PMC:7386785 / 69392-70985 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7386785","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7386785","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7386785","text":"Implications for research\n\nOur review reflects the need for improved study methodology in COVID‐19 diagnostic accuracy research: appropriate patient sampling strategies; prospective one‐gate design; and investigating the presence or absence of clinical signs and symptoms in all suspected patients. In addition, we urgently need studies in community primary care settings, and studies investigating combinations of signs and symptoms. Evidence on signs and symptoms that are used for testing or referral decisions, such as loss of sense of smell, heart rate, breathing rate and oxygen saturation, should be included in future studies using clearly stated definitions and cut‐offs. In order to inform self‐isolation policies, studies in community settings, where prevalence is lower than in the included studies, will be needed to better determine the balance of risks arising from false positives and false negatives.\nWe also need improved reporting with studies clearly describing how they assessed signs and symptoms, when and by whom, and providing clearer definitions of what constitutes an abnormal sign or symptom. Studies also need to report reference standards more clearly.\nIn addition, more data on specific patient groups with comorbidities at higher risk of complications or severe disease are needed, especially older adults, as missing COVID‐19 disease may have more serious consequences in these patients. We also need to have more studies in children.\nWe would like to recommend authors to adhere to the STARD guidelines when reporting new studies on this topic (Bossuyt 2015).","divisions":[{"label":"caption","span":{"begin":0,"end":25}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":25}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":27,"end":917}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":918,"end":1182}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1183,"end":1467}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A57","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T57","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088"},{"subj":"T57","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A39","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"subj":"T39","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T286","span":{"begin":90,"end":98},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T287","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1358},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A286","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T286","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A287","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T287","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"subj":"T286","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T287","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T423","span":{"begin":484,"end":491},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473"},{"id":"T424","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948"},{"id":"T425","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100"},{"id":"T426","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228"},{"id":"T427","span":{"begin":547,"end":552},"obj":"http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T423","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T424","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T425","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T426","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T427","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":578,"end":584},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A36176","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T139","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805"},{"subj":"T139","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":531,"end":545},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007608"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":559,"end":568},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T29","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T30","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T593","span":{"begin":0,"end":25},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T594","span":{"begin":27,"end":298},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T595","span":{"begin":299,"end":434},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T596","span":{"begin":435,"end":680},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T597","span":{"begin":681,"end":917},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T598","span":{"begin":918,"end":1120},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T599","span":{"begin":1121,"end":1182},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T600","span":{"begin":1183,"end":1420},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T601","span":{"begin":1421,"end":1467},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T602","span":{"begin":1468,"end":1593},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T593","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T594","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T595","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T596","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T597","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T598","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T599","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T600","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T601","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T602","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"1158","span":{"begin":141,"end":148},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1159","span":{"begin":289,"end":297},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1160","span":{"begin":578,"end":584},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1161","span":{"begin":90,"end":98},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1166","span":{"begin":1218,"end":1225},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1167","span":{"begin":1411,"end":1419},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1168","span":{"begin":1458,"end":1466},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1169","span":{"begin":1350,"end":1358},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1158","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1158","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1159","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1159","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1160","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1160","obj":"MESH:D010100"},{"id":"A1161","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"116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