PMC:7324763 / 73499-75851
Annnotations
LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
T1175 | 0-15 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T1176 | 16-31 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T1177 | 75-79 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | auto |
T1178 | 80-86 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T1179 | 164-179 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1180 | 203-214 | CL:0000080 | denotes | circulating |
T1181 | 215-224 | CL:0000576 | denotes | monocytes |
T1182 | 229-240 | CL:0000542 | denotes | lymphocytes |
T1183 | 295-299 | PR:000001379 | denotes | IL-2 |
T1184 | 301-305 | PR:000001393 | denotes | IL-6 |
T1185 | 307-312 | PR:000000134 | denotes | TNF-α |
T1186 | 356-373 | CHEBI:35705;CHEBI:35705 | denotes | immunosuppressive |
T1187 | 463-469 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T1188 | 481-486 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T1189 | 499-514 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T1190 | 592-607 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1191 | 618-627 | GO:0043277 | denotes | clearance |
T1192 | 693-699 | GO:0045087 | denotes | innate |
T1193 | 700-706 | GO:0045087;UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T1194 | 707-716 | GO:0045087 | denotes | responses |
T1195 | 734-738 | UBERON:0002048 | denotes | lung |
T1196 | 782-787 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T1197 | 873-888 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1198 | 896-900 | SP_9 | denotes | MERS |
T1199 | 905-909 | SP_10 | denotes | SARS |
T1200 | 945-953 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T1201 | 1006-1021 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1202 | 1214-1228 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroid |
T1203 | 1229-1240 | CHEBI:31397;CHEBI:31397 | denotes | ciclesonide |
T1204 | 1244-1250 | UBERON:0007023 | denotes | adults |
T1205 | 1261-1269 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T1206 | 1378-1389 | CHEBI:31397;CHEBI:31397 | denotes | ciclesonide |
T1207 | 1398-1408 | SP_7 | denotes | SARS-CoV-2 |
T1208 | 1448-1463 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1209 | 1562-1570 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T1210 | 1677-1692 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T1211 | 1906-1921 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1212 | 2083-2098 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1213 | 2105-2113 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T1214 | 2172-2187 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T1215 | 2192-2197 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T1216 | 2343-2351 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T26239 | 0-15 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T72902 | 16-31 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T14927 | 75-79 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | auto |
T1856 | 80-86 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T27189 | 164-179 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T31503 | 203-214 | CL:0000080 | denotes | circulating |
T18169 | 215-224 | CL:0000576 | denotes | monocytes |
T3631 | 229-240 | CL:0000542 | denotes | lymphocytes |
T61581 | 295-299 | PR:000001379 | denotes | IL-2 |
T18952 | 301-305 | PR:000001393 | denotes | IL-6 |
T66866 | 307-312 | PR:000000134 | denotes | TNF-α |
T8101 | 356-373 | CHEBI:35705;CHEBI:35705 | denotes | immunosuppressive |
T15917 | 463-469 | UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T39683 | 481-486 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T20558 | 499-514 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T14223 | 592-607 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T57701 | 618-627 | GO:0043277 | denotes | clearance |
T41082 | 693-699 | GO:0045087 | denotes | innate |
T9065 | 700-706 | GO:0045087;UBERON:0002405 | denotes | immune |
T60637 | 707-716 | GO:0045087 | denotes | responses |
T7059 | 734-738 | UBERON:0002048 | denotes | lung |
T52637 | 782-787 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T18416 | 873-888 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T11241 | 896-900 | SP_9 | denotes | MERS |
T86850 | 905-909 | SP_10 | denotes | SARS |
T72326 | 945-953 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T9935 | 1006-1021 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T95985 | 1214-1228 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroid |
T73836 | 1229-1240 | CHEBI:31397;CHEBI:31397 | denotes | ciclesonide |
T75559 | 1244-1250 | UBERON:0007023 | denotes | adults |
T9272 | 1261-1269 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T51527 | 1378-1389 | CHEBI:31397;CHEBI:31397 | denotes | ciclesonide |
T21065 | 1398-1408 | SP_7 | denotes | SARS-CoV-2 |
T75412 | 1448-1463 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T37153 | 1562-1570 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T61966 | 1677-1692 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T53528 | 1906-1921 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T53714 | 2083-2098 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T16797 | 2105-2113 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
T5076 | 2172-2187 | CHEBI:50858;CHEBI:50858 | denotes | corticosteroids |
T63377 | 2192-2197 | NCBITaxon:10239 | denotes | viral |
T25282 | 2343-2351 | SP_7 | denotes | COVID-19 |
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | fma_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T865 | 215-224 | Body_part | denotes | monocytes | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864 |
T866 | 229-240 | Body_part | denotes | lymphocytes | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863 |
T867 | 284-293 | Body_part | denotes | cytokines | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050 |
T868 | 295-299 | Body_part | denotes | IL-2 | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84051 |
T869 | 295-297 | Body_part | denotes | IL | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578 |
T870 | 301-303 | Body_part | denotes | IL | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578 |
T871 | 542-550 | Body_part | denotes | NK cells | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63147 |
T872 | 545-550 | Body_part | denotes | cells | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646 |
T873 | 734-738 | Body_part | denotes | lung | http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195 |
LitCovid-PD-UBERON
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | uberon_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T62 | 734-738 | Body_part | denotes | lung | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 |
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | mondo_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T507 | 75-95 | Disease | denotes | auto-immune diseases | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007179 |
T508 | 432-444 | Disease | denotes | inflammation | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166 |
T509 | 458-477 | Disease | denotes | auto-immune disease | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007179 |
T510 | 463-477 | Disease | denotes | immune disease | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005046 |
T511 | 481-497 | Disease | denotes | viral infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108 |
T512 | 631-641 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
T513 | 750-754 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502 |
T514 | 782-798 | Disease | denotes | viral infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108 |
T515 | 905-909 | Disease | denotes | SARS | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091 |
T516 | 910-920 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
T517 | 945-953 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
T518 | 1086-1090 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502 |
T519 | 1261-1269 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
T520 | 1270-1280 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
T521 | 1398-1406 | Disease | denotes | SARS-CoV | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091 |
T522 | 1398-1402 | Disease | denotes | SARS | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091 |
T523 | 1519-1523 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502 |
T524 | 1562-1570 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
T525 | 1746-1763 | Disease | denotes | diabetes mellitus | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015 |
T526 | 1765-1777 | Disease | denotes | osteoporosis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005298 |
T527 | 1801-1811 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
T528 | 1875-1884 | Disease | denotes | influenza | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812 |
T529 | 1993-2003 | Disease | denotes | infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550 |
T530 | 2105-2113 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
T531 | 2343-2351 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096 |
LitCovid-PD-CLO
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
T897 | 44-45 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
T898 | 215-224 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576 | denotes | monocytes |
T899 | 295-299 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001379 | denotes | IL-2 |
T900 | 542-550 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000623 | denotes | NK cells |
T901 | 734-738 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 | denotes | lung |
T902 | 734-738 | http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 | denotes | lung |
T903 | 1025-1026 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
T904 | 1366-1374 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 | denotes | activity |
T905 | 1429-1430 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
T906 | 1467-1468 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
T907 | 1704-1705 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
T908 | 1836-1837 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 | denotes | a |
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | chebi_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T60576 | 164-179 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T34421 | 295-297 | Chemical | denotes | IL | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072 |
T49300 | 301-303 | Chemical | denotes | IL | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072 |
T49507 | 592-607 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T62551 | 873-888 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T172 | 1006-1021 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T71459 | 1214-1228 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroid | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T19477 | 1356-1365 | Chemical | denotes | antiviral | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587 |
T24115 | 1448-1463 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T5105 | 1906-1921 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T32605 | 2083-2098 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
T75442 | 2172-2187 | Chemical | denotes | corticosteroids | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858 |
LitCovid-PubTator
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | tao:has_database_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2070 | 295-299 | Gene | denotes | IL-2 | Gene:3558 |
2071 | 301-305 | Gene | denotes | IL-6 | Gene:3569 |
2072 | 307-312 | Gene | denotes | TNF-α | Gene:7124 |
2073 | 1061-1069 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
2074 | 1398-1408 | Species | denotes | SARS-CoV-2 | Tax:2697049 |
2075 | 1229-1240 | Chemical | denotes | ciclesonide | MESH:C120481 |
2076 | 1378-1389 | Chemical | denotes | ciclesonide | MESH:C120481 |
2077 | 432-444 | Disease | denotes | inflammation | MESH:D007249 |
2078 | 458-477 | Disease | denotes | auto-immune disease | MESH:C538437 |
2079 | 481-497 | Disease | denotes | viral infections | MESH:D001102 |
2080 | 631-641 | Disease | denotes | infections | MESH:D007239 |
2081 | 734-745 | Disease | denotes | lung damage | MESH:D008171 |
2082 | 750-754 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | MESH:D012128 |
2083 | 782-798 | Disease | denotes | viral infections | MESH:D001102 |
2084 | 905-920 | Disease | denotes | SARS infections | MESH:D045169 |
2085 | 945-953 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
2086 | 1046-1060 | Disease | denotes | critically-ill | MESH:D016638 |
2087 | 1086-1090 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | MESH:D012128 |
2088 | 1092-1098 | Disease | denotes | sepsis | MESH:D018805 |
2089 | 1103-1115 | Disease | denotes | septic shock | MESH:D012772 |
2090 | 1261-1269 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
2091 | 1270-1280 | Disease | denotes | infections | MESH:D007239 |
2107 | 1494-1502 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
2108 | 1885-1893 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
2109 | 2114-2122 | Species | denotes | patients | Tax:9606 |
2110 | 1875-1884 | Species | denotes | influenza | Tax:11320 |
2111 | 1479-1493 | Disease | denotes | critically-ill | MESH:D016638 |
2112 | 1519-1523 | Disease | denotes | ARDS | MESH:D012128 |
2113 | 1527-1533 | Disease | denotes | sepsis | MESH:D018805 |
2114 | 1562-1570 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
2115 | 1746-1763 | Disease | denotes | diabetes mellitus | MESH:D003920 |
2116 | 1765-1777 | Disease | denotes | osteoporosis | MESH:D010024 |
2117 | 1801-1811 | Disease | denotes | infections | MESH:D007239 |
2118 | 1948-1957 | Disease | denotes | mortality | MESH:D003643 |
2119 | 1983-2003 | Disease | denotes | secondary infections | MESH:D060085 |
2120 | 2105-2113 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
2121 | 2343-2351 | Disease | denotes | COVID-19 | MESH:C000657245 |
LitCovid-PD-HP
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue | hp_id |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T108 | 75-95 | Phenotype | denotes | auto-immune diseases | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960 |
T109 | 458-477 | Phenotype | denotes | auto-immune disease | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960 |
T110 | 775-798 | Phenotype | denotes | severe viral infections | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031691 |
T111 | 1092-1098 | Phenotype | denotes | sepsis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806 |
T112 | 1110-1115 | Phenotype | denotes | shock | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031273 |
T113 | 1527-1533 | Phenotype | denotes | sepsis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100806 |
T114 | 1746-1763 | Phenotype | denotes | diabetes mellitus | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819 |
T115 | 1765-1777 | Phenotype | denotes | osteoporosis | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000939 |
LitCovid-PD-GO-BP
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
T175 | 254-263 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 | denotes | synthesis |
T176 | 432-444 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 | denotes | inflammation |
T177 | 481-497 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 | denotes | viral infections |
T178 | 693-716 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045087 | denotes | innate immune responses |
T179 | 782-798 | http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 | denotes | viral infections |
MyTest
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
32655581-31396235-34771844 | 120-123 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-32205186-34771845 | 125-128 | 32205186 | denotes | 252 |
32655581-31396235-34771846 | 315-318 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-7389219-34771847 | 575-578 | 7389219 | denotes | 253 |
32655581-28450865-34771848 | 580-583 | 28450865 | denotes | 254 |
32655581-16968120-34771849 | 800-803 | 16968120 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-29161116-34771849 | 800-803 | 29161116 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-32296012-34771849 | 800-803 | 32296012 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-16968120-34771850 | 922-925 | 16968120 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-29161116-34771851 | 927-930 | 29161116 | denotes | 256 |
32655581-32296012-34771852 | 1127-1130 | 32296012 | denotes | 257 |
32655581-32296012-34771853 | 1535-1538 | 32296012 | denotes | 257 |
32655581-32043983-34771854 | 1667-1670 | 32043983 | denotes | 258 |
32655581-32256706-34771854 | 1667-1670 | 32256706 | denotes | 258 |
32655581-31396235-34771855 | 1813-1816 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-30917856-34771856 | 2005-2008 | 30917856 | denotes | 261 |
32655581-32266987-34771857 | 2264-2267 | 32266987 | denotes | 262 |
TEST0
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
32655581-104-111-3171417 | 120-123 | ["31396235"] | denotes | 251 |
32655581-109-116-3171418 | 125-128 | ["32205186"] | denotes | 252 |
32655581-184-191-3171419 | 315-318 | ["31396235"] | denotes | 251 |
32655581-76-83-3171420 | 575-578 | ["7389219"] | denotes | 253 |
32655581-81-88-3171421 | 580-583 | ["28450865"] | denotes | 254 |
32655581-214-221-3171422 | 800-803 | ["16968120", "29161116", "32296012"] | denotes | 255 |
32655581-112-119-3171423 | 922-925 | ["16968120"] | denotes | 255 |
32655581-117-124-3171424 | 927-930 | ["29161116"] | denotes | 256 |
32655581-194-201-3171425 | 1127-1130 | ["32296012"] | denotes | 257 |
32655581-125-132-3171426 | 1535-1538 | ["32296012"] | denotes | 257 |
32655581-236-243-3171427 | 1667-1670 | ["32043983", "32256706"] | denotes | 258 |
32655581-136-143-3171428 | 1813-1816 | ["31396235"] | denotes | 251 |
32655581-186-193-3171429 | 2005-2008 | ["30917856"] | denotes | 261 |
32655581-235-242-3171430 | 2264-2267 | ["32266987"] | denotes | 262 |
2_test
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
32655581-31396235-34771844 | 120-123 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-32205186-34771845 | 125-128 | 32205186 | denotes | 252 |
32655581-31396235-34771846 | 315-318 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-7389219-34771847 | 575-578 | 7389219 | denotes | 253 |
32655581-28450865-34771848 | 580-583 | 28450865 | denotes | 254 |
32655581-16968120-34771849 | 800-803 | 16968120 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-29161116-34771849 | 800-803 | 29161116 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-32296012-34771849 | 800-803 | 32296012 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-16968120-34771850 | 922-925 | 16968120 | denotes | 255 |
32655581-29161116-34771851 | 927-930 | 29161116 | denotes | 256 |
32655581-32296012-34771852 | 1127-1130 | 32296012 | denotes | 257 |
32655581-32296012-34771853 | 1535-1538 | 32296012 | denotes | 257 |
32655581-32043983-34771854 | 1667-1670 | 32043983 | denotes | 258 |
32655581-32256706-34771854 | 1667-1670 | 32256706 | denotes | 258 |
32655581-31396235-34771855 | 1813-1816 | 31396235 | denotes | 251 |
32655581-30917856-34771856 | 2005-2008 | 30917856 | denotes | 261 |
32655581-32266987-34771857 | 2264-2267 | 32266987 | denotes | 262 |
LitCovid-sentences
Id | Subject | Object | Predicate | Lexical cue |
---|---|---|---|---|
T443 | 0-15 | Sentence | denotes | Corticosteroids |
T444 | 16-130 | Sentence | denotes | Corticosteroids have played a key role in the treatment of auto-immune diseases over the past 70 years (251, 252). |
T445 | 131-320 | Sentence | denotes | Whether endogenous or exogenous, corticosteroids decrease the number of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes and decrease synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) (251). |
T446 | 321-498 | Sentence | denotes | Their strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects make them good candidates for rapidly suppressing inflammation during early auto-immune disease or viral infections. |
T447 | 499-585 | Sentence | denotes | Corticosteroids have been shown to inhibit NK cells in ex vivo experiments (253, 254). |
T448 | 586-809 | Sentence | denotes | While corticosteroids may delay clearance of infections, their major benefit lies in suppressing excessive innate immune responses, thus preventing lung damage and ARDS commonly present in severe viral infections (255–257). |
T449 | 810-932 | Sentence | denotes | In fact, this was the main rationale for the widespread use of corticosteroids during MERS and SARS infections (255, 256). |
T450 | 933-1132 | Sentence | denotes | Specific to COVID-19, some groups have advocated for the use of low-dose corticosteroids in a specific subset of critically-ill patients with refractory ARDS, sepsis, or septic shock (Table 2) (257). |
T451 | 1133-1295 | Sentence | denotes | There is one known ongoing randomized clinical trial examining the effect of the corticosteroid ciclesonide in adults with mild COVID-19 infections (NCT04330586). |
T452 | 1296-1409 | Sentence | denotes | This trial is based on preclinical studies showing in vitro antiviral activity of ciclesonide against SARS-CoV-2. |
T453 | 1410-1676 | Sentence | denotes | While there may be a benefit to using corticosteroids in a subset of critically-ill patients with refractory ARDS or sepsis (257), their routine use in COVID-19 is not recommended outside of clinical trials, based on expert opinion and WHO recommendations (258–260). |
T454 | 1677-1818 | Sentence | denotes | Corticosteroids also cause a multitude of side effects, most notably diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections (251). |
T455 | 1819-2010 | Sentence | denotes | Controversially, a 2019 systematic review of over 6,500 influenza patients showed that corticosteroids actually led to increased mortality, length of ICU stay, and secondary infections (261). |
T456 | 2011-2269 | Sentence | denotes | Additionally, one retrospective observational study examined the use of corticosteroids in 31 COVID-19 patients, and reported no significant association between corticosteroids and viral clearance time, hospital length of stay, or duration of symptoms (262). |
T457 | 2270-2352 | Sentence | denotes | These studies highlight the need to be vigilant in our attempts to fight COVID-19. |