PMC:7283670 / 128174-132418 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7283670","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7283670","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7283670","text":"7.5 Other future possible options\n\n7.5.1 Convalescent blood therapy\nA conspicuously conventional method, transfusion of human convalescent plasma, might be viewed as a beneficial strategy for prevention and even treatment of COVID‐19. The method is as facile as its age since it only requires an adequate number of recovered patients who are willing to donate their immunoglobulin‐containing serum. Although one still might argue the possibility of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection via convalescent blood transfusion, no such incident with SARS‐CoV was reported by WHO amidst the outbreak of the disease in 2003. The heft of past experience should come to mind once it is noted that the majority of approaches and therapeutic strategies that are currently being tested for COVID‐19 are derived from clinical experience in treatment of SARS, MERS, and other correspondents viral epidemics (Casadevall \u0026 Pirofski, 2020; Cunningham, Goh, \u0026 Koh, 2020).\n\n7.5.2 Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy\nA new therapeutic for treating immune‐mediated diseases, MSC therapy might have the capability to terminate the inappropriate release of cytokines in COVID‐19. Through its anti‐inflammatory effects, MSC therapy has been reported to improve respiratory function in murine models with acute lung injury. Evidence suggests that MSCs might be doing so by repressing the aberrant release of inflammatory factors (Hu \u0026 Li, 2018; Wang, Yao, Lv, Ling, \u0026 Li, 2017; Xiang et al., 2017). In particular, a study by Chinese scientists concluded that transplantation of MSCs could be considered as a novel approach in treatment of viral pneumonia, noting promissory implications of this method in management of H7N9‐induced ARDS. Since H7N9 and SARS‐CoV‐2 can result in similar complications, for example, ARDS and respiratory failure, MSC‐based therapy might lead to a new path in treatment of COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia (Chen, Hu, et al., 2020).\n\n7.5.3 Nano drug delivery systems\nIt has long been known that the traditional circulation‐based delivery of therapeutic agents is not as effect, prompting pharmaceutical industries to develop novel platforms for delivery of molecules to hard‐to‐reach tissues in human body. Conjugation of antiviral agents, particularly nucleoside analogs, with specific nanoparticles has proved to be effectual in treatment of resistant HIV infection (Agarwal, Chhikara, Doncel, \u0026 Parang, 2017; Agarwal, Chhikara, Quiterio, Doncel, \u0026 Parang, 2012). Today, an appreciable number of drug delivery platforms based on nanotechnology are available that can be experimentally used with custom therapeutic formulations for treatment of COVID‐19 (Chhikara \u0026 Varma, 2019) in hopes of shortening the course of the disease (Chhikara et al., 2020).\n\n7.5.4 Psychological interventions\nProgression of COVID‐19, similar to any other disease, can result in suffering of the patients, prompting psychological symptoms, which will require special interventions. It has been well‐established today that individuals who fall victim to public health emergencies, for example, disease outbreaks, develop variable degrees of stress disorders. The problem persists even after the individual has recovered and discharged from the hospital (Cheng, Wong, Tsang, \u0026 Wong, 2004; Fan, Long, Zhou, Zheng, \u0026 Liu, 2015). With that in mind, one should consider several factors for classification of patients who will most probably benefit from psychological interventions; that is overall course of the disease, severity, and quality of hospitalization (e.g., home, ordinary wards, ICU, etc.) (Duan \u0026 Zhu, 2020).\nIn large‐scale outbreaks such as COVID‐19 epidemic, healthcare workers become the frontline at providing psychological cares for patients who battle against the disease. Primary medical and mental care should be provided for those individuals who are recognized as “suspected case” and duly quarantined at home. (Duan \u0026 Zhu, 2020).\nInterventions should be discreetly formulated following a thorough evaluation of risk factors involved in emerging of these psychological issues, including a history of impaired mental health, bereavement after a deceased family member, panic, separation from loved ones, and a low income (Kun, Han, Chen, Yao, \u0026 Anxiety, 2009).","divisions":[{"label":"label","span":{"begin":0,"end":3}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":5,"end":34}},{"label":"sec","span":{"begin":36,"end":938}},{"label":"label","span":{"begin":36,"end":41}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":43,"end":69}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":70,"end":938}},{"label":"sec","span":{"begin":940,"end":1919}},{"label":"label","span":{"begin":940,"end":945}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":947,"end":982}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":983,"end":1919}},{"label":"sec","span":{"begin":1921,"end":2741}},{"label":"label","span":{"begin":1921,"end":1926}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":1928,"end":1954}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":1955,"end":2741}},{"label":"label","span":{"begin":2743,"end":2748}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":2750,"end":2777}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":2778,"end":3583}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":3584,"end":3915}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T101","span":{"begin":56,"end":61},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T102","span":{"begin":141,"end":147},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T103","span":{"begin":368,"end":382},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":394,"end":399},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":489,"end":494},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":947,"end":968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":964,"end":968},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":970,"end":973},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":1040,"end":1043},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":1120,"end":1129},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":1182,"end":1185},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":1272,"end":1276},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T113","span":{"begin":1805,"end":1808},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T114","span":{"begin":2172,"end":2179},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T115","span":{"begin":2183,"end":2193},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T116","span":{"begin":2342,"end":2345},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T117","span":{"begin":3774,"end":3780},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T118","span":{"begin":4094,"end":4100},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A101","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T101","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670"},{"id":"A102","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T102","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A103","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T103","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A104","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T104","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A105","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T105","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670"},{"id":"A106","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T106","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326143"},{"id":"A107","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T107","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A108","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326143"},{"id":"A109","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T109","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326143"},{"id":"A110","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T110","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A111","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T111","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326143"},{"id":"A112","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T112","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195"},{"id":"A113","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T113","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326143"},{"id":"A114","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T114","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637"},{"id":"A115","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T115","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma305853"},{"id":"A116","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T116","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683"},{"id":"A117","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T117","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264279"},{"id":"A118","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T118","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264279"},{"subj":"T101","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T102","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T103","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T104","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T105","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T106","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T107","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T108","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T109","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T110","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T111","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T112","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T113","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T114","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T115","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T116","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T117","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T118","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":56,"end":61},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T241","span":{"be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