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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 172-185 Chemical denotes NaCl solution
3 274-287 Chemical denotes NaCl solution
5 372-376 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
7 464-468 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
17 731-741 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
18 1314-1318 Species denotes Quan Tax:1172644
19 1696-1710 Species denotes COVID-19 virus Tax:2697049
20 1329-1333 Chemical denotes salt MESH:D012492
21 1593-1597 Chemical denotes salt MESH:D012492
22 743-751 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
23 918-926 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
24 976-982 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
25 1117-1125 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
33 2539-2549 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
34 4540-4548 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
35 2551-2559 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
36 2743-2751 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
37 2783-2789 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
38 4220-4228 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
39 4398-4406 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
42 5552-5556 Species denotes Quan Tax:1172644
43 5611-5615 Chemical denotes salt MESH:D012492
50 5964-5971 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
51 6132-6139 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
52 6451-6458 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
53 6730-6737 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
54 6000-6008 Chemical denotes LB broth
55 6632-6640 Chemical denotes LB broth
58 6846-6853 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
59 6882-6890 Chemical denotes LB broth
61 7517-7520 Chemical denotes OMV
63 7987-7990 Chemical denotes PBS MESH:D007854
74 8706-8710 Species denotes Quan Tax:1172644
75 8770-8774 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
76 8777-8784 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
77 8807-8811 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
78 8930-8935 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
79 9000-9004 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
80 9082-9089 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
81 9193-9197 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
82 9264-9271 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
83 9292-9296 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
85 10839-10847 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
89 11081-11088 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
90 10866-10874 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
91 11017-11025 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
94 12723-12727 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
95 12732-12739 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
108 14273-14277 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
109 14280-14287 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
110 14394-14398 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
111 14401-14408 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
118 12812-12816 Species denotes Quan Tax:1172644
119 12903-12907 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
120 12909-12916 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
121 12941-12946 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
122 13384-13388 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
123 13391-13398 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
125 14847-14851 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
129 16247-16251 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
130 16334-16347 Chemical denotes NaCl solution
131 16500-16513 Chemical denotes NaCl solution
152 18568-18575 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
153 17036-17040 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
154 17043-17050 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
155 17055-17059 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
156 17261-17265 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
157 17268-17273 Chemical denotes Tween MESH:D011136
158 17306-17310 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
159 17473-17477 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
160 17480-17485 Chemical denotes Tween MESH:D011136
161 17518-17522 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
162 17663-17667 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
163 17670-17675 Chemical denotes Tween MESH:D011136
164 17708-17712 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
165 18034-18038 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
166 18041-18046 Chemical denotes Tween MESH:D011136
167 18079-18083 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
168 18424-18428 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
169 18431-18436 Chemical denotes Tween MESH:D011136
170 18465-18469 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
171 18681-18689 Chemical denotes LB media
185 14915-14929 Chemical denotes Polysorbate 20 MESH:D011136
186 14960-14967 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
187 14974-15004 Chemical denotes polyoxyethylene sorbitol ester
188 15198-15205 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
189 15310-15315 Chemical denotes NaCl- MESH:D012965
190 15726-15733 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
191 15747-15751 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
192 15841-15848 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
193 15901-15905 Chemical denotes salt MESH:D012492
194 15959-15963 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
195 16069-16073 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
196 16078-16085 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
197 16108-16112 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
202 19044-19051 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
203 19226-19230 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
204 19233-19240 Chemical denotes TWEEN20 MESH:D011136
205 19257-19262 Chemical denotes NaCl- MESH:D012965
207 21406-21410 Chemical denotes salt MESH:D012492
212 22197-22204 Gene denotes BSL 3/4
213 22119-22129 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
214 21944-21949 Chemical denotes sugar MESH:D000073893
215 22017-22021 Chemical denotes NaCl MESH:D012965
219 22359-22365 Species denotes people Tax:9606
220 22552-22558 Species denotes people Tax:9606
221 22570-22578 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 5957-5962 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T2 6207-6211 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T3 6839-6844 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T4 6970-6975 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T5 7198-7202 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T6 7425-7432 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T7 7604-7617 Body_part denotes Cell Membrane http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63841
T8 7604-7608 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T9 9440-9444 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T10 11228-11233 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T11 15209-15213 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T12 21944-21949 Body_part denotes sugar http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 7076-7080 Body_part denotes pore http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008915
T2 7155-7159 Body_part denotes pore http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008915
T3 8174-8178 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T4 9440-9444 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T5 15209-15213 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 731-735 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T2 743-751 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 918-926 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 1117-1125 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 1696-1704 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 1905-1913 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 2425-2433 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 2539-2543 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 2551-2559 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T10 2743-2751 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 4220-4228 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 4398-4406 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 5704-5707 Disease denotes flu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T14 6076-6078 Disease denotes OD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0017178
T15 6941-6943 Disease denotes OD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0017178
T16 10839-10847 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T17 10866-10874 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T18 11017-11025 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 12980-12983 Disease denotes flu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T20 22119-22123 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T21 22570-22578 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 452-453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 663-672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes Objective
T3 753-756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T4 764-765 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 943-946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T6 1222-1223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 1294-1295 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T8 1327-1328 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 1357-1360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T10 1439-1440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1529-1535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T12 1563-1564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T13 1591-1592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 1616-1617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15 1626-1630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T16 1705-1710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T17 1829-1830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 1914-1919 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T19 1978-1979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 2065-2066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 2191-2192 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 2561-2564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T23 2591-2592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 2641-2653 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T25 2827-2839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T26 2840-2843 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T27 3868-3869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 4029-4030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29 4614-4616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T30 4882-4883 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 5090-5091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 5137-5144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T33 5218-5219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 5578-5584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T35 5585-5586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 5708-5713 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T37 5761-5762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 5948-5956 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T39 5957-5962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T40 6207-6211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T41 6435-6436 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 6511-6517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T43 6606-6611 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tubes
T44 6796-6804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T45 6830-6838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T46 6839-6844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T47 6961-6975 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000010 denotes cultured cells
T48 7023-7027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4 °C
T49 7066-7067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 7145-7146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51 7186-7194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T52 7198-7202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T53 7604-7608 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes Cell
T54 7609-7617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes Membrane
T55 7618-7623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Label
T56 7778-7784 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes Device
T57 7795-7802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T58 7838-7844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T59 7925-7931 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T60 8095-8102 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T61 8124-8130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T62 8136-8142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T63 8161-8162 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T64 8174-8178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T65 8252-8259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Labeled
T66 8400-8406 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T67 8524-8525 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68 8655-8661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T69 8663-8664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70 8828-8830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009141 denotes St
T71 8828-8830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050980 denotes St
T72 8839-8841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes MO
T73 8859-8860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T74 9351-9357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T75 9633-9634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 9717-9724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T77 9811-9812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T78 9924-9925 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79 10045-10052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T80 10535-10542 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T81 10629-10630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T82 10858-10865 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T83 10875-10878 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T84 10926-10930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T85 11228-11233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T86 11260-11264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T87 11292-11293 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88 11329-11335 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T89 11432-11433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T90 11511-11515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T91 11533-11534 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92 11596-11597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 11854-11855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T94 11886-11894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test its
T95 11974-11975 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T96 12091-12092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 12120-12126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T98 12137-12141 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001550 denotes a 10
T99 12275-12276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T100 12337-12344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T101 12362-12363 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T102 12391-12392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T103 12408-12411 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002755 denotes D-F
T104 12469-12474 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T105 12548-12554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T106 12879-12880 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 12984-12991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T108 13374-13375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T109 13814-13815 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T110 13887-13894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T111 13912-13913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T112 13941-13942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T113 13958-13961 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002755 denotes D-F
T114 14019-14024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T115 14098-14104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T116 14389-14390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T117 14462-14469 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T118 14487-14488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T119 14516-14517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T120 14533-14536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002755 denotes D-F
T121 14591-14596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T122 14670-14676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T123 14972-14973 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 15249-15253 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T125 15760-15761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T126 15867-15868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T127 16038-16039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T128 16175-16176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T129 16272-16273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T130 16325-16326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T131 16331-16332 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T132 16401-16408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T133 16426-16427 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T134 16458-16464 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001550 denotes (A) 10
T135 16478-16479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T136 16567-16574 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T137 16592-16593 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T138 16642-16647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002668 denotes (D) 2
T139 16695-16700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T140 16774-16780 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T141 17081-17082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T142 17210-17211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T143 17237-17238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T144 17379-17386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T145 17404-17405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 17449-17450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T147 17591-17598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T148 17616-17617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T149 17781-17788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T150 17806-17807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T151 18001-18002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T152 18152-18159 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T153 18177-18178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T154 18371-18372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T155 18720-18727 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052947 denotes P < .01
T156 18857-18864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T157 18933-18941 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T158 19034-19035 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T159 19393-19401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T160 19532-19533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 19667-19668 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T162 19986-19987 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T163 20174-20180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T164 20213-20217 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T165 20279-20280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T166 20298-20299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T167 20422-20423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T168 20776-20777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T169 20916-20917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T170 21673-21679 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T171 22112-22113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T172 22195-22196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T173 22201-22204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3/4
T174 22402-22408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T175 22473-22474 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 172-176 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T2 177-185 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T3 274-278 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T4 279-287 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T5 372-376 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T6 464-468 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T7 1329-1333 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T9 1593-1597 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T11 1604-1612 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T12 1659-1672 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T13 1802-1806 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T15 1813-1821 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T16 1868-1881 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T17 2007-2015 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T18 2027-2031 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T20 2041-2049 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T21 3503-3511 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T22 5203-5208 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T23 5611-5615 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T25 5622-5630 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T26 6251-6253 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T29 7425-7432 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T30 8750-8758 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T31 8785-8793 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T32 8807-8811 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T33 8930-8935 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T34 8942-8949 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T35 9000-9004 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T36 9036-9044 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T37 9175-9183 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T38 9193-9197 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T39 9203-9211 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T40 9292-9296 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T41 9327-9335 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T42 9381-9389 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T43 9725-9738 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T44 10025-10033 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T45 10053-10066 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T46 10543-10556 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T47 10806-10819 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T48 11030-11043 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T49 11200-11217 Chemical denotes virulence factors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_72316
T50 11917-11930 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T51 12259-12272 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T52 12345-12358 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T53 12513-12526 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T54 12723-12727 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T55 12740-12748 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T56 12789-12802 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T57 12881-12889 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T58 12903-12907 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T59 12941-12946 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T60 13399-13407 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T61 13474-13487 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T62 13746-13754 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T63 13798-13811 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T64 13834-13842 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T65 13895-13908 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T66 14063-14076 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T67 14288-14296 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T68 14340-14353 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T69 14409-14417 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T70 14470-14483 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T71 14635-14648 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T72 14847-14851 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T73 14857-14865 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T74 14901-14914 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T75 14915-14929 Chemical denotes Polysorbate 20 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53424
T76 14915-14926 Chemical denotes Polysorbate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53425
T77 14974-14989 Chemical denotes polyoxyethylene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46793
T78 14999-15004 Chemical denotes ester http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35701
T79 15009-15028 Chemical denotes nonionic surfactant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38828
T80 15018-15028 Chemical denotes surfactant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35195
T81 15100-15108 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T82 15310-15314 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T83 15320-15328 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T84 15476-15488 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T85 15578-15591 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T86 15747-15751 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T87 15826-15839 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T88 15901-15905 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T90 15959-15963 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T91 16057-16065 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T92 16069-16073 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T93 16108-16112 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T94 16118-16126 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T95 16247-16251 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T96 16257-16265 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T97 16309-16322 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T98 16334-16338 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T99 16339-16347 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T100 16409-16422 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T101 16500-16504 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T102 16505-16513 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T103 16575-16588 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T104 16739-16752 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T105 17055-17059 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T106 17065-17073 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T107 17132-17145 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T108 17274-17282 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T109 17306-17310 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T110 17316-17324 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T111 17387-17400 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T112 17486-17494 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T113 17518-17522 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T114 17528-17536 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T115 17599-17612 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T116 17676-17684 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T117 17708-17712 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T118 17718-17726 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T119 17789-17802 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T120 17984-17997 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T121 18047-18055 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T122 18079-18083 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T123 18089-18097 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T124 18160-18173 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T125 18354-18367 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T126 18437-18445 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T127 18465-18469 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T128 18475-18483 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T129 18704-18706 Chemical denotes SD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74807
T130 18822-18835 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T131 19241-19249 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T132 19257-19261 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T133 19267-19275 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T134 19341-19349 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T135 19900-19911 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T136 20163-20168 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T137 21406-21410 Chemical denotes salt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24866|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710
T139 21416-21424 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T140 21493-21501 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T141 21582-21590 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T142 21857-21865 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T143 22017-22021 Chemical denotes NaCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26710

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 6720-6726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T2 11200-11209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T3 11200-11209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T4 18622-18628 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T5 18740-18746 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T6 19110-19116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-118 Sentence denotes Pretreated household materials carry similar filtration protection against pathogens when compared with surgical masks
T2 120-130 Sentence denotes Highlights
T3 131-232 Sentence denotes • Household paper towel pretreated with NaCl solution prevents penetration of viral-sized particles.
T4 233-318 Sentence denotes • Household paper towel pretreated with NaCl solution displays bactericidal effects.
T5 319-429 Sentence denotes • Similar efficiency of protection is found between NaCl treated paper towel and medical grade surgical mask.
T6 430-652 Sentence denotes • In the scenario of a pandemic, NaCl treated household paper towel can potentially be used as an inexpensive and convenient material to add additional protection to homemade masks, surgical masks, and/or N95 respirators.
T7 654-662 Sentence denotes Abstract
T8 663-672 Sentence denotes Objective
T9 673-861 Sentence denotes The past 4 months, the emergence and spread of novel 2019 SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) has led to a global pandemic which is rapidly depleting supplies of personal protective equipment worldwide.
T10 862-983 Sentence denotes There are currently over 1.6 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide which has resulted in more the 100,000 deaths.
T11 984-1110 Sentence denotes As these numbers grow daily, hospitals are being forced to reuse surgical masks in hopes of conserving their dwindling supply.
T12 1111-1275 Sentence denotes Since COVID-19 will most likely have effects that last for many months, our nationwide shortage of masks poses a long term issue that must be addressed immediately.
T13 1277-1284 Sentence denotes Methods
T14 1285-1427 Sentence denotes Based on a previous study by Quan et al., a salt-based soaking strategy has been reported to enhance the filtration ability of surgical masks.
T15 1428-1525 Sentence denotes We propose a similar soaking process which uses materials widely available in anyone's household.
T16 1526-1711 Sentence denotes We tested this method of pretreating a variety of materials with a salt-based solution by a droplet test using fluorescently stained nanoparticles similar in size to the COVID-19 virus.
T17 1713-1720 Sentence denotes Results
T18 1721-1920 Sentence denotes In this study, we found that paper towels and surgical masks pretreated with the salt-based solution showed a noticeable increase in filtration of nanoparticles similar in size to the COVID-19 virus.
T19 1921-2110 Sentence denotes We also show that the TWEEN20 used by Quan et al. is not a critical component for the solution, and using salt alone in solution still provides a dramatically increased level of protection.
T20 2112-2123 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T21 2124-2317 Sentence denotes We believe this method will allow for healthcare workers to create a disposable added layer of protection to their surgical masks, N95s, or homemade masks by using household available products.
T22 2318-2490 Sentence denotes Adoption of this method may play an essential role in ensuring the safety of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and any pandemics that may arise in the future.
T23 2492-2502 Sentence denotes Background
T24 2503-3475 Sentence denotes Since December 2019, the novel 2019 SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread leading to a global pandemic.1 According to the World Health Organization, globally, as of April 14, 2020, there are been more than 1.6 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 100,000 reported deaths.2 During this time, the World Health Organization has called upon industry to increase production of PPE equipment by 40% to relieve the shortage that is currently putting healthcare providers worldwide at risk of contracting the illness.3 Despite manufacturers working at full capacity to make masks, production across the country is unable to match the number of disposable masks needed each day.4 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently released guidelines advising the public to wear masks in public settings, such as supermarkets, where following social distancing may be more difficult.5 Therefore, the need for masks in the community is robust and cannot be met.
T25 3476-3799 Sentence denotes However, there is no quick solution and relying on foreign countries to manufacture personal protective equipment (PPE) for the US raises significant risk for national safety and financial burden.6 It is not practical to increase mask manufacturing in the US as the needs of PPE is not consistent each year, its periodical.
T26 3800-4845 Sentence denotes In addition to this, the current disruption in transportation poses a problem for the distribution of masks and other PPE.7 As supply rapidly dwindles, hospitals have begun requiring their workers to reuse their masks throughout a shift, leading to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention releasing recommended guidance on the reuse of N95s and surgical masks.8 Providers are now at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 because these masks are made for 1 time use and offer inferior protection when reused.9 New York hospitals have reported growing numbers of hospital workers contracting COVID-19, and many dying from the illness.10 As more hospital employees fall ill and cannot work, hospital's capacity to accept and treat new patients severely decreases which puts the public at an even greater risk.11 Some have begun making homemade masks to wear over their reused surgical mask in hopes it will make them effective for longer,12 however no studies have confirmed if this, or if the reuse of N95s and surgical masks is effective.
T27 4846-5000 Sentence denotes Therefore, our thoughts are to find a material that is used in daily life, is cheap, and can easily be transformed into an effective PPE usable by anyone.
T28 5001-5198 Sentence denotes The overall purpose of this work is to compare and analyze the efficacy of protection by a variety of household materials, specifically testing both viral particle penetration and pathogen killing.
T29 5199-5425 Sentence denotes Our group proposes a simple concept for healthcare providers to adopt which enables them to make their own extra layer of protection that will increase the strength and effectiveness of reused surgical masks and non-N95 masks.
T30 5426-5539 Sentence denotes This material can also add an additional layer outside of an N-95 mask in order to preserve it for multiple uses.
T31 5540-5893 Sentence denotes Previously, Quan et al. described and tested a similar pretreatment of salt-based solution on the filter of surgical masks by exposing it to various strains of the flu virus.8 Our report advances this approach by finding a readily available household material which can be used, simplifying the protocol, and making it easily replaceable and disposable.
T32 5895-5916 Sentence denotes Materials and Methods
T33 5918-5947 Sentence denotes E. coli culture and treatment
T34 5948-6092 Sentence denotes Bacteria cells (E. coli) were cultured overnight in LB broth at 37 °C with shaking (180 rpm) until the desired optical density (OD) was reached.
T35 6093-6255 Sentence denotes For treatment of filter materials with E. coli, first, filter paper was cut into small squares to fit into 150 mm cell culture dishes (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA).
T36 6256-6396 Sentence denotes One filter paper was added to each culture dish, and one square of control or treated filter material was placed on top of the filter paper.
T37 6397-6476 Sentence denotes Each sample material was treated with a 50 μL drop of E. coli (1 × 107 CFU/mL).
T38 6477-6697 Sentence denotes After 1.5 hours of treatment, the tested filter material was removed and the remaining filter papers were placed in 50 mL sample tubes containing 10 mL of LB broth to incubate for 8 hours at 37 °C with shaking (180 rpm).
T39 6698-6788 Sentence denotes Following incubation, growth of E. coli was measured using an Implen OD600 DiluPhotometer.
T40 6790-6829 Sentence denotes Outer-membrane vesicles (OMV) isolation
T41 6830-6956 Sentence denotes Bacteria cells (E. coli) were cultured overnight in LB broth at 37 °C with shaking (180 rpm) until the desired OD was reached.
T42 6957-7028 Sentence denotes The cultured cells were pelleted twice at 5,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C.
T43 7029-7093 Sentence denotes The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm pore size filter.
T44 7094-7210 Sentence denotes This supernatant was then further filtered through a 0.22 μm pore size filter to remove any bacteria or cell debris.
T45 7211-7363 Sentence denotes The OMVs were purified from the filtered supernatant using ExoBacteria OMV Isolation Kits (SBI, Palo Alto, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
T46 7364-7458 Sentence denotes Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) was used to determine protein content of isolated OMVs.
T47 7459-7515 Sentence denotes The sample was aliquoted and stored at −80 °C until use.
T48 7517-7554 Sentence denotes OMV fluorescence staining and washing
T49 7555-7682 Sentence denotes OMVs were treated with 1 v/v% of Red Fluorescent Cell Membrane Label (MINI26-1KT, Sigma), incubated in the dark for 10 minutes.
T50 7683-7785 Sentence denotes The tagged OMVs were then concentrated and washed using an Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Device.
T51 7786-7932 Sentence denotes Briefly, labeled OMVs were pipetted into the filter device and centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 10 minutes to concentrate the OMVs within the device.
T52 7933-8035 Sentence denotes The concentrated OMVs then were washed with 500 μL of PBS and centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes.
T53 8036-8079 Sentence denotes This washing process was repeated 3x total.
T54 8080-8251 Sentence denotes To recover the labeled OMVs from the filter device, the device was inverted into a new sample tube provided by the manufacturer and centrifuged at 1,000 x g for 2 minutes.
T55 8252-8337 Sentence denotes Labeled OMVs were then diluted to the desired concentrations of 10 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL.
T56 8339-8378 Sentence denotes Preparation of treated filter materials
T57 8379-8581 Sentence denotes Three materials were tested: kitchen paper towel (Kirkland brand, Costco), laboratory paper towel (Scott C-Fold), and the middle filter layer of a standard surgical mask (VWR, Advanced Protection Mask).
T58 8582-8662 Sentence denotes For each time point, 2 samples were used for each of the three materials tested.
T59 8663-8936 Sentence denotes A modified version of the protocol used by Quan et al. was used to prepare the soaking solution.13 For the NaCl + TWEEN20 solution, 30 grams of NaCl (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was placed into a clean 500 mL beaker, followed by the addition of 100 mL of distilled water.
T60 8937-9045 Sentence denotes This mixture was stirred at 90 °C and 400 rpm until all of the NaCl was visibly dissolved into the solution.
T61 9046-9184 Sentence denotes The heat was turned off and 1 mL of TWEEN20 (Fisher Scientific) was stirred in at 400 rpm until completely incorporated into the solution.
T62 9185-9336 Sentence denotes For the NaCl only solution, the same protocol was followed as described but no TWEEN20 was added after the NaCl was completely dissolved into solution.
T63 9337-9481 Sentence denotes Each material tested was then soaked in the solution for 5 minutes while being simultaneously mixed by hand to be sure all surfaces were coated.
T64 9482-9593 Sentence denotes The soaked material was then removed and lightly squeezed to remove excess liquid dripping off of the material.
T65 9594-9688 Sentence denotes The soaked material was then placed on a flat surface and dried overnight at room temperature.
T66 9690-9738 Sentence denotes Treatment of material with labeled nanoparticles
T67 9739-9869 Sentence denotes After drying, materials were cut into small rectangles equal in size of a microscope slide, and placed on glass microscope slides.
T68 9870-10009 Sentence denotes To ensure complete contact with the microscope slide, a light book was placed on top of the slide for 1 hour to flatten the dried material.
T69 10010-10106 Sentence denotes Next, 20 μL of solution containing labeled nanoparticles was pipetted onto the material surface.
T70 10107-10199 Sentence denotes After 10 minutes or 2 hours of treatment the material was removed from the microscope slide.
T71 10200-10318 Sentence denotes In preliminary experiments, after 1.5 hours of treatment it was observed that the treated material was completely dry.
T72 10319-10500 Sentence denotes Therefore, our longest time point is 2 hours which we believe represents the maximum particle penetration possible using the volume and concentration of OMVs we used for this study.
T73 10501-10735 Sentence denotes To analyze the penetration of the labeled nanoparticles, immunofluorescence images were captured of each microscope slide using a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse TS100, Nikon) at × 10 magnification and analyzed using ImageJ software.
T74 10737-10744 Sentence denotes Results
T75 10746-10865 Sentence denotes Surgical masks do not adequately prevent the penetration of nanoparticles similar in size to COVID-19 and other viruses
T76 10866-11457 Sentence denotes COVID-19 has been reported to be 70-90 nm in diameter.14 To test the effectiveness of standard surgical masks in protecting against the penetration of COVID-19 and nanoparticles of similar size, OMVs harvested from E. coli were used because of their similarity in size (20-200 nm).15 , 16 Additionally, OMVs are also known to deliver virulence factors into host cells therefore it is useful to test their ability to penetrate a standard surgical mask.16 We first tested control (untreated) kitchen paper towel, laboratory paper towel, and the middle filter layer of a standard surgical mask.
T77 11458-11656 Sentence denotes The purpose of using 2 different paper towels was to test effects of using a thick, highly absorbent paper towel (kitchen paper towel) vs a thin, less absorbent paper towel (laboratory paper towel).
T78 11657-11820 Sentence denotes Given the nationwide shortage of PPE, hospitals have been urging providers to conserve the supply of N95 masks and instead reuse surgical masks for lengthy shifts.
T79 11821-11944 Sentence denotes Therefore, we believed including a surgical mask was critical to test its ability to filter out nanoparticles of this size.
T80 11945-12174 Sentence denotes We found all 3 materials did a poor job at filtering out OMVs when untreated (Fig 1 ) Most worrisome is the large amount of OMVs which penetrated a surgical masks filter when tested with only a 10 minute treatment (Fig 1C and F).
T81 12175-12428 Sentence denotes Fig 1 Untreated filters do not adequately protect providers from the penetration of nanoparticles. (A-F) Control (untreated) materials were treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (A-C) or 1 mg/mL (D-F) for 10 minutes.
T82 12429-12563 Sentence denotes An image was captured in the microscope field containing the highest penetration of nanoparticles, and each sample was tested 3 times.
T83 12564-12693 Sentence denotes The image included in the figure represents the closest level of average penetration determined by immunofluorescence microscopy.
T84 12695-12802 Sentence denotes Soaking filter materials in NaCl and TWEEN20 solution dramatically reduced the penetration of nanoparticles
T85 12803-13272 Sentence denotes In 2017, Quan et al. reported soaking the filter layer of surgical masks in a solution comprised of NaCl, TWEEN20, and filtered deionized water prevented penetration of various flu viruses while also deactivating it on the surface.13 Given the time-consuming and lack of practicality for this method to be used by providers themselves, we wanted to include household products in our study, specifically paper towels, to offer an alternative that may be more convenient.
T86 13273-13533 Sentence denotes Both the kitchen and laboratory paper towels, as well as the surgical mask filter, when presoaked in a similar NaCl + TWEEN20 solution and left to dry overnight dramatically blocked the penetration of nanoparticles after 10 minutes of treatment (Fig. 2 and 5).
T87 13534-13701 Sentence denotes The same effects were seen when the presoaked materials were treated for 2 hours (Fig. 3 and 5), which shows the durability and longevity of this method of filtration.
T88 13702-13978 Sentence denotes Fig 2 Materials treated with NaCl + TWEEN20 solution show dramatically decreased penetration of nanoparticles. (A-F) NaCl + TWEEN20 solution-soaked materials were treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (A-C) or 1 mg/mL (D-F) for 10 minutes.
T89 13979-14113 Sentence denotes An image was captured in the microscope field containing the highest penetration of nanoparticles, and each sample was tested 3 times.
T90 14114-14243 Sentence denotes The image included in the figure represents the closest level of average penetration determined by immunofluorescence microscopy.
T91 14244-14550 Sentence denotes Fig 3 Materials treated with NaCl + TWEEN20 solution show dramatically decreased penetration of nanoparticles after an extended treatment time. (A-F) NaCl + TWEEN20 solution-soaked materials were treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (A-C) or 1 mg/mL (D-F) for 2 hours.
T92 14551-14685 Sentence denotes An image was captured in the microscope field containing the highest penetration of nanoparticles, and each sample was tested 3 times.
T93 14686-14815 Sentence denotes The image included in the figure represents the closest level of average penetration determined by immunofluorescence microscopy.
T94 14817-14914 Sentence denotes Filter materials soaked in an NaCl-only solution can also reduce the penetration of nanoparticles
T95 14915-15138 Sentence denotes Polysorbate 20, commercially mostly known as TWEEN20, is a polyoxyethylene sorbitol ester and nonionic surfactant commonly found in the laboratory setting which is added to buffers and reagents used in immunohistochemistry.
T96 15139-15329 Sentence denotes Given the unlikeliness that most healthcare providers have TWEEN20 on hand or readily available, we wanted to test the effectiveness of soaking the filter materials in an NaCl-only solution.
T97 15330-15674 Sentence denotes We found that both the kitchen and laboratory paper towels, as well as the surgical mask filter, were notably effective at reducing the amount of nanoparticle penetration after 10 minute and 2 hour treatments (Fig 4, Fig 5 ) Interestingly, the few nanoparticles that penetrated the filter material in this method were relatively larger in size.
T98 15675-15840 Sentence denotes These results suggest that providers unable to use TWEEN20 can use just NaCl to make a filter themselves, at home, that will reduce the penetration of nanoparticles.
T99 15841-16008 Sentence denotes TWEEN20 most likely plays a role in evenly distributing the salt across the entire filter, preventing any gaps in the NaCl lattice that serves to filter out particles.
T100 16009-16204 Sentence denotes Although it is probable that a filter made with solution of NaCl and TWEEN20 is more effective, an NaCl only solution will still offer providers more protection than a normal surgical mask would.
T101 16205-16654 Sentence denotes Fig 4 Kitchen paper towel treated with an NaCl only solution shows a notable decrease in penetration of nanoparticles. (A and B) NaCl solution-soaked kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL for (A) 10 minutes and (B) 2 hours. (C and D) NaCl solution-soaked kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for (C) 10 minutes and (D) 2 hours.
T102 16655-16789 Sentence denotes An image was captured in the microscope field containing the highest penetration of nanoparticles, and each sample was tested 3 times.
T103 16790-16919 Sentence denotes The image included in the figure represents the closest level of average penetration determined by immunofluorescence microscopy.
T104 16920-16965 Sentence denotes Fig 5 Analysis of microscopy images captured.
T105 16966-17012 Sentence denotes Using ImageJ, microscopy images were analyzed.
T106 17013-17846 Sentence denotes Materials treated with NaCl + TWEEN20 and NaCl only solution showed a statistically significant reduced penetration of nanoparticles when compared to the control (untreated) middle filter layer of a standard surgical mask. (A) control (untreated), NaCl + Tween solution-treated materials, and NaCl only solution-treated kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL for 10 minutes. (B) control (untreated), NaCl + Tween solution-treated materials, and NaCl only solution-treated kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for 10 minutes. (C) NaCl + Tween solution-treated materials, and NaCl only solution-treated kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL for 2 hours.
T107 17847-18216 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis compares these results to the control (untreated) middle filter layer of surgical mask after 10 minute treatment of nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. (D) NaCl + Tween solution-treated materials, and NaCl only solution-treated kitchen paper towel was treated with 20 μL of labeled nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/mL for 2 hours.
T108 18217-18690 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis compares these results to the control (untreated) middle filter layer of surgical mask after 10 minute treatment of nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. (E) control (no filter), NaCl + Tween solution-treated materials, NaCl only solution-treated kitchen paper towel, and untreated filter materials were treated with 50 μL E. coli (1.7 × 107 CFU/mL) for 1.5 hours and relative growth density was measured after 8 hours in incubation in LB media.
T109 18691-18728 Sentence denotes Bars, mean ± SD; *P < .05, **P < .01.
T110 18730-18792 Sentence denotes Bacterial growth is inhibited by treatment of filter materials
T111 18793-18968 Sentence denotes In addition to filtering out nanoparticles in the size range of viruses, it's critical for an effective mask to also prevent penetration of bacteria, which are larger in size.
T112 18969-19157 Sentence denotes We found that after treating each presoaked filter material with a drop of E. coli for 1.5 hours there was an observed decrease in bacterial growth on the filter paper beneath it (Fig 5E).
T113 19158-19276 Sentence denotes This was observed after presoaking the filter materials in both the NaCl + TWEEN20 solution or the NaCl-only solution.
T114 19277-19410 Sentence denotes These results suggest presoaking the filter materials in either solution effectively prevents penetration of larger bacteria as well.
T115 19412-19422 Sentence denotes Discussion
T116 19423-19488 Sentence denotes The purpose of our study is not to replace surgical or N95 masks.
T117 19489-19809 Sentence denotes Our goal was to increase the protection of a surgical mask, add an additional layer outside of surgical and N95 masks to increase its lifespan, and give members of the community a convenient and economic option to increase the effectiveness of their home-made masks so surgical masks can be rationed for medical workers.
T118 19810-19868 Sentence denotes These potential applications are illustrated in Figure 6 .
T119 19869-19942 Sentence denotes Fig 6 Schema showing potential application of the pretreated paper towel.
T120 19943-20094 Sentence denotes Pretreated paper towel can be applied over a homemade mask, surgical mask, or N95 respirator to increase its filtration ability and lifespan for reuse.
T121 20095-20218 Sentence denotes Due to the urgency of addressing the shortage of PPE worldwide, our group only tested the filter materials by droplet test.
T122 20219-20375 Sentence denotes Our results suggest that after 10 minutes of treatment with a droplet there is a no notable dose-dependency effect on the efficacy of the pretreated filter.
T123 20376-20457 Sentence denotes At the 2 hour time point, there appears to be a slight effect on dose-dependency.
T124 20458-20669 Sentence denotes Therefore, we recommend healthcare professionals using this method to increase the effectiveness of their PPE be cautious past this time point and preferably replace their pretreated filter after 2 hours of use.
T125 20670-21082 Sentence denotes One study conducted at the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital found that kitchen paper towels have a similar layout of fibers as the filter layer in surgical masks, and that 2 paper towels stacked together have equal filtration ability as a surgical mask.17 Therefore, we believe this is one underlying mechanism for the similar efficacy between paper towels and surgical mask filters shown in this study.
T126 21083-21194 Sentence denotes In addition, small particles do not necessarily pass through the filter easier or faster than larger particles.
T127 21195-21425 Sentence denotes Small particles are lighter in weight and sometimes charged, which in addition to Brownian motion, may explain our results which showed that larger particles more easily penetrate the paper towel treated in the salt-only solution.
T128 21426-21539 Sentence denotes Future studies will be required to address the performance of this solution in the setting of aerosol and splash.
T129 21540-21698 Sentence denotes Also, it can be presumed that 2 layers of solution treated filter material will perform better than one, however this should also be tested in future studies.
T130 21699-21896 Sentence denotes In addition, the potential mechanism that leads to the increased efficacy is likely driven by osmotic pressure and future studies should examine images under electron microscopy to understand this.
T131 21897-22041 Sentence denotes It is unclear whether other substance, such as sugar which also generates osmotic pressure, can have the same effect as NaCl does in this study.
T132 22042-22081 Sentence denotes This can be studied in the future work.
T133 22082-22216 Sentence denotes Lastly, for definite results, a true SARS-Cov-2 viral particle should be used to repeat the above experiments in a BSL 3/4 laboratory.
T134 22218-22229 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T135 22230-22387 Sentence denotes In conclusion, we believe this method should be safe and convenient and can be adopted by healthcare professionals and community people during this pandemic.
T136 22388-22588 Sentence denotes Although only tested by droplet, the observed effects are significant and could play a critical role in ensuring the safety of our healthcare workers and community people during the COVID-19 pandemic.
T137 22590-22598 Sentence denotes Funding:
T138 22599-22767 Sentence denotes This work was supported by the 10.13039/100000009National Institutes of Health (R01 GM127596 to Y.J., R33AI121644 to Y.J., R01HL142758 to Y.J. and R01GM111313 to Y.J.).
T139 22768-22799 Sentence denotes Funding for open access charge:
T140 22800-22830 Sentence denotes National Institutes of Health.
T141 22831-22853 Sentence denotes Conflicts of interest:
T142 22854-22869 Sentence denotes None to report.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32464294-32149036-2061816 10920-10922 32149036 denotes 14
32464294-30369908-2061817 11147-11149 30369908 denotes 15
32464294-26373371-2061818 11152-11154 26373371 denotes 16
32464294-26373371-2061819 11317-11319 26373371 denotes 16