PMC:7281378 / 72075-75160 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7281378","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7281378","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7281378","text":"3.5.3. Mexico\nMaya people represent ethnolinguistic groups in South and Central America. The practice of household swine keeping put the Maya people at high risk of contracting the swine influenza viruses. Thirty-one sera samples collected from the Maya people in Mexico were identified having antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 viruses while 93 other sera had antibodies against the H3 subtype of IAV, representing a past exposure to these viruses [304]. However, this study did not include swine samples for investigation but since swine were household animals in their backyard hence the IAV seroprevalence of the Maya people could be because of a past transmission of these viruses from the backyard swine [304].\nA retrospective study identified antibodies against swine-like H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09, H3N2, and human-like H1N1 viruses in backyard swine in Mexico between 2000 to 2009. This investigation retrospectively determined that the classical-swine H1N1 virus was most widely present in Mexican swine before the 2009 influenza pandemic [305]. Further, a significant number of swine experiencing respiratory illness had H1N1 or H3N2 virus antibodies in commercial piggeries in Sonora Province of Mexico during October 2008–March 2009. The molecular diagnostics and subtyping determined four H1 and two H3 viruses while 19 other IAV positive samples could not be subtyped given the low viral load [306].\nDuring the influenza virus pandemic in Mexico in 2009, A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was first identified in a single swine nasal swab. Additionally, H3N2, A(H1N1)pdm09 and IBV viruses were detected in four symptomatic humans [307]. The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolate retrieved from the swine was believed to be the first from the sister lineage of the pandemic influenza virus isolates reported in Mexico [307].\nFurther 59 IAV isolates were retrieved from Mexican swine having respiratory illness during 2010–2014. Intriguingly, this study identified 13 reassorted genotypes of IAV in Mexican swine [308]. This investigation also reported that IAV introduction into Mexican swine may have occurred through three different routes; human to swine transmission; reassortment between human-like H3N2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus; and through the long-distance movement of the swine from USA and Europe. A periodic introduction of IAV in Mexican swine occurred with the import of American and European swine to Mexico over two decades in 1980s and 1990s before the 2009 influenza pandemic [33].\nFifty-eight IAV whole genome sequences were retrieved from Mexican swine during 2010–2014. Genome sequence analysis identified classical H1N1, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Interestingly, the data obtained in this study suggested independent evolution of IAV in the Mexican swine population in different regions of the country. Phylogeny determined that Mexico City was the source of the 2009 influenza pandemic which erupted during March–May 2009 [33]. Later a reassortant H1N2 virus which had the genes from human and swine influenza viruses was isolated and sequenced from a swine in November 2014 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