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PMC:7253482 / 14484-15383 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
537 184-191 Chemical denotes glycans MESH:D011134
538 393-397 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
539 402-406 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T87 41-51 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T88 66-74 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T89 294-304 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T90 375-379 Body_part denotes gene http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402
T91 554-564 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T92 815-820 Body_part denotes helix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma60992

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T4 815-820 Body_part denotes helix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002488

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T54 393-397 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T86 41-60 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33708 denotes amino-acid residues
T87 41-60 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000036907 denotes amino-acid residues
T88 324-325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T89 375-379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes gene
T90 741-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008922 denotes S2
T91 741-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050052 denotes S2
T92 771-778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T164 21-28 Chemical denotes solvent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46787
T165 41-60 Chemical denotes amino-acid residues http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33708
T166 41-46 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T167 47-51 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T168 66-74 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T169 184-191 Chemical denotes glycans http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18154
T170 294-299 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T171 300-304 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T172 554-559 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T173 560-564 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T174 741-743 Chemical denotes S2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29387
T175 771-778 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670

LitCovid-sample-MedDRA

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue meddra_id
T4 375-389 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891 denotes gene sequences http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10069604
T5 618-641 http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891 denotes neutralizing antibodies http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10058063

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T39 228-232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531 denotes host
T40 233-249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune responses
T41 866-876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000034 denotes functional

LitCovid-sample-Enju

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T65633 0-2 PRP denotes We
T71210 3-15 VBD denotes hypothesized
T65773 16-20 IN denotes that
T55109 21-39 JJ denotes solvent-accessible
T1585 39-40 -COMMA- denotes ,
T39672 41-51 JJ denotes amino-acid
T20594 52-60 NNS denotes residues
T55010 61-63 IN denotes on
T92344 64-65 NN denotes S
T27449 66-74 NNS denotes proteins
T7753 75-80 MD denotes would
T87805 81-83 VB denotes be
T76109 84-94 VBG denotes undergoing
T49022 95-101 JJR denotes higher
T38215 102-107 NNS denotes rates
T48007 108-110 IN denotes of
T86087 111-120 NNS denotes mutations
T52952 121-129 VBN denotes compared
T99241 130-134 IN denotes with
T30950 135-141 JJ denotes buried
T25052 142-150 NNS denotes residues
T46492 151-154 CC denotes and
T57528 155-162 NNS denotes regions
T50177 163-167 WDT denotes that
T46892 168-171 VBP denotes are
T25102 172-180 VBN denotes occluded
T44481 181-183 IN denotes by
T18790 184-191 NNS denotes glycans
T48178 191-192 -COMMA- denotes ,
T59110 193-198 WDT denotes which
T61432 199-202 VBP denotes are
T59632 203-209 JJ denotes unable
T87545 210-212 TO denotes to
T66630 213-215 VB denotes be
T30435 216-224 VBN denotes targeted
T87263 225-227 IN denotes by
T84547 228-232 NN denotes host
T42560 233-239 JJ denotes immune
T4934 240-249 NNS denotes responses
T73202 251-253 TO denotes To
T86654 254-258 DT denotes that
T62840 259-262 NN denotes end
T60967 262-263 -COMMA- denotes ,
T58857 264-266 PRP denotes we
T3483 267-276 VBD denotes performed
T44308 277-279 DT denotes an
T42487 280-290 NN denotes evaluation
T38057 291-293 IN denotes of
T40313 294-304 JJ denotes amino-acid
T79756 305-320 NN denotes diversification
T74853 321-323 IN denotes on
T83914 324-325 DT denotes a
T53700 326-342 JJ denotes residue-specific
T63979 343-348 NN denotes level
T62380 348-349 -COMMA- denotes ,
T6148 350-355 VBG denotes using
T77953 356-364 RB denotes publicly
T27779 365-374 JJ denotes available
T83161 375-379 NN denotes gene
T25304 380-389 NNS denotes sequences
T83245 390-392 IN denotes of
T52371 393-397 NNP denotes SARS
T61083 398-401 CC denotes and
T72419 402-406 NNP denotes MERS
T42372 407-408 NNP denotes S
T3167 408-409 -COMMA- denotes ,
T70472 410-415 WDT denotes which
T16556 416-419 VBD denotes was
T69286 420-430 VBN denotes calculated
T52989 431-433 IN denotes as
T29326 434-437 DT denotes the
T41479 438-444 NN denotes number
T1834 445-447 IN denotes of
T51205 448-456 VBN denotes observed
T91746 457-465 JJ denotes pairwise
T46357 466-477 NNS denotes differences
T17558 478-485 VBN denotes divided
T41351 486-488 IN denotes by
T50799 489-492 DT denotes the
T28579 493-498 JJ denotes total
T58945 499-505 NN denotes number
T84292 506-508 IN denotes of
T34101 509-517 JJ denotes pairwise
T94055 518-529 NNS denotes comparisons
T18701 531-538 RB denotes Firstly
T74266 538-539 -COMMA- denotes ,
T36827 540-542 PRP denotes we
T39186 543-548 VBD denotes found
T6773 549-553 IN denotes that
T13224 554-564 JJ denotes amino-acid
T54008 565-574 NN denotes diversity
T35302 575-578 VBD denotes was
T93591 579-587 VBN denotes elevated
T90961 588-590 IN denotes at
T69090 591-596 VBN denotes known
T86793 597-605 NNS denotes epitopes
T61088 606-614 VBN denotes targeted
T53019 615-617 IN denotes by
T30461 618-630 VBG denotes neutralizing
T32200 631-641 NNS denotes antibodies
T83554 641-642 -COMMA- denotes ,
T32640 643-647 JJ denotes such
T51281 648-650 IN denotes as
T69890 651-654 DT denotes the
T83248 655-665 JJ denotes N-terminal
T49099 666-672 NN denotes domain
T58919 673-676 CC denotes and
T18721 677-680 DT denotes the
T18570 681-697 JJ denotes receptor-binding
T60790 698-705 NNS denotes domains
T18812 705-706 -COMMA- denotes ,
T96660 707-710 CC denotes and
T11216 711-718 VBN denotes reduced
T27277 719-721 IN denotes in
T89562 722-725 DT denotes the
T7777 726-733 NNS denotes regions
T23472 734-736 IN denotes in
T66095 737-740 DT denotes the
T52990 741-743 NN denotes S2
T69246 744-750 NN denotes domain
T76095 750-751 -COMMA- denotes ,
T33023 752-756 JJ denotes such
T94778 757-759 IN denotes as
T12698 760-763 DT denotes the
T82633 764-770 NN denotes fusion
T75213 771-778 NN denotes peptide
T29294 778-779 -COMMA- denotes ,
T28968 780-786 NN denotes heptad
T29760 787-793 NN denotes repeat
T53742 794-797 CD denotes one
T18725 797-798 -COMMA- denotes ,
T43420 799-802 CC denotes and
T34460 803-806 DT denotes the
T26621 807-814 JJ denotes central
T91466 815-820 NN denotes helix
T93319 821-828 NNS denotes domains
T88231 828-829 -COMMA- denotes ,
T49934 830-835 WDT denotes which
T23715 836-839 VBP denotes are
T33407 840-846 RB denotes likely
T88882 847-854 JJ denotes subject
T76117 855-857 TO denotes to
T4874 858-865 JJR denotes greater
T38302 866-876 JJ denotes functional
T99472 877-888 NNS denotes constraints
T34520 889-890 -LRB- denotes (
T48991 890-897 NN denotes Fig. 4a
T5319 897-898 -RRB- denotes )
R61681 T65633 T71210 arg1Of We,hypothesized
R96091 T76109 T71210 arg2Of undergoing,hypothesized
R22162 T76109 T65773 arg1Of undergoing,that
R85221 T20594 T55109 arg1Of residues,solvent-accessible
R72861 T55109 T1585 arg1Of solvent-accessible,","
R77034 T39672 T1585 arg2Of amino-acid,","
R36891 T20594 T39672 arg1Of residues,amino-acid
R40189 T20594 T55010 arg1Of residues,on
R95749 T27449 T55010 arg2Of proteins,on
R96156 T27449 T92344 arg1Of proteins,S
R72203 T20594 T7753 arg1Of residues,would
R54302 T76109 T7753 arg2Of undergoing,would
R95941 T20594 T87805 arg1Of residues,be
R17994 T76109 T87805 arg2Of undergoing,be
R16092 T20594 T76109 arg1Of residues,undergoing
R25200 T38215 T76109 arg2Of rates,undergoing
R60609 T38215 T49022 arg1Of rates,higher
R64991 T38215 T48007 arg1Of rates,of
R81741 T86087 T48007 arg2Of mutations,of
R95788 T76109 T52952 arg1Of undergoing,compared
R82820 T99241 T52952 arg2Of with,compared
R28386 T46492 T99241 arg2Of and,with
R5522 T46492 T30950 arg1Of and,buried
R56973 T25052 T46492 arg1Of residues,and
R46016 T57528 T46492 arg2Of regions,and
R56933 T46492 T50177 arg1Of and,that
R91100 T46492 T46892 arg1Of and,are
R37081 T25102 T46892 arg2Of occluded,are
R26107 T18790 T25102 arg1Of glycans,occluded
R81060 T46492 T25102 arg2Of and,occluded
R80658 T18790 T44481 arg2Of glycans,by
R29286 T46492 T48178 arg1Of and,","
R31717 T46492 T59110 arg1Of and,which
R31827 T46492 T61432 arg1Of and,are
R49061 T59632 T61432 arg2Of unable,are
R61595 T46492 T59632 arg1Of and,unable
R96524 T30435 T59632 arg2Of targeted,unable
R23177 T30435 T87545 arg1Of targeted,to
R28264 T46492 T66630 arg1Of and,be
R73473 T30435 T66630 arg2Of targeted,be
R65049 T4934 T30435 arg1Of responses,targeted
R86135 T46492 T30435 arg2Of and,targeted
R84142 T4934 T87263 arg2Of responses,by
R84767 T4934 T84547 arg1Of responses,host
R30852 T4934 T42560 arg1Of responses,immune
R28443 T3483 T73202 arg1Of performed,To
R94463 T62840 T73202 arg2Of end,To
R23741 T62840 T86654 arg1Of end,that
R3981 T3483 T60967 arg1Of performed,","
R77296 T58857 T3483 arg1Of we,performed
R90259 T42487 T3483 arg2Of evaluation,performed
R81192 T6148 T3483 arg3Of using,performed
R47190 T42487 T44308 arg1Of evaluation,an
R67380 T42487 T38057 arg1Of evaluation,of
R62100 T79756 T38057 arg2Of diversification,of
R57227 T79756 T40313 arg1Of diversification,amino-acid
R52418 T3483 T74853 arg1Of performed,on
R56816 T63979 T74853 arg2Of level,on
R76231 T63979 T83914 arg1Of level,a
R63756 T63979 T53700 arg1Of level,residue-specific
R8222 T3483 T62380 arg1Of performed,","
R72593 T58857 T6148 arg1Of we,using
R60366 T25304 T6148 arg2Of sequences,using
R1336 T27779 T77953 arg1Of available,publicly
R42703 T25304 T27779 arg1Of sequences,available
R15715 T25304 T83161 arg1Of sequences,gene
R2636 T25304 T83245 arg1Of sequences,of
R44596 T61083 T83245 arg2Of and,of
R23301 T52371 T61083 arg1Of SARS,and
R10199 T42372 T61083 arg2Of S,and
R71969 T42372 T72419 arg1Of S,MERS
R94608 T61083 T3167 arg1Of and,","
R42106 T61083 T70472 arg1Of and,which
R4990 T61083 T16556 arg1Of and,was
R6866 T69286 T16556 arg2Of calculated,was
R93854 T61083 T69286 arg2Of and,calculated
R21612 T69286 T52989 arg1Of calculated,as
R22989 T41479 T52989 arg2Of number,as
R24020 T41479 T29326 arg1Of number,the
R33105 T41479 T1834 arg1Of number,of
R21254 T46357 T1834 arg2Of differences,of
R98488 T46357 T51205 arg2Of differences,observed
R36620 T46357 T91746 arg1Of differences,pairwise
R6736 T58945 T17558 arg1Of number,divided
R51193 T46357 T17558 arg2Of differences,divided
R41505 T58945 T41351 arg2Of number,by
R58435 T58945 T50799 arg1Of number,the
R40241 T58945 T28579 arg1Of number,total
R44274 T58945 T84292 arg1Of number,of
R75794 T94055 T84292 arg2Of comparisons,of
R79922 T94055 T34101 arg1Of comparisons,pairwise
R54626 T39186 T18701 arg1Of found,Firstly
R55552 T39186 T74266 arg1Of found,","
R48506 T36827 T39186 arg1Of we,found
R85227 T93591 T39186 arg2Of elevated,found
R94248 T93591 T6773 arg1Of elevated,that
R56819 T54008 T13224 arg1Of diversity,amino-acid
R12367 T54008 T35302 arg1Of diversity,was
R36961 T93591 T35302 arg2Of elevated,was
R67157 T54008 T93591 arg2Of diversity,elevated
R98710 T93591 T90961 arg1Of elevated,at
R55146 T86793 T90961 arg2Of epitopes,at
R5883 T86793 T69090 arg2Of epitopes,known
R17754 T32200 T61088 arg1Of antibodies,targeted
R9367 T86793 T61088 arg2Of epitopes,targeted
R83504 T32200 T53019 arg2Of antibodies,by
R74212 T32200 T30461 arg1Of antibodies,neutralizing
R10411 T32200 T83554 arg1Of antibodies,","
R98281 T51281 T32640 arg1Of as,such
R81049 T32200 T51281 arg1Of antibodies,as
R6966 T58919 T51281 arg2Of and,as
R21530 T49099 T69890 arg1Of domain,the
R64448 T49099 T83248 arg1Of domain,N-terminal
R49770 T49099 T58919 arg1Of domain,and
R65608 T60790 T58919 arg2Of domains,and
R95057 T60790 T18721 arg1Of domains,the
R69352 T60790 T18570 arg1Of domains,receptor-binding
R16170 T96660 T18812 arg1Of and,","
R74990 T61088 T96660 arg1Of targeted,and
R8726 T11216 T96660 arg2Of reduced,and
R71690 T86793 T11216 arg2Of epitopes,reduced
R89891 T11216 T27277 arg1Of reduced,in
R47563 T7777 T27277 arg2Of regions,in
R49965 T7777 T89562 arg1Of regions,the
R85283 T7777 T23472 arg1Of regions,in
R56401 T69246 T23472 arg2Of domain,in
R32729 T69246 T66095 arg1Of domain,the
R3287 T69246 T52990 arg1Of domain,S2
R10516 T86793 T76095 arg1Of epitopes,","
R16608 T94778 T33023 arg1Of as,such
R96223 T86793 T94778 arg1Of epitopes,as
R16738 T43420 T94778 arg2Of and,as
R3992 T75213 T12698 arg1Of peptide,the
R20067 T75213 T82633 arg1Of peptide,fusion
R62161 T75213 T29294 arg1Of peptide,","
R83184 T29760 T29294 arg2Of repeat,","
R27719 T29760 T28968 arg1Of repeat,heptad
R49150 T29760 T53742 arg1Of repeat,one
R38048 T43420 T18725 arg1Of and,","
R84039 T75213 T43420 arg1Of peptide,and
R65597 T93319 T43420 arg2Of domains,and
R93652 T93319 T34460 arg1Of domains,the
R84393 T93319 T26621 arg1Of domains,central
R23746 T93319 T91466 arg1Of domains,helix
R18674 T93319 T88231 arg1Of domains,","
R28527 T93319 T49934 arg1Of domains,which
R95251 T93319 T23715 arg1Of domains,are
R68137 T88882 T23715 arg2Of subject,are
R82494 T88882 T33407 arg1Of subject,likely
R84782 T93319 T88882 arg1Of domains,subject
R15085 T88882 T76117 arg1Of subject,to
R84300 T99472 T76117 arg2Of constraints,to
R3107 T99472 T4874 arg1Of constraints,greater
R96110 T99472 T38302 arg1Of constraints,functional
R31642 T99472 T34520 arg1Of constraints,(
R75726 T48991 T34520 arg2Of Fig. 4a,(
R85323 T5319 T34520 arg3Of ),(

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T86 41-51 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T87 66-74 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T88 294-304 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T89 375-379 Body_part denotes gene http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402
T90 554-564 Body_part denotes amino-acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82739
T91 815-820 Body_part denotes helix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma60992

LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T122 41-60 Chemical denotes amino-acid residues http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33708
T123 66-74 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T124 184-191 Chemical denotes glycans http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18154
T125 294-299 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T126 554-559 Chemical denotes amino http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46882
T127 771-778 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670

LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue ncbi_taxonomy_id
T102 393-397 Species denotes SARS NCBItxid:694009
T103 402-406 Species denotes MERS NCBItxid:1335626

LitCovid-sample-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T87 0-250 Sentence denotes We hypothesized that solvent-accessible, amino-acid residues on S proteins would be undergoing higher rates of mutations compared with buried residues and regions that are occluded by glycans, which are unable to be targeted by host immune responses.
T88 251-530 Sentence denotes To that end, we performed an evaluation of amino-acid diversification on a residue-specific level, using publicly available gene sequences of SARS and MERS S, which was calculated as the number of observed pairwise differences divided by the total number of pairwise comparisons.
T89 531-899 Sentence denotes Firstly, we found that amino-acid diversity was elevated at known epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies, such as the N-terminal domain and the receptor-binding domains, and reduced in the regions in the S2 domain, such as the fusion peptide, heptad repeat one, and the central helix domains, which are likely subject to greater functional constraints (Fig. 4a).

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T4 815-820 Body_part denotes helix http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002488

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T49 393-397 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue pubann:denotes
537 184-191 Chemical denotes glycans MESH:D011134
538 393-397 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
539 402-406 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uniprot_id
T3670 64-74 Protein denotes S proteins https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UIP0|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UIN9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UIN8|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UIN7|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UIN6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBH8|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRH8|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRH7|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRH6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRH5|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NRH4|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NPG5|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NPE0|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NP52|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q95IF9|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N5P3|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IZU6|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IZU5|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IZU4|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86Z04|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7YR44|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7LA71|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q7LA70|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5STD2|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5SQ85|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q1XI16|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q1XI12|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q15517|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43509|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O19084|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0UYZ7|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B0S7V2|https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A5A6L9

LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T35 233-249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune responses

LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T32 233-249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune responses

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T36 233-249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune responses

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T87 0-250 Sentence denotes We hypothesized that solvent-accessible, amino-acid residues on S proteins would be undergoing higher rates of mutations compared with buried residues and regions that are occluded by glycans, which are unable to be targeted by host immune responses.
T88 251-530 Sentence denotes To that end, we performed an evaluation of amino-acid diversification on a residue-specific level, using publicly available gene sequences of SARS and MERS S, which was calculated as the number of observed pairwise differences divided by the total number of pairwise comparisons.
T89 531-899 Sentence denotes Firstly, we found that amino-acid diversity was elevated at known epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies, such as the N-terminal domain and the receptor-binding domains, and reduced in the regions in the S2 domain, such as the fusion peptide, heptad repeat one, and the central helix domains, which are likely subject to greater functional constraints (Fig. 4a).