PMC:7317266 / 3220-4447
Annnotations
LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":51,"end":54},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":66,"end":72},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":145,"end":148},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":211,"end":218},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":333,"end":337},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A6","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A7","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116"},{"id":"A8","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A9","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A10","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-PD-MONDO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":1000,"end":1033},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A20","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-PD-CLO
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T59","span":{"begin":29,"end":30},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T60","span":{"begin":55,"end":60},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":104,"end":105},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":152,"end":154},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509"},{"id":"T63","span":{"begin":158,"end":160},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007074"},{"id":"T64","span":{"begin":158,"end":160},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051988"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":173,"end":181},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158"},{"id":"T66","span":{"begin":191,"end":196},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T67","span":{"begin":333,"end":337},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T68","span":{"begin":373,"end":384},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742"},{"id":"T69","span":{"begin":409,"end":413},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565"},{"id":"T70","span":{"begin":531,"end":534},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T71","span":{"begin":752,"end":757},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T72","span":{"begin":779,"end":784},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T73","span":{"begin":803,"end":808},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T74","span":{"begin":892,"end":897},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T75","span":{"begin":919,"end":924},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T76","span":{"begin":1063,"end":1068},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T77","span":{"begin":1171,"end":1176},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-PD-CHEBI
{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":211,"end":218},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T4","span":{"begin":230,"end":251},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A3","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T3","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A4","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T4","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-PubTator
{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"96","span":{"begin":205,"end":210},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"97","span":{"begin":14,"end":25},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"98","span":{"begin":344,"end":357},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"99","span":{"begin":488,"end":501},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"100","span":{"begin":566,"end":581},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"101","span":{"begin":649,"end":666},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"102","span":{"begin":752,"end":769},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"103","span":{"begin":779,"end":801},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"104","span":{"begin":803,"end":825},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"105","span":{"begin":837,"end":852},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"106","span":{"begin":892,"end":909},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"107","span":{"begin":919,"end":941},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"108","span":{"begin":943,"end":995},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"109","span":{"begin":1000,"end":1053},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"110","span":{"begin":1063,"end":1068},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"111","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1082},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"112","span":{"begin":1138,"end":1151},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"113","span":{"begin":1171,"end":1176},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A96","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"96","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A97","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"97","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A98","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"98","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A99","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"99","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A100","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"100","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A101","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"101","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A102","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"102","obj":"Tax:694448"},{"id":"A103","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"103","obj":"Tax:11137"},{"id":"A104","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"104","obj":"Tax:277944"},{"id":"A105","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"105","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A106","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"106","obj":"Tax:694448"},{"id":"A107","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"107","obj":"Tax:290028"},{"id":"A108","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"108","obj":"Tax:1335626"},{"id":"A109","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"109","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A110","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"110","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A111","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"111","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A112","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"112","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A113","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"113","obj":"Tax:9606"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-sentences
{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":0,"end":13},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":14,"end":61},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":62,"end":161},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":162,"end":343},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":344,"end":414},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":415,"end":502},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":503,"end":621},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":622,"end":682},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":683,"end":778},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":779,"end":826},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":827,"end":918},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":919,"end":1054},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1055,"end":1227},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB
{"project":"LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB","denotations":[{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":0,"end":13},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":14,"end":25},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":51,"end":54},"obj":"BV_22"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":55,"end":60},"obj":"BV_22;NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":66,"end":72},"obj":"SO:0001026"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":129,"end":144},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":166,"end":172},"obj":"GO:0005773"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":173,"end":181},"obj":"GO:0005886"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":191,"end":196},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":230,"end":239},"obj":"CHEBI:59132;CHEBI:59132"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":344,"end":357},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":373,"end":384},"obj":"NCBITaxon:7742"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":390,"end":397},"obj":"NCBITaxon:40674"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":399,"end":404},"obj":"NCBITaxon:8782"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":455,"end":473},"obj":"NCBITaxon:9986"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":488,"end":501},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T119","span":{"begin":517,"end":530},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T120","span":{"begin":548,"end":564},"obj":"NCBITaxon:7656"},{"id":"T121","span":{"begin":566,"end":581},"obj":"SP_8;NCBITaxon:99883"},{"id":"T122","span":{"begin":583,"end":599},"obj":"NCBITaxon:86599"},{"id":"T123","span":{"begin":604,"end":620},"obj":"NCBITaxon:99883"},{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":626,"end":644},"obj":"NCBITaxon:8296"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":674,"end":681},"obj":"NCBITaxon:40674"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":693,"end":709},"obj":"NCBITaxon:7656"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":722,"end":729},"obj":"NCBITaxon:species"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":752,"end":757},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":758,"end":769},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":770,"end":777},"obj":"NCBITaxon:species"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":779,"end":784},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":785,"end":796},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":803,"end":808},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":809,"end":820},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":837,"end":852},"obj":"SP_8;NCBITaxon:694002"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":865,"end":872},"obj":"NCBITaxon:species"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":892,"end":897},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":898,"end":909},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":910,"end":917},"obj":"NCBITaxon:species"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":919,"end":924},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":925,"end":936},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":955,"end":966},"obj":"UBERON:0001004"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":984,"end":995},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":1013,"end":1024},"obj":"UBERON:0001004"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":1042,"end":1053},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":1063,"end":1068},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":1069,"end":1082},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":1109,"end":1120},"obj":"UBERON:0001004"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":1138,"end":1151},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":1171,"end":1176},"obj":"SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606"},{"id":"T10371","span":{"begin":0,"end":13},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T4766","span":{"begin":14,"end":25},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T6662","span":{"begin":51,"end":54},"obj":"BV_22"},{"id":"T81974","span":{"begin":55,"end":60},"obj":"BV_22;NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T32918","span":{"begin":66,"end":72},"obj":"SO:0001026"},{"id":"T58611","span":{"begin":129,"end":144},"obj":"SO:0000984"},{"id":"T34189","span":{"begin":166,"end":172},"obj":"GO:0005773"},{"id":"T36002","span":{"begin":173,"end":181},"obj":"GO:0005886"},{"id":"T90631","span":{"begin":191,"end":196},"obj":"NCBITaxon:10239"},{"id":"T94986","span":{"begin":230,"end":239},"obj":"CHEBI:59132;CHEBI:59132"},{"id":"T21968","span":{"begin":344,"end":357},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T47600","span":{"begin":373,"end":384},"obj":"NCBITaxon:7742"},{"id":"T99527","span":{"begin":390,"end":397},"obj":"NCBITaxon:40674"},{"id":"T36475","span":{"begin":399,"end":404},"obj":"NCBITaxon:8782"},{"id":"T85180","span":{"begin":455,"end":473},"obj":"NCBITaxon:9986"},{"id":"T70504","span":{"begin":488,"end":501},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T3866","span":{"begin":517,"end":530},"obj":"NCBITaxon:11118"},{"id":"T33688","span":{"begin":548,"end":564},"obj":"NCBITaxon:7656"},{"id":"T5808","span":{"begin":566,"end":581},"obj":"SP_8;NCBITaxon:99883"},{"id":"T87275","span":{"begin":583,"end":599},"obj":"NCBITaxon:86599"},{"id":"T5987","span":{"begin":604,"end":620},"obj":"NCBITaxon:99883"},{"id":"T29213","span":{"begin":626,"end":644},"obj":"NCBITaxon:8296"},{"id":"T53549","span":{"begin":674,"end":681},"obj":"NCBITaxon:40674"},{"id":"T90815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is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}
2_test
{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32656303-32963948-143910210","span":{"begin":339,"end":341},"obj":"32963948"}],"text":"Coronaviruses\nCoronavirus is a spherical enveloped RNA virus. The genome is relatively large containing a copy of positive sense single-stranded RNA of 27–32 kb. The virion membrane contains virus encoded spike protein, the major antigenic determinant that facilitates receptor attachment and fusion leading to the entry to the host cell [16]. Coronaviruses infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. They are classified under the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. The subfamily Coronavirinae has four genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. The alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals. The genus Alphacoronavirus contains 19 species of which only two are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63. The genus Betacoronavirus contains 14 species of which three are human coronavirus species: Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Not all human coronaviruses are severe pathogens, the respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses are only lethal to human, whereas, the others are generally mild pathogens."}