PMC:7441788 / 9600-10485 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":15,"end":22},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":23,"end":41},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":61,"end":66},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":114,"end":127},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":132,"end":144},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":418,"end":430},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":443,"end":455},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":443,"end":447},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":515,"end":527},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":596,"end":603},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":607,"end":619},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":862,"end":873},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A48","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T48","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A49","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T49","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326969"},{"id":"A50","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T50","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A51","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T51","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A52","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T52","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A53","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T53","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A54","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T54","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A55","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A56","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T56","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A57","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T57","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A58","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T58","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A59","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T59","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":43,"end":52},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":211,"end":220},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":246,"end":254},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":336,"end":344},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A72","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T72","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A73","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T73","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A74","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A75","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

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{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon","denotations":[{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":181,"end":188},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":246,"end":254},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":264,"end":273},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":336,"end":346},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A78","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T78","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A75","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T75","obj":"NCBItxid:10239"},{"id":"A76","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T76","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A77","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T77","obj":"NCBItxid:31631"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"NCBItxid","uri":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/NCBITAXON/"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":0,"end":285},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":286,"end":484},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":485,"end":625},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":626,"end":733},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":734,"end":885},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

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addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":43,"end":52},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":56,"end":60},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":61,"end":66},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":181,"end":188},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T81","span":{"begin":438,"end":442},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":443,"end":447},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA","denotations":[{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":15,"end":22},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":23,"end":41},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":61,"end":66},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":114,"end":127},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":132,"end":144},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":418,"end":430},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":443,"end":455},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":443,"end":447},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":515,"end":527},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":596,"end":603},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":607,"end":619},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":862,"end":873},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A52","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T52","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A48","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T48","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A55","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A58","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T58","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A50","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T50","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A49","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T49","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326969"},{"id":"A56","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T56","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A51","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T51","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62925"},{"id":"A54","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T54","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A59","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T59","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A53","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T53","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82816"},{"id":"A57","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T57","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":696,"end":708},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":43,"end":52},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":211,"end":220},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":246,"end":254},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":336,"end":346},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A67","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T67","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A66","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T66","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A68","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T68","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A65","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T65","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":696,"end":708},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":696,"end":708},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"394","span":{"begin":361,"end":365},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"395","span":{"begin":654,"end":673},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"396","span":{"begin":675,"end":678},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"397","span":{"begin":485,"end":491},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"398","span":{"begin":246,"end":254},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"399","span":{"begin":264,"end":273},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"400","span":{"begin":336,"end":346},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"401","span":{"begin":211,"end":220},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"402","span":{"begin":584,"end":591},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"403","span":{"begin":763,"end":766},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"404","span":{"begin":91,"end":102},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"405","span":{"begin":132,"end":144},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"406","span":{"begin":418,"end":430},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"407","span":{"begin":464,"end":475},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"408","span":{"begin":498,"end":510},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"409","span":{"begin":515,"end":527},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"410","span":{"begin":607,"end":619},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"411","span":{"begin":626,"end":628},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"412","span":{"begin":712,"end":724},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"413","span":{"begin":779,"end":781},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"414","span":{"begin":782,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"415","span":{"begin":846,"end":857},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"416","span":{"begin":862,"end":873},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"417","span":{"begin":43,"end":52},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A394","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"394","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A395","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"395","obj":"Gene:4835"},{"id":"A396","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"396","obj":"Gene:4835"},{"id":"A398","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"398","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A399","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"399","obj":"Tax:31631"},{"id":"A400","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"400","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A401","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"401","obj":"Tax:11320"},{"id":"A402","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"402","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A403","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"403","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A404","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"404","obj":"MESH:D019158"},{"id":"A405","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"405","obj":"MESH:D005732"},{"id":"A406","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"406","obj":"MESH:D005732"},{"id":"A407","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"407","obj":"MESH:D019158"},{"id":"A408","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"408","obj":"MESH:D012794"},{"id":"A409","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"409","obj":"MESH:D005732"},{"id":"A410","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"410","obj":"MESH:D005732"},{"id":"A411","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"411","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A412","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"412","obj":"MESH:D012794"},{"id":"A413","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"413","obj":"MESH:D002738"},{"id":"A414","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"414","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A415","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"415","obj":"MESH:D019158"},{"id":"A416","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"416","obj":"MESH:D005732"},{"id":"A417","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"417","obj":"MESH:D007239"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":0,"end":285},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":286,"end":484},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":485,"end":625},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":626,"end":733},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":734,"end":885},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32496926-18279660-132195669","span":{"begin":256,"end":258},"obj":"18279660"},{"id":"32496926-16115318-132195670","span":{"begin":275,"end":277},"obj":"16115318"},{"id":"32496926-31160783-132195671","span":{"begin":278,"end":280},"obj":"31160783"},{"id":"32496926-23873408-132195672","span":{"begin":281,"end":283},"obj":"23873408"},{"id":"32496926-32221306-132195673","span":{"begin":477,"end":479},"obj":"32221306"},{"id":"32496926-15078100-132195674","span":{"begin":726,"end":728},"obj":"15078100"},{"id":"32496926-9068613-132195675","span":{"begin":729,"end":731},"obj":"9068613"}],"text":"In addition to protein membrane receptors, infection of host cells by HCoVs also relies on sialic acid-containing glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are used by a broad range of viruses as receptors, such as influenza [20] and HCoVs including SARS-CoV [21] and HCoV-OC43 [13,22,23]. A recent molecular structure analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 as a receptor, but also recognizes highly conserved gangliosides on the host cell surface through sialic acid [24,25]. CQ/HCQ binds sialic acids and gangliosides with high affinity, which can prevent the attachment of SARSCoV-2 S protein to gangliosides [25]. CQ had inhibitory effect on quinone reductase 2 (QR2) involved in the biosynthesis of sialic acids [26,27]. Hence, the mechanism of anti-CoV activity of CQ/HCQ may also be related to hindering the recognition process of sialic acid and ganglioside (Figure 1)."}