PMC:7283670 / 121312-123599 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7283670","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7283670","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7283670","text":"7.1 Chloroquine phosphate\nChloroquine phosphate is an old medicine, that has been widely used for treatment of malaria in endemic regions. It is also a salutary treatment of choice for certain progressive anti‐inflammatory diseases, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, an investigation in China reported that remdesivir and chloroquine phosphate were effective experimental agents for controlling SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the lab (Chen et al., 2013). Initial findings reported by a recent study on effectiveness of therapeutic agents in management of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and suggested successful application of chloroquine phosphate in treatment of patients with COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia. Following the promising results, scientists recommended chloroquine phosphate to be included in treatment regimen of COVID‐19 patients with severe involvement of the lungs (Yu et al., 2013). On February 15, 2020, participants from different organizations, including medical experts and authorities, made an agreement on potency of Chloroquine phosphate against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs/).\nSo far, close monitoring of over 100 patients, who were under treatment of chloroquine phosphate, has provided further evidence regarding the effectiveness of this long‐known medicine. Investigations indicated that chloroquine phosphate prevented exacerbation of pneumonia in these patients, improved their chest CT findings, and shortened the otherwise long natural course of the disease. Importantly, there have been no records of severe reaction or hypersensitivity to this therapeutic agent. It has been suggested that the broad‐spectrum antiviral activity of chloroquine phosphate lies within the complicated pharmacodynamics of the drug that results in a basic shift in the endosomal pH required for successful fusion of virus onto the host cell. chloroquine phosphate also seems to have disruptive effects on glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS‐CoV (Yin \u0026 Wunderink, 2018; Zumla et al., 2020), rendering them nonfunctional. It also interferes with activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, a signaling event involved in replication of HCoV‐229E (Kono et al., 2008).","divisions":[{"label":"label","span":{"begin":0,"end":3}},{"label":"title","span":{"begin":5,"end":26}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":27,"end":1196}}],"tracks":[{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T82","span":{"begin":905,"end":910},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T83","span":{"begin":1504,"end":1509},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T84","span":{"begin":1877,"end":1886},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T85","span":{"begin":1944,"end":1948},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T86","span":{"begin":2196,"end":2203},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A82","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T82","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68877"},{"id":"A83","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T83","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9576"},{"id":"A84","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T84","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67180"},{"id":"A85","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T85","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A86","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T86","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"subj":"T82","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T83","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T84","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T85","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T86","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":1504,"end":1509},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A232","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T232","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443"},{"subj":"T232","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T651","span":{"begin":112,"end":119},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T652","span":{"begin":211,"end":232},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T653","span":{"begin":247,"end":267},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T654","span":{"begin":258,"end":267},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T655","span":{"begin":273,"end":301},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T656","span":{"begin":282,"end":301},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T657","span":{"begin":441,"end":445},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T658","span":{"begin":452,"end":461},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T659","span":{"begin":594,"end":598},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T660","span":{"begin":605,"end":614},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T661","span":{"begin":708,"end":716},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T662","span":{"begin":728,"end":737},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T663","span":{"begin":856,"end":864},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T664","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1104},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T665","span":{"begin":1111,"end":1120},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T666","span":{"begin":1460,"end":1469},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T667","span":{"begin":1649,"end":1665},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T669","span":{"begin":2052,"end":2056},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A651","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T651","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136"},{"id":"A652","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T652","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A653","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T653","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008383"},{"id":"A654","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T654","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005578"},{"id":"A655","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T655","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007915"},{"id":"A656","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T656","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004670"},{"id":"A657","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T657","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A658","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T658","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A659","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T659","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A660","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T660","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A661","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T661","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A662","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T662","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A663","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T663","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A664","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T664","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A665","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T665","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A666","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T666","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249"},{"id":"A667","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T667","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000605"},{"id":"A668","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T667","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005271"},{"id":"A669","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T669","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"subj":"T651","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T652","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T653","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T654","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T655","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T656","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T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