PMC:7299399 / 79845-83381
Annnotations
{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7299399","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7299399","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7299399","text":"Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides\nGraphene and layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted enormous attention in the area of biomedical applications for diagnostics, therapeutics, safety/security, and environmental monitoring. Whereas pristine graphene has seen applications in biosensors devices, its derivative GO underwent a wealth of investigation for rapid detection, disinfection of pathogens, and enzyme assays, becoming a platform material for a variety of biomedical applications.207−209 A decade ago, studies started to emerge where GO was employed for enzyme activity assays,210 with the aim of using it as a platform material for viral helicase inhibition.211\nInitial studies were performed with hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3212 helicase activity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV).211 These studies were enabled by the evidence that single-stranded nucleic acids can adhere to the surface of GO through π–π stacking interactions between the hexagonal graphitic units of GO and the nucleotides. Beyond therapeutics and diagnostics, graphene is also being pursued as an “engineering” material to enhance the barrier properties of masks, gloves, and gowns for medics against bacteria and viruses larger than 300 nm.213 Contrastingly, MoS2 nanosheets could be employed as a novel class of 2D nanocarriers functionalized with a variety of therapeutic and disinfection molecules.214 They have demonstrated a loading capacity much higher than that of nanographenes and Au nanomaterials along with excellent physiological stability. Another advantage of several TMDCs is their ability to absorb light efficiently (more so than GO) in the near-IR region, with relatively deep penetrability into tissues and minimal phototoxicity, thus enabling different chemophotothermal treatments.215\nAlthough 2D materials are mostly known in their planar sheet configuration, they can also form different morphologies such as nanoflowers, offering a very high surface area accessible to the virus. The petals are atomically thin, radiating from a common core and their dimensions can vary from tens of nanometers to about a micron. Atomically thin TMDCs—WSe2,216 WS2,217 MoSe2,218 and MoS2219 —have been obtained in this morphology when synthesized from chemical precursors in liquid phase at moderate temperatures (up to 300 °C). The syntheses are scalable, and the fact that they are directly grown and not exfoliated from bulk as 2D nanocrystals has the advantage of controlling the chemistry and crystal phase (from 2H to 1T).\nThis emerging variability of morphology of TDMCs is now attracting interest due to their high surface areas and edge reactivity. The high density of edges with dangling bonds underscores their ability to be readily functionalized with NPs and molecules. In addition, S and Se termination of the basal plane and edges can be particularly favorable to anchor biologically relevant molecules. Nanoflowers of TMDCs present attracting properties in nanomedicine applications because they could host a large number of molecules and NPs on their edges and thus can develop abilities to detect and to inactivate pathogens, to deliver molecules, and to interfere with cellular functioning.220 Their stability in air and their availability as free-standing nanomaterials in addition to their strong substrate anchoring make them suitable for use in different environments such as in aerosols, on surfaces, in face masks, etc., to detect and/or to inactivate the 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