice. |
