PMC:7441788 / 12085-12955 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":19,"end":23},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":91,"end":98},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":148,"end":160},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":148,"end":152},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":304,"end":308},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":309,"end":325},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":320,"end":325},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A74","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A75","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A76","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A77","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A78","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A79","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T79","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768"},{"id":"A80","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T80","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":304,"end":308},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":192,"end":201},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":231,"end":239},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":682,"end":688},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A83","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T83","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A84","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T84","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A85","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T85","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":19,"end":23},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":24,"end":33},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":81,"end":90},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":131,"end":138},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":148,"end":152},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":223,"end":225},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":288,"end":293},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":304,"end":325},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000082"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":327,"end":331},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007158"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":357,"end":367},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":516,"end":526},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":638,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":689,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":695,"end":703},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":759,"end":767},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":787,"end":797},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T155","span":{"begin":73,"end":80},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":91,"end":98},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":168,"end":175},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":246,"end":248},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":449,"end":472},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":458,"end":464},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":474,"end":477},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":628,"end":637},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":721,"end":723},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":749,"end":758},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A155","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T155","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52290"},{"id":"A156","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T156","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A157","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T157","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33252"},{"id":"A158","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T158","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A159","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T159","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523"},{"id":"A160","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T160","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805"},{"id":"A161","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T161","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523"},{"id":"A162","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T162","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A163","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T163","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A164","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T164","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":91,"end":98},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":246,"end":248},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":449,"end":472},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":474,"end":477},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":721,"end":723},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A104","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T104","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A106","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T106","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523"},{"id":"A105","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T105","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A108","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638"},{"id":"A107","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T107","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26523"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon","denotations":[{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":218,"end":221},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":231,"end":239},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":263,"end":272},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":288,"end":293},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":682,"end":694},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A92","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T92","obj":"NCBItxid:11137"},{"id":"A91","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T91","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A93","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T93","obj":"NCBItxid:9606"},{"id":"A90","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T90","obj":"NCBItxid:11138"},{"id":"A94","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T94","obj":"NCBItxid:12637"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"NCBItxid","uri":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/NCBITAXON/"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":0,"end":6},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":8,"end":68},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":69,"end":245},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":246,"end":385},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":386,"end":551},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":552,"end":709},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":710,"end":870},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T5","span":{"begin":304,"end":308},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A5","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T5","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-Pubtator","denotations":[{"id":"478","span":{"begin":614,"end":647},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"479","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"480","span":{"begin":205,"end":209},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"482","span":{"begin":263,"end":272},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"483","span":{"begin":288,"end":293},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"484","span":{"begin":396,"end":399},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"485","span":{"begin":449,"end":472},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"486","span":{"begin":474,"end":477},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"487","span":{"begin":552,"end":555},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"488","span":{"begin":721,"end":727},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"489","span":{"begin":192,"end":201},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A484","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"484","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A480","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"480","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A487","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"487","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A479","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"479","obj":"Gene:57506"},{"id":"A489","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"489","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A482","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"482","obj":"Tax:11137"},{"id":"A485","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"485","obj":"MESH:D017382"},{"id":"A486","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"486","obj":"MESH:D017382"},{"id":"A478","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"478","obj":"Gene:57506"},{"id":"A483","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"483","obj":"Tax:9606"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-UniProt","denotations":[{"id":"T872","span":{"begin":294,"end":303},"obj":"Protein"},{"id":"T873","span":{"begin":371,"end":379},"obj":"Protein"},{"id":"T877","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"Protein"},{"id":"T893","span":{"begin":801,"end":809},"obj":"Protein"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A872","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T872","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02301"},{"id":"A873","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T873","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9TXB4"},{"id":"A874","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T873","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O62618"},{"id":"A875","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T873","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O46216"},{"id":"A876","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T873","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4V3C0"},{"id":"A877","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9ULE9"},{"id":"A878","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H8D3"},{"id":"A879","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H4Y1"},{"id":"A880","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H1H3"},{"id":"A881","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8VCF0"},{"id":"A882","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86VY7"},{"id":"A883","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7Z434"},{"id":"A884","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q66HG9"},{"id":"A885","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5T7I6"},{"id":"A886","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q3I0Y2"},{"id":"A887","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q2HWT5"},{"id":"A888","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/M1P2Z0"},{"id":"A889","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/F5H6C8"},{"id":"A890","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B2BD34"},{"id":"A891","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B2BD33"},{"id":"A892","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T877","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A8K6X0"},{"id":"A893","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T893","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9TXB4"},{"id":"A894","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T893","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O62618"},{"id":"A895","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T893","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O46216"},{"id":"A896","pred":"uniprot_id","subj":"T893","obj":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4V3C0"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":19,"end":23},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":46,"end":50},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":148,"end":152},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T93","span":{"begin":192,"end":201},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586"},{"id":"T94","span":{"begin":273,"end":284},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000608"},{"id":"T95","span":{"begin":320,"end":325},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T96","span":{"begin":426,"end":436},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000607"},{"id":"T97","span":{"begin":579,"end":583},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T98","span":{"begin":628,"end":637},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000559"},{"id":"T99","span":{"begin":689,"end":694},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T100","span":{"begin":749,"end":758},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000559"},{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":836,"end":840},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA","denotations":[{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":19,"end":23},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":91,"end":98},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":148,"end":160},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":148,"end":152},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":304,"end":308},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T79","span":{"begin":309,"end":325},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T80","span":{"begin":320,"end":325},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A74","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T74","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A79","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T79","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768"},{"id":"A76","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A75","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T75","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A77","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A78","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A80","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T80","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":304,"end":308},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000135"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":24,"end":41},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":24,"end":33},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":107,"end":111},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":371,"end":374},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":375,"end":379},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":530,"end":545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045087"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":638,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":801,"end":804},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":805,"end":809},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":192,"end":201},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":231,"end":239},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T78","span":{"begin":682,"end":688},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A78","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T78","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502"},{"id":"A77","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T77","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A76","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T76","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":24,"end":41},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":24,"end":33},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":107,"end":111},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":375,"end":379},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":530,"end":545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045087"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":638,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":805,"end":809},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":24,"end":41},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":24,"end":33},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":107,"end":111},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":375,"end":379},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":530,"end":545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045087"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":638,"end":647},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":805,"end":809},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004707"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"478","span":{"begin":614,"end":647},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"479","span":{"begin":649,"end":653},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"480","span":{"begin":205,"end":209},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"481","span":{"begin":231,"end":239},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"482","span":{"begin":263,"end":272},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"483","span":{"begin":288,"end":293},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"484","span":{"begin":396,"end":399},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"485","span":{"begin":449,"end":472},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"486","span":{"begin":474,"end":477},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"487","span":{"begin":552,"end":555},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"488","span":{"begin":721,"end":727},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"489","span":{"begin":192,"end":201},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A478","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"478","obj":"Gene:57506"},{"id":"A479","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"479","obj":"Gene:57506"},{"id":"A480","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"480","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A481","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"481","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A482","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"482","obj":"Tax:11137"},{"id":"A483","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"483","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A484","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"484","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A485","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"485","obj":"MESH:D017382"},{"id":"A486","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"486","obj":"MESH:D017382"},{"id":"A487","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"487","obj":"MESH:D006886"},{"id":"A489","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"489","obj":"MESH:D007239"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":0,"end":6},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T87","span":{"begin":8,"end":68},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T88","span":{"begin":69,"end":245},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T89","span":{"begin":246,"end":385},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T90","span":{"begin":386,"end":551},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T91","span":{"begin":552,"end":709},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T92","span":{"begin":710,"end":870},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32496926-12021326-132195688","span":{"begin":223,"end":225},"obj":"12021326"},{"id":"32496926-16378980-132195689","span":{"begin":241,"end":243},"obj":"16378980"},{"id":"32496926-18055026-132195690","span":{"begin":381,"end":383},"obj":"18055026"},{"id":"32496926-25321315-132195691","span":{"begin":547,"end":549},"obj":"25321315"},{"id":"32496926-25321315-132195692","span":{"begin":705,"end":707},"obj":"25321315"}],"text":"4.1.3. Effects on cell signaling pathway and host defense machinery\nThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway transmits signals from the cell surface to the nucleus involved in the infection of CoVs such as MHV [36] and SARS-CoV [37]. CQ could inhibit HCoV-229E replication in human embryonic lung epithelial cells (L132) through suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK [38]. Moreover, HCQ could markedly induce the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the activation of innate immunity [39]. HCQ also could trigger the host defense mechanism through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway, resulting in anti-dengue virus activity [39]. Therefore, CQ/HCQ may also exert their antiviral activity by suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and affecting the host defense machinery (Figure 1)."}