PMC:7376974 / 61673-64093 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7376974","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7376974","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7376974","text":"The membranotropic properties of fullerenes were widely exploited. For example, pristine C60, after accumulation at the cell membrane, can translocate into the cytoplasm by crossing the membrane through multiple energy-dependent pathways despite its hydrophobic character.97 Fullerenes can be made water dispersible using surfactants, sonication or first dissolving them in appropriate organic solvents (DMSO). The use of fullerenes as inhibitors of viruses started in 1993 with a study focused on HIV infection.98 This work revealed the interaction between C60 derivatives and HIV protease through molecular modeling and experimental verification. HIV protease (HIV-PR) is involved in the mechanism of replication in the maturation of HIV virion, cleaving newly synthesized proteins. The active site of HIV protease has a cavity of 10 Å closed to the diameter of C60 cage.99 Molecular docking and experiments on HIV-PR catalytic activity revealed a blockage of the active site of the enzyme by van der Waals interactions leading to an antiviral effect. The following studies were based on a structure–activity relationship between functionalized fullerenes and HIV-PR with the aim to increase the antiviral activity. The introduction of pyrrolidinium salts onto C60 was tested against the activity of HIV-1 strain.100 In a second study, C60 bearing two ammonium groups was applied against the activity of HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains.101 The results showed the importance of having two moieties in a precise position on the fullerene cage and the influence of the charge of the different salts sensibly increasing its antiviral activity. Further investigations using different functional groups (e.g., amino acid derivatives) were explored. C60 functionalized with aminobutyric acid and aminocaproic acid was able to inhibit HIV viral replication at subnanomolar concentrations.63 In another work, anionic and cationic pyrrolidinium salts and amino acid functionalized fullerene derivatives were used for the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). Fullerene compounds were compared to nevirapine, an available drug against HIV-RT, revealing a better inhibition compared to the pure drug.102 The antiviral property of carboxylated fullerenes was confirmed by another study.103 Results obtained in vitro on CEM cell line showed low toxicity and a submicromolar EC50 against HIV-1 and HIV-2 strain viral 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