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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 4776-4781 Body_part denotes sugar http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T2 4852-4865 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T3 4903-4912 Body_part denotes serotonin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67245
T4 4997-5010 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T5 5689-5695 Body_part denotes sugars http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T6 6407-6411 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T7 6904-6913 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T8 7252-7262 Body_part denotes lower body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0327935
T9 7573-7577 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T10 7764-7777 Body_part denotes immune system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825
T11 7798-7802 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056
T12 7966-7980 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma20110
T13 7997-8006 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T14 8191-8209 Body_part denotes respiratory system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7158
T15 8486-8490 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T16 8539-8547 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T17 8624-8629 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T18 8876-8885 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T19 8985-8989 Body_part denotes gene http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402
T20 9019-9028 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T21 9673-9677 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T22 9763-9773 Body_part denotes fatty acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82738
T23 13384-13392 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T24 17233-17237 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T25 26454-26459 Body_part denotes sugar http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T26 27200-27204 Body_part denotes axis http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12520
T27 27526-27530 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T28 27721-27725 Body_part denotes Milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T29 28059-28063 Body_part denotes axis http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12520
T30 28118-28122 Body_part denotes axis http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12520
T31 31980-31984 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T32 33432-33436 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T33 34507-34521 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma20110
T34 34628-34635 Body_part denotes insulin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma83365
T35 34796-34809 Body_part denotes immune system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825
T36 35420-35424 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 6407-6411 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T2 7764-7777 Body_part denotes immune system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405
T3 7966-7980 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013
T4 7974-7980 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T5 8191-8209 Body_part denotes respiratory system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004
T6 8486-8490 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T7 8624-8629 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T8 9673-9677 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T9 27526-27530 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T10 27721-27725 Body_part denotes Milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T11 31980-31984 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T12 33432-33436 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T13 34507-34521 Body_part denotes adipose tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013
T14 34515-34521 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T15 34796-34809 Body_part denotes immune system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 43-51 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
13 127-142 Species denotes new coronavirus Tax:2697049
14 144-153 Species denotes SARS-Cov2 Tax:2697049
15 233-239 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
16 512-517 Species denotes human Tax:9606
17 780-785 Species denotes human Tax:9606
18 203-229 Disease denotes acute respiratory syndrome MESH:D012120
19 241-249 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
20 293-301 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
21 302-308 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
22 419-427 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
23 463-471 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
25 957-965 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
27 1698-1709 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
30 2441-2449 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
31 2476-2484 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
41 2724-2742 Species denotes SARS coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
42 2744-2754 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
43 2796-2806 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
44 2842-2848 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
45 2615-2639 Disease denotes 2019 Coronavirus Disease MESH:C000657245
46 2665-2673 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
47 2687-2713 Disease denotes acute respiratory syndrome MESH:D012120
48 3204-3212 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
49 3625-3633 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
59 4852-4865 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
60 4903-4912 Chemical denotes serotonin MESH:D012701
61 4997-5010 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
62 4662-4670 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
63 4700-4706 Disease denotes Stress MESH:D000079225
64 5115-5122 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
65 5127-5150 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases MESH:D002318
66 5178-5190 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
67 5273-5281 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
71 6061-6067 Species denotes people Tax:9606
72 5762-5770 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
73 5826-5856 Disease denotes dysfunctional eating behaviors MESH:D001068
76 6823-6841 Disease denotes sleep disturbances MESH:D012893
77 6846-6853 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
80 7393-7408 Disease denotes CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
81 7472-7480 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
94 8225-8233 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
95 8782-8790 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
96 7834-7841 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
97 7906-7914 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
98 8117-8124 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
99 8486-8498 Disease denotes lung disease MESH:D008171
100 8502-8510 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
101 8575-8610 Disease denotes acute respiratory distress syndrome MESH:D012128
102 8615-8637 Disease denotes multiple organ failure MESH:D009102
103 8729-8736 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
104 8766-8778 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
105 8796-8804 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
122 9808-9813 Species denotes olive Tax:4146
123 9636-9647 Chemical denotes cholesterol MESH:D002784
124 9747-9773 Chemical denotes monounsaturated fatty acid MESH:D005229
125 9775-9779 Chemical denotes MUFA MESH:D005229
126 9104-9116 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
127 9246-9252 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
128 9261-9270 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
129 9553-9559 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
130 9935-9944 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
131 9949-9969 Disease denotes reduction in obesity MESH:D007022
132 9978-9995 Disease denotes diabetes mellitus MESH:D003920
133 10007-10019 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
134 10021-10027 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
135 10029-10048 Disease denotes Alzheimer’s disease MESH:D000544
136 10050-10060 Disease denotes depression MESH:D000275
137 10066-10081 Disease denotes Crohn’s disease MESH:D003424
141 10159-10166 Disease denotes COVID19 MESH:C000657245
142 10178-10190 Disease denotes EHLC-COVID19 MESH:C000657245
143 10476-10484 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
148 10887-10890 Gene denotes Tor Gene:6097
149 10968-10974 Species denotes people Tax:9606
150 10728-10740 Disease denotes EHLC-COVID19 MESH:C000657245
151 11014-11022 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
153 12108-12120 Disease denotes EHLC-COVID19 MESH:C000657245
157 12332-12335 Gene denotes Tor Gene:6097
158 13510-13522 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
159 12139-12151 Disease denotes EHLC-COVID19 MESH:C000657245
163 13870-13882 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
164 14031-14043 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
165 14115-14127 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
167 15189-15197 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
169 15804-15816 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
171 16969-16981 Species denotes Participants Tax:9606
174 16138-16144 Species denotes people Tax:9606
175 16768-16780 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
177 17411-17419 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
183 17968-17976 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
185 17475-17483 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
187 18520-18528 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
190 18121-18127 Species denotes people Tax:9606
191 18185-18193 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
193 18569-18577 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
196 18641-18653 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
197 19412-19418 Species denotes People Tax:9606
199 20802-20810 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
201 20492-20500 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
210 21034-21040 Species denotes People Tax:9606
211 22281-22287 Species denotes people Tax:9606
212 22504-22510 Species denotes people Tax:9606
213 22564-22570 Species denotes people Tax:9606
214 20832-20840 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
215 21559-21575 Disease denotes junk food intake MESH:D000855
216 21990-22001 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
217 22695-22706 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
220 23067-23079 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
221 23475-23481 Species denotes people Tax:9606
223 23786-23794 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
226 23863-23875 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
227 24099-24111 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
233 26386-26395 Chemical denotes margarine MESH:D008383
241 27569-27573 Species denotes rice Tax:4530
242 27601-27607 Species denotes barley Tax:4513
243 27609-27613 Species denotes oats Tax:4498
244 27615-27621 Species denotes quinoa Tax:63459
245 27402-27407 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
246 28039-28044 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
247 27422-27430 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
251 25412-25418 Species denotes people Tax:9606
252 25705-25717 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
253 25503-25508 Disease denotes obese MESH:D009765
262 28712-28718 Species denotes people Tax:9606
263 28857-28863 Species denotes people Tax:9606
264 28893-28901 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
265 28497-28505 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
266 28693-28701 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
267 28979-28984 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
268 29207-29228 Disease denotes Friuli Venezia Giulia
269 29238-29245 Disease denotes Liguria
277 29732-29739 Disease denotes Liguria
278 29765-29786 Disease denotes Friuli Venezia Giulia
279 30479-30487 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
280 30681-30686 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
281 30875-30883 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
282 31128-31144 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
283 31168-31176 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
290 31481-31489 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
291 31768-31779 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
292 32246-32266 Disease denotes respiratory distress MESH:D012128
293 32271-32280 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
294 32286-32294 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
295 32349-32357 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
302 33710-33719 Chemical denotes vitamin C MESH:D001205
303 33724-33733 Chemical denotes vitamin E MESH:D014810
304 33738-33751 Chemical denotes beta-carotene MESH:D019207
305 33867-33874 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
306 33938-33954 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
307 34400-34408 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
324 34628-34635 Gene denotes insulin Gene:3630
325 34854-34862 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
326 35237-35245 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
327 34450-34462 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
328 34598-34616 Disease denotes metabolic diseases MESH:D008659
329 34658-34675 Disease denotes diabetes mellitus MESH:D003920
330 34677-34689 Disease denotes dyslipidemia MESH:D050171
331 34694-34706 Disease denotes hypertension MESH:D006973
332 34829-34839 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
333 35002-35030 Disease denotes respiratory viral infections
334 35116-35123 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
335 35154-35162 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
336 35202-35221 Disease denotes respiratory failure MESH:D012131
337 35251-35258 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
338 35318-35325 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
339 35372-35380 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
345 35672-35678 Species denotes people Tax:9606
346 35562-35573 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
347 35634-35645 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
348 35960-35971 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
349 35994-36002 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
356 36739-36745 Species denotes people Tax:9606
357 37074-37079 Species denotes olive Tax:4146
358 37703-37713 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
359 36135-36143 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
360 36618-36625 Disease denotes obesity MESH:D009765
361 37058-37065 Disease denotes MD food MESH:D009436
365 37864-37872 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
366 37903-37915 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
367 38092-38108 Disease denotes chronic diseases MESH:D002908
371 38826-38834 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
372 38863-38874 Disease denotes weight gain MESH:D015430
373 39456-39464 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 43-51 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 144-148 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T3 241-249 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 293-301 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 419-427 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 463-471 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 957-965 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 2441-2449 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T9 2476-2484 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T10 2665-2673 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 2680-2713 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T12 2724-2728 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T13 2744-2752 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T14 2796-2804 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T15 3204-3212 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T16 3625-3633 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T17 4662-4670 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T18 5115-5122 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T19 5127-5150 Disease denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004995
T20 5178-5190 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T21 5273-5281 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T22 5762-5770 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T23 6823-6841 Disease denotes sleep disturbances http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003406
T24 6846-6853 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T25 7388-7396 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T26 7399-7408 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T27 7472-7480 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T28 7827-7841 Disease denotes severe obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005139
T29 7834-7841 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T30 7906-7914 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T31 7935-7942 Disease denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T32 8117-8124 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T33 8486-8498 Disease denotes lung disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005275
T34 8502-8510 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T35 8575-8610 Disease denotes acute respiratory distress syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T36 8581-8610 Disease denotes respiratory distress syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971
T37 8615-8637 Disease denotes multiple organ failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043726
T38 8729-8736 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T39 8766-8778 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T40 8796-8804 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T41 9104-9116 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T42 9246-9252 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T43 9553-9559 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T44 9962-9969 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T45 9971-9995 Disease denotes type 2 diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005148
T46 9978-9986 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T47 10007-10019 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T48 10021-10027 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T49 10029-10048 Disease denotes Alzheimer’s disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004975
T50 10050-10060 Disease denotes depression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002050
T51 10066-10081 Disease denotes Crohn’s disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005011
T52 10159-10166 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T53 10183-10190 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T54 10476-10484 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T55 10733-10740 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T56 11014-11022 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T57 12113-12120 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T58 12144-12151 Disease denotes COVID19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T59 15189-15197 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T60 17411-17419 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T61 17475-17483 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T62 17968-17976 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T63 18185-18193 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T64 18520-18528 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T65 18569-18577 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T66 20492-20500 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T67 20802-20810 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T68 20832-20840 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T69 23786-23794 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T70 27422-27430 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T71 28497-28505 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T72 29022-29025 Disease denotes ISS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010367
T73 30479-30487 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T74 30875-30883 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T75 31128-31144 Disease denotes viral infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T76 31168-31176 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T77 31481-31489 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T78 32286-32294 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T79 32349-32357 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T80 33867-33874 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T81 33938-33954 Disease denotes viral infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T82 34400-34408 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T83 34410-34417 Disease denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T84 34450-34462 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T85 34598-34616 Disease denotes metabolic diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005066
T86 34651-34675 Disease denotes type 2 diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005148
T87 34658-34666 Disease denotes diabetes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005015
T88 34677-34689 Disease denotes dyslipidemia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002525
T89 34694-34706 Disease denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005044
T90 34829-34839 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T91 35014-35030 Disease denotes viral infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T92 35116-35123 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T93 35154-35162 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T94 35202-35221 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T95 35251-35258 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T96 35318-35325 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T97 35994-36002 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T98 36135-36143 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T99 36618-36625 Disease denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011122
T100 37703-37707 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T101 37864-37872 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T102 37903-37915 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T103 38826-38834 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T104 39456-39464 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T105 39662-39670 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 125-126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 189-190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 233-239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T4 492-493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 512-517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T6 780-785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T7 1080-1081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T8 1488-1496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T9 1573-1574 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T10 1670-1677 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes females
T11 1792-1793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T12 1820-1828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T13 1829-1832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T14 1935-1937 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T15 1966-1967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 2145-2152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T17 2145-2152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T18 2678-2679 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 2831-2838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T20 2842-2848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T21 3118-3119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 3491-3492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 3815-3816 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 3936-3937 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 3964-3967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T26 4030-4031 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 4281-4288 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000881 denotes digital
T28 4358-4366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T29 4567-4568 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 4903-4912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28790 denotes serotonin
T31 4929-4930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 5159-5160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 5197-5200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T34 5287-5289 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T35 5338-5339 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 5376-5377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 5395-5403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T38 5543-5547 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 denotes fish
T39 5683-5687 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes fats
T40 6197-6204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T41 6357-6358 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 6389-6391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T43 6940-6947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes adipose
T44 7100-7101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 7159-7162 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T46 7244-7246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T47 7252-7262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002417 denotes lower body
T48 7347-7348 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 7497-7499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T50 7515-7523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T51 7578-7581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes fat
T52 7693-7694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 7746-7747 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 7764-7777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405 denotes immune system
T55 7966-7980 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes adipose tissue
T56 8026-8027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T57 8191-8209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004 denotes respiratory system
T58 8254-8257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes fat
T59 8486-8490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T60 8486-8490 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T61 8624-8629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organ
T62 8639-8641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T63 8834-8835 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T64 8925-8927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T65 8949-8950 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T66 8985-8989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes gene
T67 9053-9055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T68 9139-9141 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T69 9227-9229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T70 9284-9286 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T71 9295-9296 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T72 9457-9459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T73 9793-9797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 denotes fish
T74 9859-9861 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T75 10215-10216 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 10238-10241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001343 denotes aim
T77 10263-10264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T78 10367-10369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T79 10906-10907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 11180-11186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T81 11447-11448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T82 11621-11631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objectives
T83 11714-11715 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T84 11960-11962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T85 12062-12063 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 12694-12695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 12714-12716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T88 12834-12842 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001300 denotes 33], (b)
T89 12876-12878 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T90 13193-13201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T91 13238-13246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T92 13273-13274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 13325-13327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 34
T94 13428-13430 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T95 13581-13587 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 5), (2
T96 13661-13663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T97 14526-14527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T98 14767-14775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test was
T99 15004-15012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test was
T100 15252-15257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T101 15788-15789 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T102 15965-15971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes female
T103 16167-16169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T104 16446-16450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T105 16458-16459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T106 16617-16618 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 16786-16787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T108 17267-17275 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test was
T109 18059-18067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T110 18246-18247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T111 18467-18468 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T112 18492-18493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T113 18659-18660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T114 18919-18925 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes female
T115 19323-19327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T116 19344-19345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T117 19786-19787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T118 20281-20284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T119 20390-20391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T120 20401-20402 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T121 20659-20660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T122 20679-20683 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 denotes fish
T123 21261-21262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 21876-21877 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 21910-21911 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T126 22002-22005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T127 22184-22185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T128 22232-22238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes female
T129 22353-22354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T130 22673-22674 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T131 22957-22964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T132 22957-22964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T133 23315-23322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T134 23315-23322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T135 23721-23723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T136 23756-23758 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T137 24272-24274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T138 24381-24383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T139 24436-24440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 denotes fish
T140 24686-24688 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T141 24806-24808 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T142 24842-24846 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T143 24854-24855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T144 25246-25248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T145 25275-25276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 25424-25425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T147 25468-25470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T148 26623-26627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_117565 denotes Fish
T149 26822-26824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T150 26888-26896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test was
T151 27117-27119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T152 27189-27190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T153 27441-27442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T154 27773-27774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T155 27788-27789 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T156 27790-27793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007011 denotes jar
T157 27908-27909 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T158 27922-27926 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3, 4
T159 27984-27989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes c < 1
T160 28236-28237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 28787-28789 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T162 28869-28875 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T163 29361-29364 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001294 denotes 322
T164 29571-29573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050 denotes S1
T165 30256-30257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T166 30296-30297 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T167 30332-30338 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes Female
T168 30380-30384 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003101 denotes male
T169 30380-30384 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000970 denotes male
T170 30488-30491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T171 30988-30989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T172 31020-31021 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T173 31177-31180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T174 32132-32135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T175 32519-32522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T176 32683-32684 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T177 32690-32693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T178 32748-32749 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T179 32776-32784 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T180 32785-32788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T181 33018-33019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T182 33029-33030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T183 33102-33109 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T184 33102-33109 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T185 33404-33407 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T186 33525-33528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T187 33605-33606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 34075-34078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T189 34165-34166 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T190 34245-34247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T191 34266-34268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T192 34421-34422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T193 34507-34521 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001013 denotes adipose tissue
T194 34628-34635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000009054 denotes insulin
T195 34796-34809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405 denotes immune system
T196 35032-35034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T197 35129-35130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T198 35480-35481 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T199 35553-35554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T200 35599-35600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T201 35802-35810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T202 36008-36010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 45
T203 36113-36115 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T204 36175-36178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T205 36188-36189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T206 36250-36251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T207 36543-36550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes females
T208 36753-36755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T209 36925-36927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T210 36998-37000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T211 37058-37060 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T212 37560-37561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T213 37632-37642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activities
T214 37670-37672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T215 37715-37717 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T216 38056-38057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 38297-38298 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T218 38461-38462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T219 38924-38925 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T220 38952-38960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T221 38961-38964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T222 39081-39083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T223 39110-39111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T224 39136-39138 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007622 denotes MD
T225 39244-39251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T226 39244-39251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T227 39629-39631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050 denotes S1

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 1924-1929 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T2 3949-3956 Chemical denotes radical http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26519
T3 4852-4865 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T4 4903-4912 Chemical denotes serotonin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28790|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_350546
T6 4997-5010 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T7 5701-5705 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T9 7244-7246 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T10 9227-9229 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T11 9284-9286 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T12 9353-9366 Chemical denotes micronutrient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27027
T13 9457-9459 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T14 9636-9647 Chemical denotes cholesterol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16113
T15 9694-9706 Chemical denotes antioxidants http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22586
T16 9747-9773 Chemical denotes monounsaturated fatty acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25413
T17 9763-9773 Chemical denotes fatty acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35366
T18 9769-9773 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T19 9775-9779 Chemical denotes MUFA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25413
T20 9859-9861 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T21 10367-10369 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T22 12714-12716 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T23 13428-13430 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T24 13661-13663 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T25 15660-15662 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T27 17138-17140 Chemical denotes SD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74807
T28 23721-23723 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T29 23756-23758 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T30 24272-24274 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T31 24381-24383 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T32 24686-24688 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T33 24806-24808 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T34 25235-25240 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T35 25468-25470 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T36 26822-26824 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T37 27117-27119 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T38 27402-27407 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T39 28039-28044 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T40 30380-30384 Chemical denotes male http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30780
T41 31293-31306 Chemical denotes micronutrient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27027
T42 31330-31338 Chemical denotes vitamins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33229
T43 31340-31354 Chemical denotes trace elements http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27027
T44 33666-33674 Chemical denotes vitamins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33229
T45 33679-33687 Chemical denotes minerals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46662
T46 33710-33719 Chemical denotes vitamin C http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_21241
T47 33710-33717 Chemical denotes vitamin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33229
T48 33724-33733 Chemical denotes vitamin E http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33234
T49 33724-33731 Chemical denotes vitamin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33229
T50 33738-33751 Chemical denotes beta-carotene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17579
T51 33738-33742 Chemical denotes beta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T52 33743-33751 Chemical denotes carotene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23042
T53 33757-33769 Chemical denotes antioxidants http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22586
T54 33828-33842 Chemical denotes micronutrients http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27027
T55 34266-34268 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T56 34369-34377 Chemical denotes adjuvant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60809
T57 34628-34635 Chemical denotes insulin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145810
T58 34902-34912 Chemical denotes antivirals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T59 34917-34936 Chemical denotes antimicrobial drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36043
T60 34917-34930 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T61 34931-34936 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T62 36113-36115 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T63 36763-36768 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T64 36925-36927 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T65 36998-37000 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T66 37058-37060 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T67 37583-37592 Chemical denotes nutrients http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33284
T68 37598-37609 Chemical denotes antioxidant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22586
T69 37670-37672 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699
T70 38198-38210 Chemical denotes antioxidants http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22586
T71 39070-39075 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T72 39136-39138 Chemical denotes MD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74699

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes Eating
T2 828-839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavioural
T3 978-984 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T4 1461-1466 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T5 2368-2374 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T6 3727-3733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T7 4178-4184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T8 4205-4215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviours
T9 4620-4627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007605 denotes hearing
T10 5178-5190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T11 5840-5856 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042755 denotes eating behaviors
T12 5840-5846 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T13 5964-5970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T14 6446-6452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T15 6703-6713 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviours
T16 6823-6828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T17 6874-6883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903 denotes secretion
T18 6983-6988 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T19 6994-7000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0048511 denotes rhythm
T20 7068-7073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T21 7615-7621 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes Eating
T22 8766-8778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T23 8985-9000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0010467 denotes gene expression
T24 9104-9116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T25 9502-9524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammatory responses
T26 10007-10019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T27 10120-10126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes Eating
T28 10330-10345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042755 denotes eating behavior
T29 10330-10336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T30 10337-10345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T31 10975-10981 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T32 13174-13179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T33 13813-13824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0065007 denotes regulations
T34 17759-17764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T35 17937-17942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030431 denotes sleep
T36 18540-18546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes Eating
T37 18604-18610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T38 23551-23559 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T39 28254-28260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T40 28518-28524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T41 30800-30809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T42 30842-30848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T43 30977-30986 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviors
T44 31128-31144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infections
T45 31254-31260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T46 31722-31728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T47 33888-33904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune responses
T48 33938-33954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infections
T49 34450-34462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T50 34490-34499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903 denotes secretion
T51 34760-34785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002250 denotes adaptive immune responses
T52 35014-35030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infections
T53 36303-36309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T54 36698-36704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating
T55 37690-37699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T56 37690-37699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T57 37903-37915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T58 38753-38759 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007631 denotes eating

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-79 Sentence denotes Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey
T2 82-90 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 91-101 Sentence denotes Background
T4 102-251 Sentence denotes On December 12th 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-Cov2) emerged in Wuhan, China, sparking a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans (COVID-19).
T5 252-458 Sentence denotes On the 24th of April 2020, the number of COVID-19 deaths in the world, according to the COVID-Case Tracker by Johns Hopkins University, was 195,313, and the number of COVID-19 confirmed cases was 2,783,512.
T6 459-647 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive impact on human health, causing sudden lifestyle changes, through social distancing and isolation at home, with social and economic consequences.
T7 648-888 Sentence denotes Optimizing public health during this pandemic requires not only knowledge from the medical and biological sciences, but also of all human sciences related to lifestyle, social and behavioural studies, including dietary habits and lifestyle.
T8 890-897 Sentence denotes Methods
T9 898-1059 Sentence denotes Our study aimed to investigate the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating habits and lifestyle changes among the Italian population aged ≥ 12 years.
T10 1060-1498 Sentence denotes The study comprised a structured questionnaire packet that inquired demographic information (age, gender, place of residence, current employment); anthropometric data (reported weight and height); dietary habits information (adherence to the Mediterranean diet, daily intake of certain foods, food frequency, and number of meals/day); lifestyle habits information (grocery shopping, habit of smoking, sleep quality and physical activity).
T11 1499-1563 Sentence denotes The survey was conducted from the 5th to the 24th of April 2020.
T12 1565-1572 Sentence denotes Results
T13 1573-1679 Sentence denotes A total of 3533 respondents have been included in the study, aged between 12 and 86 years (76.1% females).
T14 1680-2261 Sentence denotes The perception of weight gain was observed in 48.6% of the population; 3.3% of smokers decided to quit smoking; a slight increased physical activity has been reported, especially for bodyweight training, in 38.3% of respondents; the population group aged 18–30 years resulted in having a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet when compared to the younger and the elderly population (p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively); 15% of respondents turned to farmers or organic, purchasing fruits and vegetables, especially in the North and Center of Italy, where BMI values were lower.
T15 2263-2274 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T16 2275-2459 Sentence denotes In this study, we have provided for the first time data on the Italian population lifestyle, eating habits and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet pattern during the COVID-19 lockdown.
T17 2460-2597 Sentence denotes However, as the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, our data need to be confirmed and investigated in future more extensive population studies.
T18 2600-2610 Sentence denotes Background
T19 2611-2756 Sentence denotes The 2019 Coronavirus Disease or, as it is now called, COVID-19, is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
T20 2757-2971 Sentence denotes It was supposed that in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 apparently transit from animals to humans at the Huanan seafood market and rapidly spread from Wuhan City of Hubei, Province of China, to the rest of the world [1].
T21 2972-3148 Sentence denotes Due to the growing case notification rates at Chinese and international locations, on the 30th January 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency [2].
T22 3149-3462 Sentence denotes In order to contrast and contain the spread of the new COVID-19, at the beginning of March 2020, the Italian Government decided for more stringent containment measures: the ban on mass gatherings and events, as well as the ban on meeting up for no urgent reasons, were issued on the entire national territory [3].
T23 3463-3647 Sentence denotes In particular, after almost a month of lockdown, as of March 28th, 2020, Italy with 92.472 cases and 10.023, was the second world’s worst-affected country in the COVID-19 pandemic [4].
T24 3648-3863 Sentence denotes In detail, the percentage of the new positive cases in Italy showed an average growth rate of +19.63%, with the highest percentage the on February 27th of +52.73% and a lowest percentage on March 28th of +5.50% [4].
T25 3864-4079 Sentence denotes Due to the #iorestoacasa decree [5] (translated as #stayathome decree), a sudden and radical change has occurred in the habits and lifestyles of the population, with a drastic reduction of any form of socialisation.
T26 4080-4216 Sentence denotes Physical distancing and self-isolation strongly impacted citizens’ lives, affecting in particular eating habits and everyday behaviours.
T27 4217-4433 Sentence denotes There are two major influences: staying at home (which includes digital-education, smart working, limitation of outdoors and in-gym physical activity) and stockpiling food, due to the restriction in grocery shopping.
T28 4434-4595 Sentence denotes In addition, the interruption of the work routine caused by the quarantine could result in boredom, which in turn is associated with a greater energy intake [6].
T29 4596-4699 Sentence denotes In addition to boredom, hearing or reading continuously about the COVID-19 from media can be stressful.
T30 4700-4816 Sentence denotes Stress leads subjects toward overeating, especially ‘comfort foods’ rich in sugar, defined as “food craving” [7, 8].
T31 4817-4959 Sentence denotes Those foods, mainly rich in simple carbohydrates, can reduce stress as they encourage serotonin production with a positive effect on mood [9].
T32 4960-5291 Sentence denotes However, this food craving effect of carbohydrates is proportional to the glycemic index of foods that is associated with the increased risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular diseases, beyond a chronic state of inflammation, that has been demonstrated to increase the risk for more severe complications of COVID-19 [10, 11].
T33 5292-5404 Sentence denotes This new condition may compromise maintaining a healthy and varied diet, as well as a regular physical activity.
T34 5405-5706 Sentence denotes For example, limited access to daily grocery shopping may lead to reduce the consumption of fresh foods, especially fruit, vegetables and fish, in favour of highly processed ones, such as convenience foods, junk foods, snacks, and ready-to-eat cereals, which tend to be high in fats, sugars, and salt.
T35 5707-5857 Sentence denotes Moreover, psychological and emotional responses to the COVID-19 outbreak [12, 13], may increase the risk of developing dysfunctional eating behaviors.
T36 5858-5981 Sentence denotes It is well known how the experience of negative emotions can lead to overeating, the so-called “emotional eating” [14, 15].
T37 5982-6232 Sentence denotes In order to contrast and respond to the negative experience of self-isolation, people could be more prone to look for reward and gratification physiologically associated with food consumption, even overriding other signals of satiety and hunger [16].
T38 6233-6393 Sentence denotes In addition, boredom feelings, which may arise from staying home for an extended period, are often related to overeating as a means to escape monotony [17, 18].
T39 6394-6583 Sentence denotes On the other hand, negative experiences may lead to eating restriction, due to the physiological stress reactions that mimic the internal sensations associated with feeding-induced satiety.
T40 6584-6759 Sentence denotes Finally, lifestyle may be substantially changed due to the containment measures, with the consequent risk of sedentary behaviours, modification in smoking and sleeping habits.
T41 6760-7010 Sentence denotes Of interest, different studies reported an association between sleep disturbances and obesity due to increase the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the increased visceral adipose that could contribute to alter the sleep–wake rhythm [19, 20].
T42 7011-7311 Sentence denotes In addition, also diet seems to influence the quality of sleep, in fact very recently in a cross-sectional study included 172 middle-aged adults it has been reported that good sleepers had higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and lower body mass index (BMI) compared to poor sleepers [21].
T43 7312-7501 Sentence denotes Considering the smoking, there are a significant association exists between SARS-CoV-2 infection and air pollution, and in this context in smokers, more severe COVID-19 symptoms occur [22].
T44 7502-7614 Sentence denotes Low physical activity levels have been suggested to interact both with body fat and appetite dysregulation [23].
T45 7615-7680 Sentence denotes Eating habits and lifestyle modification may threaten our health.
T46 7681-7803 Sentence denotes Maintaining a correct nutrition status is crucial, especially in a period when the immune system might need to fight back.
T47 7804-7934 Sentence denotes In fact, subjects with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) are one of the groups with the higher risk for COVID-19 complications [24].
T48 7935-8056 Sentence denotes Obesity is an expansion of the adipose tissue, which produces cytokines and contributes to a proinflammatory milieu [25].
T49 8057-8221 Sentence denotes Moreover, in regards to pulmonary physiology, subjects with obesity have decreased expiratory reserve volume, functional capacity and respiratory system compliance.
T50 8222-8401 Sentence denotes In patients with high abdominal fat, pulmonary function is further compromised in the supine position by decreased diaphragmatic excursion, making ventilation more difficult [26].
T51 8402-8643 Sentence denotes The inflammatory state is also one of the most important factors of the severity of lung disease in COVID-19, which leads to the famous “cytokine storm” associated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure [11].
T52 8644-8929 Sentence denotes In this complex scenario, the inflammatory state characteristics in individuals with obesity could further exacerbate the inflammation in patients with COVID-19, therefore, exposing them to a higher concentration of proinflammatory cytokines compared to normal-weight individuals [11].
T53 8930-9143 Sentence denotes Further, following a healthy diet is important because gene expression levels of all the cytokines are influenced by food [27] and are capable of modulating the processes of inflammation and oxidative stress [27].
T54 9144-9271 Sentence denotes Several studies have confirmed an inverse association between the adherence to the MD and the overall cancer-related mortality.
T55 9272-9420 Sentence denotes The healthy MD [28] is a proper combination of quality foods, based on macro and micronutrient content, and the absence of contaminating substances.
T56 9421-9560 Sentence denotes According to current knowledge, the MD is the key factor against immune-mediated inflammatory responses, such as those occurring in cancer.
T57 9561-9823 Sentence denotes In particular, their potential clinical applications are, on one side, low cholesterol levels and, on the other hand, high levels of antioxidants contained in fruits and vegetables, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), present in fish, nuts and olive oil [29].
T58 9824-10091 Sentence denotes Notably, it is well known that the MD, one of the healthiest dietetic pattern in the world, is linked to lower mortality and reduction in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, low-grade inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and Crohn’s disease [29, 30].
T59 10092-10228 Sentence denotes In light of the above, the “Eating Habits and Lifestyle Changes in COVID19 lockdown” (EHLC-COVID19) project began by using a web-survey.
T60 10229-10505 Sentence denotes The main aim of the project, from a diachronic perspective, is to explore and analyse the changes in eating behavior and adherence to the MD and lifestyle during lockdown among the Italian population, according to the regional distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic and to age.
T61 10506-10680 Sentence denotes Secondly, it allows to achieve nutritional interventions in supporting the health status of different target groups of the population, according to geographical distribution.
T62 10682-10703 Sentence denotes Materials and methods
T63 10705-10723 Sentence denotes Survey methodology
T64 10724-11032 Sentence denotes The EHLC-COVID19 project was carried out by the Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, using a web-survey to obtain data, from every Italian region, about people eating habits and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic.
T65 11033-11215 Sentence denotes The survey was conducted from the 5th to the 24th of April 2020, among the Italian population, by using an online platform, accessible through any device with an Internet connection.
T66 11216-11407 Sentence denotes The survey was disseminated through institutional and private social networks (Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram), the “PATTO in Cucina Magazine” website [31], and institutional mailing lists.
T67 11408-11566 Sentence denotes This method of administration provides a statistical collective whose population parameters cannot be controlled as it is the case for probabilistic sampling.
T68 11567-11791 Sentence denotes However, it was completely effective for the research objectives, because it facilitated the wide dissemination of the survey questionnaire during a period where, due to the pandemic, there are many territorial restrictions.
T69 11792-12106 Sentence denotes Moreover, the latest data reported by the annual Italian report on the use of the internet shows that Internet penetration stood at 82% in January 2020; in particular, 94% of internet users, aged 16 to 64, use their smartphone to connect and 99% of them visited or used a social network or messaging services [32].
T70 12108-12134 Sentence denotes EHLC-COVID19 questionnaire
T71 12135-12344 Sentence denotes The EHLC-COVID19 questionnaire was specifically built by using Google Form by the Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention of the University of Rome Tor Vergata.
T72 12345-13203 Sentence denotes The questionnaire, included 43 questions divided into four different sections: (1) personal data (4 questions: age, gender, hometown, current employment—especially if they had the possibility to work from home, also called “smart working”); (2) anthropometrics information (2 questions: reported weight and height); (3) dietary habits information: (a) adherence to the MD, using the validated 14-items Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS), which score ranges from 0 to 14 points [33], (b) structured questionnaire packet (11 questions: daily consumption of certain foods—for example junk food consumption: packaged sweets and baked products, sweet beverages, salted snacks and dressing sauces; food frequency; number of meals/day); (4) lifestyle habits information (12 questions: grocery shopping, smoke habit, hours of sleep and physical activity).
T73 13204-13329 Sentence denotes Specific questions about physical activity habits were modified from a survey conducted by Istituto Superiore di Sanità [34].
T74 13330-13393 Sentence denotes The full version of the questionnaire is available as Appendix.
T75 13394-13475 Sentence denotes The score of the adherence to the MD was assessed using MEDAS questionnaire [33].
T76 13476-13734 Sentence denotes On the basis of the MEDAS values, participants were divided in three classes: (1) low adherence (score 0–5), (2) medium adherence (score 6–9) and (3) high (score ≥ 10) adherence to the MD and differences in the compliance rates for each food were calculated.
T77 13735-13865 Sentence denotes The study was conducted in full agreement with the national and international regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki (2000).
T78 13866-14030 Sentence denotes All participants were fully informed about the study requirements and were required to accept the data sharing and privacy policy before participating in the study.
T79 14031-14114 Sentence denotes Participants completed the questionnaire directly connected to the Google platform.
T80 14115-14224 Sentence denotes Participants’ personal information, including names, were anonymized to maintain and protect confidentiality.
T81 14225-14323 Sentence denotes The anonymous nature of the web-survey does not allow to trace in any way sensitive personal data.
T82 14324-14410 Sentence denotes Therefore, the present web-survey study does not require approval by Ethics Committee.
T83 14411-14550 Sentence denotes Once completed, each questionnaire was transmitted to the Google platform and the final database was downloaded as a Microsoft Excel sheet.
T84 14552-14572 Sentence denotes Statistical analyses
T85 14573-14749 Sentence denotes Data are represented as number and percentage in parentheses (%) for categorical variables, or median and interquartile range in square brackets [IQR] for continuous variables.
T86 14750-14830 Sentence denotes The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed in order to evaluate variables distribution.
T87 14831-14873 Sentence denotes All the variables had skewed distribution.
T88 14874-14992 Sentence denotes The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated in order to evaluate the correlation between continuous variables.
T89 14993-15208 Sentence denotes Chi square test was employed to assess the association between categorical variables while McNeman analysis was used to investigate the difference between categorical variables pre and during the COVID-19 emergency.
T90 15209-15344 Sentence denotes Instead, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed to compare continuous variables among two or more groups, respectively.
T91 15345-15543 Sentence denotes Finally, binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between categorical variables (dependent) and continuous or categorical ones (independent).
T92 15544-15588 Sentence denotes Results were significant for p value < 0.05.
T93 15589-15639 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver.
T94 15640-15669 Sentence denotes 21.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA).
T95 15671-15678 Sentence denotes Results
T96 15680-15692 Sentence denotes Participants
T97 15693-15787 Sentence denotes On the 24th of April 2020, the web-survey was concluded, and the collected data were analysed.
T98 15788-15960 Sentence denotes A total of 4500 participants completed the questionnaire, and, after validation of the data, 3533 respondents have been included in the study, aged between 12 and 86 years.
T99 15961-16018 Sentence denotes The female respondents represent 76.1% of the population.
T100 16019-16171 Sentence denotes According to gender and age distribution, the sample reflects the population of Italian Internet users (i.e., 91.4% of people older than 20 years) [35].
T101 16172-16230 Sentence denotes Territorial coverage spreads over all the Italian Regions:
T102 16231-16339 Sentence denotes 15.5% of respondents live in Northern Italy, 56.9% in Center Italy, and 27.6% in Southern Italy and Islands.
T103 16340-16426 Sentence denotes General characteristics and anthropometrics of the population are reported in Table 1.
T104 16427-16723 Sentence denotes The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in BMI among the three Italian areas, and, in particular in the post hoc analysis, South and Islands resulted in having a population with higher BMI when compared to North and Center Italy (p = 0.007, p = 0.008; respectively).
T105 16724-16960 Sentence denotes In terms of employment status, 1042 (29.5%) participants have a full-time job in smart working, 429 (12.1%) go to the workplace, 674 (19.1%) are students, 289 (8.2%) are unemployed, 940 (26.6%) suspended work and 159 (4.5%) are retired.
T106 16961-17228 Sentence denotes Table 1 Participants’ general characteristics and anthropometricsValues are expressed as median and IQR in square brackets (M [IQR]) as well as mean and standard deviation (M ± SD) for continuous variables or as number and percentage (n (%)) for categorical variables
T107 17229-17248 Sentence denotes BMI body mass index
T108 17249-17321 Sentence denotes *The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to evaluate variables distribution.
T109 17322-17384 Sentence denotes Variables are considered non-normally distributed for p < 0.05
T110 17386-17429 Sentence denotes Lifestyle changes during COVID-19 emergency
T111 17430-17648 Sentence denotes With regards to lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 lockdown, most of the population declares not to have changed its habits (46.1%), while 16.7% and 37.2% feel to have improved them or made them worse, respectively.
T112 17649-17916 Sentence denotes In particular, smoking habits have been reduced during the lockdown (McNemar value = 101.484, p < 0.001), and sleep hours have increased (McNemar value = 330.851, p < 0.001), as shown in Table 2, equally considering North, Center, and South of Italy (data not shown).
T113 17917-18038 Sentence denotes Table 2 Smoking and sleep habits before and during COVID-19 emergencyValues are expressed as number and percentage (n(%))
T114 18039-18228 Sentence denotes Concerning physical activity, no significant difference between the percentage of people that did not train before (37.7%) nor during (37.4%) the COVID-19 lockdown was observed (p = 0.430).
T115 18229-18382 Sentence denotes On the contrary, a higher frequency of training during the emergency was found when compared to the previous period (McNemar value = 259.529, p < 0.001).
T116 18383-18448 Sentence denotes Data about frequency and type of training are reported in Fig. 1.
T117 18449-18538 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Frequency (a) and type of training (b, c) before and during the COVID-19 emergency
T118 18540-18587 Sentence denotes Eating habits changes during COVID-19 emergency
T119 18588-18703 Sentence denotes With regards to eating habits, more than half of the participants feel a change in their hunger/satiety perception:
T120 18704-18782 Sentence denotes 627 (17.7%) and 1214 (34.4%) of them have less or more appetite, respectively.
T121 18783-19106 Sentence denotes The multinomial logistic regression showed that changed work habits (suspension or smart working), in comparison to unchanged ones, and female gender are associated to modified appetite, either negatively and positively (job: OR = 1.791, p < 0.001; OR = 1.431, p < 0.001; sex: OR = 1.521, p < 0.001; OR = 1.738, p < 0.001).
T122 19107-19277 Sentence denotes Moreover, North and Center Italy are both inversely associated to appetite increase when compared to the South and Islands (OR = 0.527, p < 0.001; OR = 0.582, p < 0.001).
T123 19278-19411 Sentence denotes The Kruskal–Wallis analysis and the post hoc test have also shown a significant difference in age among the three groups (p < 0.001).
T124 19412-19506 Sentence denotes People who declare an increased appetite are younger than those with unchanged or reduced one.
T125 19507-19539 Sentence denotes No difference was found for BMI.
T126 19540-19674 Sentence denotes Notably, 1199 (33.9%) subjects declare to feel hungry before the main meals, 807 (22.8%) in between them and 395 (11.2%) after dinner.
T127 19675-19833 Sentence denotes As expected, the binary logistic regression showed after-dinner hungry to be associated to the habit of having a break before bedtime (OR = 4.067, p < 0.001).
T128 19834-20013 Sentence denotes Moreover, BMI and age were found to be positively and inversely associated to the increased appetite and night snacks, respectively (OR = 1.073, p < 0.001; OR = 0.972, p < 0.001).
T129 20014-20198 Sentence denotes Living in Center and Southern Italy and Islands resulted to be associated to the after dinner snack in comparison to the Northern region (OR = 1.843, p = 0.009; OR = 2.128, p = 0.002).
T130 20199-20234 Sentence denotes No difference was found for gender.
T131 20235-20427 Sentence denotes Interestingly, more than half of the subjects has not changed the number of their daily meals (57.8%), while 17.5% and 23.5% declares to skip or introduce a break or a main meal, respectively.
T132 20428-20520 Sentence denotes The survey investigated the variation in food intake during the COVID-19 emergency (Fig. 2).
T133 20521-20758 Sentence denotes Data show an increase of homemade recipes (e.g. sweets, pizza and bread), cereals, legumes, white meat and hot beverages consumption, and a decrease of fresh fish, packaging sweets and baked products, delivery food and alcoholics intake.
T134 20759-20820 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 Variation in food intake during the COVID-19 emergency
T135 20821-20985 Sentence denotes During the COVID-19 lockdown, 37.4% and 35.8% of the study population declares to eat more or less healthy food (fruit, vegetables, nuts and legumes), respectively.
T136 20986-21033 Sentence denotes No difference between the two groups was found.
T137 21034-21186 Sentence denotes People who decrease the junk food consumption (29.8%) were significantly more representative than those who increase it (25.6%) (r2 = 9.560, p = 0.002).
T138 21187-21466 Sentence denotes Binary logistic regression analysis showed that an higher BMI, as well as a lower age, were associated to an increase of junk food consumption (packaged sweets and baked products, sweet beverages, savory snacks and dressing sauces) (OR = 1.025, p = 0.005; OR = 0.979, p < 0.001).
T139 21467-21623 Sentence denotes An enhanced appetite and after dinner hunger were both associated with an increased risk of junk food intake (OR = 4.044, p < 0.001; OR = 1.558, p < 0.001).
T140 21624-21742 Sentence denotes In the multivariable model, the association remains significant for all the variables, except for after dinner hunger.
T141 21743-21865 Sentence denotes On the contrary, no association was found between BMI, age and the increase of healthy food intake (p = 0.381, p = 0.053).
T142 21866-21971 Sentence denotes Moreover, a reduced appetite was related to a major consumption of healthy foods (OR = 1.718, p < 0.001).
T143 21972-22270 Sentence denotes The perception of weight gain has been detected to be positively and inversely associated to the increase consumption of junk food or healthy food, respectively (OR = 3.122, p < 0.001; OR = 0.805, p = 0.002), to a higher BMI (OR = 1.073, p < 0.001) and to the female gender (OR = 1.234, p = 0.008).
T144 22271-22494 Sentence denotes Moreover, people who have suspended their usual job or started smart working have a greater perception of having increased their weight when compared to subjects who did not change their job routine (OR = 1.250, p = 0.037).
T145 22495-22775 Sentence denotes Finally, people who declare to train during the lockdown, as well as people from North and Center of Italy in comparison to those from the Southern and Islands, resulted to have a minor perception of weight gain (OR = 0.660, p < 0.001; OR = 786, p = 0.024; OR = 0.747, p < 0.001).
T146 22776-22844 Sentence denotes No association was found with the age of the population (p = 0.340).
T147 22845-23048 Sentence denotes Most of the population purchases food at the supermarket (75.8%), 26.0% at the grocery shops, 14.8% at farmers, organic or local markets or using Solidal Purchasing Groups, and 9.0% uses online delivery.
T148 23049-23151 Sentence denotes Finally, 11.8% of participants declare not to purchase food and to delegate shopping to third parties.
T149 23152-23250 Sentence denotes More than half of the population (54.0%) declares to use the leftover food more than 30% of times.
T150 23251-23464 Sentence denotes The binary logistic regression showed that shopping at farmers, organic markets, local markets or using Solidal Purchasing Groups was associated to the habit of recycling the leftover food (OR = 1.468, p < 0.001).
T151 23465-23656 Sentence denotes Moreover, people from the North and Center of Italy appeared to be more prone to this behavior when compared to Southern and Islands population (OR = 2.109, p < 0.001; OR = 1.735, p < 0.001).
T152 23657-23702 Sentence denotes No association was found with age and gender.
T153 23704-23723 Sentence denotes Adherence to the MD
T154 23724-23856 Sentence denotes To assess the compliance to the MD recommendations during the COVID-19 lockdown, the MEDAS questionnaire was included in the survey.
T155 23857-24214 Sentence denotes After participants stratification in 3 classes on the basis of the MEDAS values, differences in the compliance rates for each food were calculated and depicted in radar charts which illustrate the gap between the current state (percentage of participants currently adherent to each dietary recommendation) and the ideal situation (100% compliance) (Fig. 2).
T156 24215-24333 Sentence denotes As expected, among the three classes of adherence to the MD, there were significant differences for most of the items.
T157 24334-24458 Sentence denotes In particular, in the highest adherence to the MD, the intake of fruit, vegetables, nuts, legumes and fish was respectively:
T158 24459-24630 Sentence denotes 58.7%, 93.7%, 75.9%, 80.9% and 63.3% (Fig. 2), underlining the improvement of the consumption of typical components of the dietary pattern in our Mediterranean population.
T159 24631-24717 Sentence denotes Moreover, the consumption of foods not included in the MD profile seems to be reduced.
T160 24718-24822 Sentence denotes In Table 3, the results of positive answers to MEDAS questionnaire and the adherence to MD are reported.
T161 24823-25082 Sentence denotes The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference of MEDAS score among the three Italian areas (p = 0.004), with significant higher scores in Northern and Southern Italy and Islands when compared to Center Italy (post hoc analysis p = 0.011, p = 0.048).
T162 25083-25204 Sentence denotes Moreover, an inverse correlation was found between MEDAS score, BMI and age (r = 0.096, p < 0.001; r = 0.066, p < 0.001).
T163 25205-25387 Sentence denotes In particular, the population group aged 18-30 years resulted to have a higher MEDAS score when compared to the younger and the elder population (p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively).
T164 25388-25537 Sentence denotes Moreover, normal-weight people have a significant greater level of adherence to MD in comparison to overweight and obese ones (p < 0.001; p < 0.001).
T165 25538-25593 Sentence denotes No difference was found among the other classes of BMI.
T166 25594-25691 Sentence denotes Finally, no difference between gender and employment status groups was found for the MEDAS score.
T167 25692-25823 Sentence denotes Furthermore, participants were asked to indicate how many daily/weekly servings of food groups not included in MEDAS they consumed.
T168 25824-25860 Sentence denotes Results are shown in Figs. 3 and  4.
T169 25861-25972 Sentence denotes Table 3 Positive answers to MEDAS questionnaire and adherence to the MDPositive answers to MEDAS questionnaire.
T170 25973-26031 Sentence denotes Compliance rates of at least 50% are indicated in italics.
T171 26032-26197 Sentence denotes Data are expressed as number and percentage in parenthesis (n (%)) for categorical variables or median and IQR in square brackets (M [IQR]) for continuous variables.
T172 26198-26223 Sentence denotes Vegetables daily serving:
T173 26224-26249 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 200 g.
T174 26250-26270 Sentence denotes Fruit daily serving:
T175 26271-26301 Sentence denotes 1 serving = 100–150 g portion.
T176 26302-26347 Sentence denotes Red meat/hamburgers/other meat daily serving:
T177 26348-26377 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 100–150 g.
T178 26378-26419 Sentence denotes Butter, margarine or cream daily serving:
T179 26420-26444 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 12 g.
T180 26445-26505 Sentence denotes Sweet or sugar sweetened carbonated beverages daily serving:
T181 26506-26532 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 200 ml.
T182 26533-26552 Sentence denotes Wine daily serving:
T183 26553-26579 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 125 ml.
T184 26580-26603 Sentence denotes Legumes weekly serving:
T185 26604-26622 Sentence denotes 1 portion = 150 g.
T186 26623-26642 Sentence denotes Fish daily serving:
T187 26643-26672 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 100–150 g.
T188 26673-26695 Sentence denotes Seafood daily serving:
T189 26696-26721 Sentence denotes 1 medium portion = 200 g.
T190 26722-26742 Sentence denotes Nuts weekly serving:
T191 26743-26776 Sentence denotes 1 portion of dairy product = 30 g
T192 26777-26869 Sentence denotes MEDAS Mediterranean diet adherence screener; MD Mediterranean diet; s serving; ts tablespoon
T193 26870-26942 Sentence denotes *The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to evaluate variables distribution.
T194 26943-27005 Sentence denotes Variables are considered non-normally distributed for p < 0.05
T195 27006-27121 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 Compliance with items from MEDAS according to high, medium and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD).
T196 27122-27305 Sentence denotes The radar chart plots the values of each item of MEDAS score along a separate axis that starts in the centre of the chart (0% compliance) and ends at the outer ring (100% compliance).
T197 27306-27385 Sentence denotes The values are the percentage of the population adherent to each recommendation
T198 27386-27561 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Food and water intake during COVID-19 lockdown. a None, half, 1, 2 and > 2 represent the number of daily servings of cereals, bread, milk and yogurt and dairy products.
T199 27562-27637 Sentence denotes Pasta, rice or other cereals (spelled, barley, oats, quinoa) daily serving:
T200 27638-27662 Sentence denotes 1 medium serving = 80 g.
T201 27663-27683 Sentence denotes Bread daily serving:
T202 27684-27720 Sentence denotes 1 medium serving = 80 g or 2 slices.
T203 27721-27750 Sentence denotes Milk or yogurt daily serving:
T204 27751-27794 Sentence denotes 1 serving = 150 ml in a cup or 125 g a jar.
T205 27795-27835 Sentence denotes Cheese or dairy products weekly serving:
T206 27836-28045 Sentence denotes 1 portion of dairy product = 100 g; 1 portion of matured cheese = 50 g. b None, 1, 2, 3, 4 and > 4 represent the number of weekly servings of eggs. c < 1 L, 1–2 L and > 2 L represent the daily intake of water.
T207 28046-28104 Sentence denotes The ordinate axis represents the percentage of population.
T208 28105-28186 Sentence denotes The abscissa axis represents the daily/weekly portions for each category of foods
T209 28188-28198 Sentence denotes Discussion
T210 28199-28397 Sentence denotes This population-based study provides a snapshot of the eating habits and lifestyle of Italian residents, who participated in the survey between 5th and 24th of April 2020, after 7 weeks of lockdown.
T211 28398-28578 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, this study was among one of the first to investigate the immediate impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on eating habits and lifestyle changes among Italian residents.
T212 28579-28719 Sentence denotes The web-survey was concluded on 24th of April 2020 as it was the first day in Italy with the same number of newly infected and cured people.
T213 28720-28848 Sentence denotes To that date, according to National Civil Protection Service data [36], the total number of assessed cases in Italy was 192,994:
T214 28849-29027 Sentence denotes 106,527 people have tested positive; 60,498 patients have recovered; 25,969 died as confirmed only upon certification of cause of death by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS).
T215 29028-29072 Sentence denotes In detail, there were in the North of Italy:
T216 29073-29294 Sentence denotes 34,368 positive cases in Lombardy, 12,509 in Emilia-Romagna, 15,391 in Piedmont, 9679 in Veneto, 2920 in Trentino Alto Adige, 1320 in Friuli Venezia Giulia, 3437 in Liguria, 354 in the autonomous province of Aosta Valley.
T217 29295-29312 Sentence denotes In Central Italy:
T218 29313-29375 Sentence denotes 6133 in Tuscany, 4492 in Lazio, 3273 in Marche, 322 in Umbria.
T219 29376-29496 Sentence denotes In South Italy: 2943 in Campania, 2933 in Apulia, 2079 in Abruzzo, 821 in Calabria, 229 in Basilicata and 200 in Molise.
T220 29497-29508 Sentence denotes In Islands:
T221 29509-29563 Sentence denotes 2320 in Sicily and 804 in Sardinia (Additional file 1:
T222 29564-29575 Sentence denotes Figure S1).
T223 29576-30168 Sentence denotes Therefore, we decided to analyse the eligible data by dividing the population according to the regions of Northern Italy (Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige), the Center (Tuscany, Lazio, Marche, Umbria, Abruzzo, Molise and San Marino Republic) the South (Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Apulia) and the Islands (Sicily and Sardinia), to evaluate the weight of the responses based on the singular emotional state of each individual, but also based on the severity of the epidemic and the number of sick and dead cases.
T224 30169-30331 Sentence denotes Territorial coverage of our web survey extends to all Italian Regions, and ranges from a minimum of 15.48% (Northern Italy) to a maximum of 56.86% (Center Italy).
T225 30332-30397 Sentence denotes Female respondents are about triple compared to male respondents.
T226 30398-30517 Sentence denotes The strategy adopted by many countries, including Italy, to reduce the spread of COVID-19 has been “social distancing”.
T227 30518-30643 Sentence denotes The lockdown had the positive effect of flattening the epidemic curve, thanks to the maintenance of the social rules imposed.
T228 30644-30810 Sentence denotes However, the fear of the disease and death, as well as the restrictions of individual freedom, worsened the stress load and produced alteration of habitual behaviors.
T229 30811-30987 Sentence denotes Accordingly, the lifestyle and eating habits changed during the COVID-19 pandemic period, particularly in 37.3% of respondents, but only 16.7% of them improved their behaviors.
T230 30988-31150 Sentence denotes A recent review underlines that a balanced nutrition, which can help in maintaining immunity, is essential for prevention and management of viral infections [37].
T231 31151-31469 Sentence denotes Considering that COVID-19 has no effective preventive and pharmacological therapies available, healthy eating habits are crucial and elective micronutrient supplementations (e.g. vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics) may be beneficial especially for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly [37].
T232 31470-31577 Sentence denotes During the COVID-19 lockdown, the sense of hunger and satiety changed for more than half of the population:
T233 31578-31662 Sentence denotes 17.8% of responders had less appetite, while 34.4% of responders increased appetite.
T234 31663-31816 Sentence denotes The increased sense of hunger and the consequent change in eating habits could justify the perception of weight gain observed in 48.6% of the population.
T235 31817-31966 Sentence denotes In fact, 40.3% thinks they have slightly increased their weight, while 8.3% of the studied population thinks they have highly increased their weight.
T236 31967-32035 Sentence denotes On the other hand, 3.3% of smokers in this period have quit smoking.
T237 32036-32154 Sentence denotes It is interesting to notice that the number of those who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day has decreased by 0.5%.
T238 32155-32300 Sentence denotes This phenomenon could be explained by the fear induced in smokers of the increased risk of respiratory distress and mortality from COVID-19 [38].
T239 32301-32411 Sentence denotes Those who did not use to play sports before the COVID-19 lockdown did not use this as an opportunity to start.
T240 32412-32533 Sentence denotes However, the most interesting fact is that among those who already took part in sports, training frequency has increased.
T241 32534-32630 Sentence denotes Those who previously managed to exercise only occasionally, now have more time to do it at home.
T242 32631-32747 Sentence denotes The percentage of those who train five or more days a week has gone from 6 to 16%, with an average increase of 9.9%.
T243 32748-32862 Sentence denotes A slight increased physical activity has been reported, especially for bodyweight training (38.3% of respondents).
T244 32863-33055 Sentence denotes Interestingly, more than half of the subjects have not changed the number of their daily meals (57.8%), while 17.5% and 23.5% declare to skip or introduce a break or a main meal, respectively.
T245 33056-33256 Sentence denotes 15% of those interviewed turned to farmers or organic purchasing groups for fruit and vegetables, whose consumption did not decrease despite the enormous difficulties of the agricultural supply chain.
T246 33257-33336 Sentence denotes During the lockdown, Italians have more desire to cook, and above all to knead.
T247 33337-33418 Sentence denotes Accordingly, the consumption of homemade desserts, bread and pizza has increased.
T248 33419-33539 Sentence denotes On the other hand, the consumption of savory snacks, snacks, processed meat, carbonated and sugary drinks has decreased.
T249 33540-33803 Sentence denotes It was expected that during the quarantine there would have been a reduction of the consumption of fresh food, accompanied by vitamins and minerals deficiency, including vitamin C and vitamin E and beta-carotene with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties.
T250 33804-33964 Sentence denotes The deficiency of these micronutrients is associated with both obesity and impaired immune responses, thus making more susceptible to viral infections [39, 40].
T251 33965-34249 Sentence denotes However, during the lockdown, Italians have paid attention to Mediterranean food, and the nutritional quality has remained high, especially in Northern and Central Italy, areas in which there is also a lower BMI compared to the areas of Southern Italy and the Islands (p < 0.05) [41].
T252 34250-34409 Sentence denotes We suggest that MD could represent one of the best food models to restore innate and adaptive immunity and might be an adjuvant therapeutic choice of COVID-19.
T253 34410-34708 Sentence denotes Obesity is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation dependent on the adipokine secretion of the adipose tissue with immunomodulatory effects [42] that contributes to the onset of several metabolic diseases (including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension).
T254 34709-34942 Sentence denotes These, due to the downregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses, make the immune system more vulnerable to infections, resulting in patients being less responsive to vaccinations, antivirals and antimicrobial drugs [43].
T255 34943-35036 Sentence denotes These immunomodulatory effects may contribute to aggravate respiratory viral infections [11].
T256 35037-35259 Sentence denotes Thus, even if to date there is no evident data reporting that individuals with obesity have a higher risk of getting COVID-19, it is known that more severe forms of respiratory failure are present in patients with obesity.
T257 35260-35381 Sentence denotes Therefore, it could be hypothesized that individuals with obesity could be at higher risk of serious illness if infected.
T258 35382-35440 Sentence denotes The survey explored the perception of body weight changes:
T259 35441-35615 Sentence denotes 37.4% of the study population declares a stable weight, 13.9% believes to have lost weight, 40.3% feels to have a slight weight gain, and 8.3% to have gained a lot of weight.
T260 35616-35824 Sentence denotes The perception of weight gain resulted to be present in people who started the smart working, especially in the North and Center of Italy, the same zone in which an increase of physical activity was observed.
T261 35825-36012 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is strongly recommended to reduce the consumption of junk food to decrease “obesogenic environment” which predisposes to weight gain and susceptibility to COVID-19 [44, 45].
T262 36013-36204 Sentence denotes In the present study, we provided for the first time data on the Italian population adherent to the MD pattern during the COVID-19 lockdown, observing that there has not been a deterioration.
T263 36205-36462 Sentence denotes According to our previous data obtained from a survey, that was conducted to identify clusters of eating patterns among the Italian population aged 15–64 years, three clusters were identified: “Mediterranean-like”, “Western-like” and “low fruit/vegetables”.
T264 36463-36631 Sentence denotes Among the 5278 subjects, the “Mediterranean-like” pattern was more common among females and elderly; the other clusters were significantly associated with obesity [46].
T265 36632-36806 Sentence denotes Indeed, with great surprise, we realized that the most careful in eating Mediterranean food were the young people of the 18–30 age group (p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively).
T266 36807-37353 Sentence denotes Results from the MEDAS questionnaire in our population sample, classified according to the degree of adherence to the MD demonstrated that subjects with low, medium and high adherence to the MD, had adequate consumption, more than 50% of some typical MD food such as olive oil (94.7% in Northern Italy, 96.6% in the Center Italy and 95% in Southern Italy and Island), vegetables (68.8% in Northern Italy, 72.2% in the Center Italy and 69.5% in Southern Italy and Island), legumes (51.7% in Northern Italy, and 60.7% in Southern Italy and Island).
T267 37354-37443 Sentence denotes In all the three zones, there is an adequate use of slightly fried, known as “soffritto”.
T268 37444-37548 Sentence denotes Nutritional status is an important form of protection against the emergence of new viral pathogens [47].
T269 37549-37723 Sentence denotes Therefore, a correct diet rich in nutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as that suitable for MD, helps to reduce virulence of SARS-Cov-2 [48, 49].
T270 37724-37873 Sentence denotes An inadequate intake of Mediterranean foods exposes the whole population to specific oxidative damage [28], and, thus, to susceptibility to COVID-19.
T271 37874-38237 Sentence denotes Our results comfort that the inflammation and oxidative damage, dependent on the consumption of junk and ultra-processed food, in the postprandial period contribute significantly to a greater susceptibility to develop chronic diseases that cannot be communicated, whereas the consumption of seasonal foods and foods rich in antioxidants is highly protective [50].
T272 38238-38378 Sentence denotes The main limitation of the present study is represented by a self-reported questionnaire, which may lead to the actual misreporting of data.
T273 38379-38460 Sentence denotes However, our web-survey was similar to others that have been frequently employed.
T274 38461-38646 Sentence denotes A strength of our study was represented by the fact that the survey was conducted quickly in the most critical period of the epidemic in Italy, less than three weeks after the lockdown.
T275 38648-38659 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T276 38660-38844 Sentence denotes In this study, we have provided for the first time data on the Italian population lifestyle, eating habits and adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern during the COVID-19 lockdown.
T277 38845-39039 Sentence denotes The perception of weight gain was observed in 48.6% of the population, whereas a slight increased physical activity has been reported in 38.3% of respondents, especially for bodyweight training.
T278 39040-39193 Sentence denotes Interestingly, the population group aged 18–30 years resulted to have a higher adherence to the MD when compared to the younger and the elder population.
T279 39194-39369 Sentence denotes Moreover, 15% of respondents turned to farmers or organic purchasing groups for fruit and vegetables, especially in the North and Center of Italy, where BMI values were lower.
T280 39370-39439 Sentence denotes Another positive result is the percentage reduction in smokers by 3%.
T281 39440-39575 Sentence denotes However, as the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, our data need to be confirmed and investigated in future larger population studies.
T282 39577-39602 Sentence denotes Supplementary information
T283 39603-39621 Sentence denotes Additional file 1.
T284 39622-39632 Sentence denotes Figure S1.
T285 39633-39720 Sentence denotes Geographical distribution of COVID-19 total positive cases in Italy on April 24th 2020.
T286 39721-39773 Sentence denotes Data derived from the Health Ministry of Italy [51].

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1698-1709 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T2 5115-5122 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T3 5127-5150 Phenotype denotes cardiovascular diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001626
T4 6823-6841 Phenotype denotes sleep disturbances http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002360
T5 6846-6853 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T6 7834-7841 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T7 7935-7942 Phenotype denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T8 8117-8124 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T9 8486-8498 Phenotype denotes lung disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002088
T10 8539-8553 Phenotype denotes cytokine storm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041
T11 8581-8601 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T12 8729-8736 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T13 9121-9137 Phenotype denotes oxidative stress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025464
T14 9246-9252 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T15 9553-9559 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T16 9962-9969 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T17 9978-9995 Phenotype denotes diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T18 10021-10027 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T19 10029-10048 Phenotype denotes Alzheimer’s disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002511
T20 10050-10060 Phenotype denotes depression http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000716
T21 10066-10081 Phenotype denotes Crohn’s disease http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0100280
T22 19434-19452 Phenotype denotes increased appetite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002591
T23 19916-19934 Phenotype denotes increased appetite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002591
T24 21990-22001 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T25 22695-22706 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T26 25488-25498 Phenotype denotes overweight http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025502
T27 31643-31661 Phenotype denotes increased appetite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002591
T28 31768-31779 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T29 32246-32266 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T30 33867-33874 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T31 34410-34417 Phenotype denotes Obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T32 34628-34646 Phenotype denotes insulin resistance http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000855
T33 34658-34675 Phenotype denotes diabetes mellitus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000819
T34 34677-34689 Phenotype denotes dyslipidemia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003119
T35 34694-34706 Phenotype denotes hypertension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000822
T36 35116-35123 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T37 35202-35221 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T38 35251-35258 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T39 35318-35325 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T40 35562-35573 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T41 35634-35645 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T42 35960-35971 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324
T43 36618-36625 Phenotype denotes obesity http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001513
T44 38863-38874 Phenotype denotes weight gain http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0004324

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32513197-32264813-65236874 3644-3645 32264813 denotes 4
32513197-32264813-65236875 3860-3861 32264813 denotes 4
32513197-25883579-65236876 4592-4593 25883579 denotes 6
32513197-25657636-65236877 4813-4814 25657636 denotes 8
32513197-28375878-65236878 4956-4957 28375878 denotes 9
32513197-33031502-65236879 5283-5285 33031502 denotes 10
32513197-32353356-65236880 5287-5289 32353356 denotes 11
32513197-32240766-65236881 5785-5787 32240766 denotes 13
32513197-25225489-65236882 6228-6230 25225489 denotes 16
32513197-25447018-65236883 6385-6387 25447018 denotes 17
32513197-25903253-65236884 6389-6391 25903253 denotes 18
32513197-30335476-65236885 7002-7004 30335476 denotes 19
32513197-31970714-65236886 7006-7008 31970714 denotes 20
32513197-32422280-65236887 7497-7499 32422280 denotes 22
32513197-15960861-65236888 8052-8054 15960861 denotes 25
32513197-32237206-65236889 8397-8399 32237206 denotes 26
32513197-32353356-65236890 8639-8641 32353356 denotes 11
32513197-32353356-65236891 8925-8927 32353356 denotes 11
32513197-27709360-65236892 9288-9290 27709360 denotes 28
32513197-29558948-65236893 9819-9821 29558948 denotes 29
32513197-29558948-65236894 10083-10085 29558948 denotes 29
32513197-32398223-65236895 10087-10089 32398223 denotes 30
32513197-21508208-65236896 12834-12836 21508208 denotes 33
32513197-21508208-65236897 13471-13473 21508208 denotes 33
32513197-19785688-65236898 33956-33958 19785688 denotes 39
32513197-30803504-65236899 34245-34247 30803504 denotes 41
32513197-31118060-65236900 34553-34555 31118060 denotes 42
32513197-26354800-65236901 34938-34940 26354800 denotes 43
32513197-32353356-65236902 35032-35034 32353356 denotes 11
32513197-31864969-65236903 36004-36006 31864969 denotes 44
32513197-26449854-65236904 36627-36629 26449854 denotes 46
32513197-15337163-65236905 37544-37546 15337163 denotes 47
32513197-32286533-65236906 37719-37721 32286533 denotes 49
32513197-27709360-65236907 37827-37829 27709360 denotes 28
32513197-28429343-65236908 38233-38235 28429343 denotes 50