PMC:7386875 / 2351-4613 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":635,"end":652},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A10","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma265130"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":635,"end":652},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000065"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":21,"end":45},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":47,"end":55},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":139,"end":142},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":199,"end":246},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":199,"end":232},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":248,"end":256},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":274,"end":282},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":427,"end":435},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":484,"end":492},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":576,"end":584},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":664,"end":673},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":678,"end":713},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":684,"end":713},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":715,"end":719},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":754,"end":762},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":841,"end":851},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":873,"end":883},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":994,"end":1002},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":1083,"end":1091},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":1103,"end":1113},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":1237,"end":1245},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":1329,"end":1339},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T52","span":{"begin":1412,"end":1420},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T53","span":{"begin":1535,"end":1543},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T54","span":{"begin":1555,"end":1565},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":1664,"end":1672},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":1675,"end":1684},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":1686,"end":1696},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T58","span":{"begin":1768,"end":1784},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":1847,"end":1855},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":1858,"end":1867},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":1929,"end":1937},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":1940,"end":1949},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":2201,"end":2209},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":2251,"end":2261},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A30","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A31","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A32","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812"},{"id":"A33","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A34","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A35","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A36","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A37","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T37","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A38","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A39","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A40","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A41","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A42","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971"},{"id":"A43","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502"},{"id":"A44","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A45","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T45","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A46","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T46","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A47","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T47","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A48","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T48","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A49","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T49","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A50","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T50","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A51","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T51","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A52","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T52","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A53","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T53","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A54","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T54","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A55","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T55","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A56","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T56","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A57","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T57","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"},{"id":"A58","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T58","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108"},{"id":"A59","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T59","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A60","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T60","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A61","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T61","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A62","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T62","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A63","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T63","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A64","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T64","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000831"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":725,"end":728},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":782,"end":783},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":864,"end":872},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001637"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":864,"end":872},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000814"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1013,"end":1014},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PD-HP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":664,"end":673},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":684,"end":704},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":864,"end":883},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A7","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A8","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"},{"id":"A9","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004420"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":1309,"end":1324},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":1768,"end":1784},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":0,"end":171},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":172,"end":377},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":378,"end":527},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":528,"end":945},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":946,"end":1114},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":1115,"end":1246},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":1247,"end":1423},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1424,"end":1566},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1567,"end":1868},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":1869,"end":2039},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":2040,"end":2262},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}

    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"128","span":{"begin":199,"end":246},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"129","span":{"begin":248,"end":258},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"130","span":{"begin":994,"end":1004},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"131","span":{"begin":1213,"end":1221},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"132","span":{"begin":1412,"end":1422},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"133","span":{"begin":2187,"end":2195},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"134","span":{"begin":21,"end":45},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"135","span":{"begin":47,"end":55},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"136","span":{"begin":274,"end":282},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"137","span":{"begin":370,"end":376},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"138","span":{"begin":427,"end":435},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"139","span":{"begin":470,"end":476},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"140","span":{"begin":484,"end":492},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"141","span":{"begin":576,"end":584},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"142","span":{"begin":664,"end":673},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"143","span":{"begin":678,"end":713},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"144","span":{"begin":715,"end":719},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"145","span":{"begin":754,"end":762},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"146","span":{"begin":841,"end":851},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"147","span":{"begin":873,"end":883},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"148","span":{"begin":1083,"end":1091},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"149","span":{"begin":1103,"end":1113},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"150","span":{"begin":1237,"end":1245},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"151","span":{"begin":1329,"end":1339},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"152","span":{"begin":1535,"end":1543},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"153","span":{"begin":1555,"end":1565},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"154","span":{"begin":1669,"end":1684},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"155","span":{"begin":1686,"end":1696},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"156","span":{"begin":1768,"end":1784},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"157","span":{"begin":1789,"end":1818},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"158","span":{"begin":1847,"end":1867},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"159","span":{"begin":1929,"end":1949},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"160","span":{"begin":1961,"end":1985},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"161","span":{"begin":1999,"end":2018},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"162","span":{"begin":2201,"end":2209},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"163","span":{"begin":2251,"end":2261},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A128","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"128","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A129","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"129","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A130","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"130","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A131","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"131","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A132","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"132","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A133","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"133","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A134","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"134","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A135","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"135","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A136","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"136","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A137","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"137","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A138","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"138","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A139","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"139","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A140","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"140","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A141","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"141","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A142","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"142","obj":"MESH:D011014"},{"id":"A143","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"143","obj":"MESH:D012128"},{"id":"A144","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"144","obj":"MESH:D012128"},{"id":"A145","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"145","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A146","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"146","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A147","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"147","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A148","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"148","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A149","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"149","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A150","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"150","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A151","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"151","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A152","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"152","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A153","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"153","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A154","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"154","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A155","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"155","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A156","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"156","obj":"MESH:D001102"},{"id":"A157","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"157","obj":"MESH:D030342"},{"id":"A158","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"158","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A159","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"159","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A160","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"160","obj":"MESH:D013927"},{"id":"A161","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"161","obj":"MESH:D014095"},{"id":"A162","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"162","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A163","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"163","obj":"MESH:D013927"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is one of the greatest public health challenges since the Spanish flu pandemic over 100 years ago. Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, millions of cases have been diagnosed worldwide resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. With no current effective therapy or vaccine for COVID-19, the enormous number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 is likely to continue to increase. In this regard, although the adverse effects of COVID-19 were initially considered to primarily affect the respiratory tract by causing pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it has now become apparent that COVID-19 is associated with a prothrombotic state, which can manifest as microvascular thrombosis, venous, or arterial thrombosis, the presence of which usually portends an adverse prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 induces a prothrombotic state to develop effective therapeutic approaches for COVID-19-associated thrombosis. This review will detail the significant emerging clinical findings of the prothrombotic status of patients suffering from COVID-19. We then provide an overview of the inherent links between the immune response and thrombosis, and how these mechanisms may help explain the prothrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we will use this data to explore available therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis. Given the relative lack of data to date demonstrating the precise mechanisms of the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, thrombosis, and clinical outcomes, we also highlight experimental data from other viral infections and thromboinflammatory disorders that are likely relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is urgently required to clearly define how SARS-CoV-2 infection results in thrombotic complications and how this impacts the disease course and severity. Therefore, this review will hopefully spark further interest and research, and importantly raise awareness of the importance of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 for both the prevention and treatment of thrombosis."}