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LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":772,"end":778},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A31","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T104","span":{"begin":601,"end":629},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T105","span":{"begin":610,"end":629},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T106","span":{"begin":1119,"end":1122},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T107","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1277},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T108","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1668},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T109","span":{"begin":2421,"end":2428},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T110","span":{"begin":3530,"end":3533},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T111","span":{"begin":4319,"end":4325},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T112","span":{"begin":5153,"end":5158},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A104","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T104","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007915"},{"id":"A105","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T105","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004670"},{"id":"A106","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T106","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0016702"},{"id":"A107","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T107","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007179"},{"id":"A108","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T108","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004980"},{"id":"A109","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T109","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005271"},{"id":"A110","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T110","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0016702"},{"id":"A111","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T111","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992"},{"id":"A112","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T112","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

LitCovid-sample-Enju

LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T61","span":{"begin":249,"end":257},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T62","span":{"begin":2584,"end":2592},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T65","span":{"begin":3506,"end":3514},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A62","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T62","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32696"},{"id":"A63","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T62","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16467"},{"id":"A64","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T62","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29016"},{"id":"A65","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T65","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A61","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T61","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18186"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

LitCovid-sample-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T307","span":{"begin":0,"end":30},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T308","span":{"begin":31,"end":200},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T309","span":{"begin":202,"end":304},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T310","span":{"begin":305,"end":791},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T311","span":{"begin":792,"end":956},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T312","span":{"begin":957,"end":1160},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T313","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1586},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T314","span":{"begin":1587,"end":2551},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T315","span":{"begin":2552,"end":2783},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T316","span":{"begin":2784,"end":3046},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T317","span":{"begin":3047,"end":3237},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T318","span":{"begin":3239,"end":3287},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T319","span":{"begin":3288,"end":3660},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T320","span":{"begin":3661,"end":3969},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T321","span":{"begin":3971,"end":4010},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T322","span":{"begin":4011,"end":4110},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T323","span":{"begin":4111,"end":4356},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T324","span":{"begin":4357,"end":4449},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T325","span":{"begin":4450,"end":4546},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T326","span":{"begin":4547,"end":4867},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T327","span":{"begin":4868,"end":5360},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T328","span":{"begin":5361,"end":5564},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":772,"end":778},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A28","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-UniProt

LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MAT","denotations":[{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":2050,"end":2055},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000488"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":2544,"end":2549},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000488"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":4704,"end":4712},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MAT_0000491"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":446,"end":464},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":446,"end":455},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":527,"end":536},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":820,"end":829},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":993,"end":1002},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":1533,"end":1542},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":1948,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045576"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":1953,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001775"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":4074,"end":4083},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":4300,"end":4305},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016265"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":5133,"end":5138},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016265"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":5159,"end":5165},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":601,"end":629},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T45","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1277},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T46","span":{"begin":1660,"end":1668},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T47","span":{"begin":2421,"end":2428},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T48","span":{"begin":4319,"end":4325},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T49","span":{"begin":5153,"end":5158},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A46","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T46","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004980"},{"id":"A44","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007915"},{"id":"A45","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T45","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007179"},{"id":"A49","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T49","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070"},{"id":"A47","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T47","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005271"},{"id":"A48","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T48","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":601,"end":629},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1277},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2421,"end":2428},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":4319,"end":4325},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":5153,"end":5158},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A40","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002725"},{"id":"A41","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960"},{"id":"A44","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"},{"id":"A43","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"},{"id":"A42","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012393"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":446,"end":464},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":446,"end":455},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":527,"end":536},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":820,"end":829},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":993,"end":1002},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":1533,"end":1542},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":1948,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045576"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":1953,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001775"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":4074,"end":4083},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":5159,"end":5165},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T124","span":{"begin":446,"end":464},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007165"},{"id":"T125","span":{"begin":446,"end":455},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T126","span":{"begin":527,"end":536},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":820,"end":829},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":993,"end":1002},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":1533,"end":1542},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":1948,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045576"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":1953,"end":1968},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001775"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":4074,"end":4083},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097194"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":4278,"end":4287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006915"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":5159,"end":5165},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T307","span":{"begin":0,"end":30},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T308","span":{"begin":31,"end":200},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T309","span":{"begin":202,"end":304},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T310","span":{"begin":305,"end":791},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T311","span":{"begin":792,"end":956},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T312","span":{"begin":957,"end":1160},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T313","span":{"begin":1161,"end":1586},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T314","span":{"begin":1587,"end":2551},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T315","span":{"begin":2552,"end":2783},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T316","span":{"begin":2784,"end":3046},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T317","span":{"begin":3047,"end":3237},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T318","span":{"begin":3239,"end":3287},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T319","span":{"begin":3288,"end":3660},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T320","span":{"begin":3661,"end":3969},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T321","span":{"begin":3971,"end":4010},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T322","span":{"begin":4011,"end":4110},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T323","span":{"begin":4111,"end":4356},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T324","span":{"begin":4357,"end":4449},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T325","span":{"begin":4450,"end":4546},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T326","span":{"begin":4547,"end":4867},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T327","span":{"begin":4868,"end":5360},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T328","span":{"begin":5361,"end":5564},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":601,"end":629},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T41","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1277},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T42","span":{"begin":2421,"end":2428},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T43","span":{"begin":4319,"end":4325},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T44","span":{"begin":5153,"end":5158},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A40","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T40","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002725"},{"id":"A41","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T41","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002960"},{"id":"A42","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T42","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012393"},{"id":"A43","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T43","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"},{"id":"A44","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T44","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664"}],"text":"Improving FcγRIIb interactions\nPreferential or specific Fc engagement of FcγRIIb over the activating FcγR offers several potential therapeutic advantages for new mAbs in distinct therapeutic settings.\n\nImproved recruitment of FcγRIIb immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif‐dependent inhibitory function\nHarnessing the physiological inhibitory function of FcγRIIb by mAbs that target ITAM receptors has the potential to shut down ITAM‐dependent signaling pathways of major importance in antibody pathologies.32, 108 Such ITAM signaling receptors include the BCR complex on B cells which is active in systemic lupus erythematosus, the FcεRI on basophils and mast cell subsets in allergies or the activating‐type FcγR on a variety of innate leukocytes in antibody‐mediated tissue destruction. In such scenarios, the ITAM signaling receptor complex that is targeted by the therapeutic mAb must be co‐expressed on the cell surface with the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This permits coengagement with ITAM signaling receptor by the Fab of the mAb and inhibitory FcγRIIb by its Fc which is the critical requirement in the inhibitory MOA for such therapeutic mAbs (Figure 1).\nObexelimab (also known as XmAb5871; Table 4), currently in early clinical testing in inflammatory autoimmune disease, is an IgG1 mAb that targets CD19 of the BCR complex.19 It contains two Fc modifications, S267E and L328F (also known as “SELF” mutations), that selectively increased FcγRIIb binding by 400‐fold to about 1 nm, which results in powerful suppression of BCR signaling and the proliferation of primary B cells.19\nThe anti‐IgE mAb omalizumab is an IgG1 mAb approved for the treatment of allergic disorders.110, 111 A similar but Fc‐engineered IgG1 mAb XmAb7195, currently in early clinical testing, contains the affinity‐enhancing SELF modifications.112 Both mAbs sterically neutralize the interaction between IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI to prevent basophil and mast cell activation.113, 114 However, XmAb7195 exhibited more efficient removal (sweeping; discussed later) of circulating IgE and also inhibited B‐cell IgE production, presumably by binding to the IgE BCR on the B‐cell surface and coclustering with FcγRIIb via its affinity‐enhanced Fc domain.112 Thus, XmAb7195’s selective modulation of IgE production by IgE+ B cells in addition to its enhanced clearance of IgE may offer significantly improved therapeutic benefits in allergy therapy beyond simple IgE neutralization.112 The “SELF” mutations have also been used in agonistic mAbs (discussed later).\nOne cautionary note is that the arginine 131 (R131) of the IgG‐binding site in FcγRIIb is critical for the enhanced affinity binding of “SELF”‐mutated Fcs but it is also present in the activating‐type “high responder” FcγRIIa‐R131. Thus, antibodies modified with “SELF” have very‐high‐affinity binding to FcγRIIa‐R131 115 with a potentially increased risk of FcγRIIa‐dependent complications in patients expressing this allelic form, although, so far, none have been reported in clinical trials. However, an alternative set of six Fc mutations, termed “V12” (P238D, E233D, G237D, H268D, P271G and A330R), potently enhanced FcγRIIb binding without increasing FcγRIIa–R131 interaction.115\n\nEnhancing the sweeping of small immune complexes\nThe expression of FcγRIIb on LSEC and its action in the “sweeping” or removal of small immune complexes has opened up new possibilities for the application of FcγRIIb‐enhancing modifications.17 Antibodies or Fc fusion proteins, whose primary MOA is the neutralization of soluble molecules such as IgE or cytokines, are particularly attractive candidates for this approach. Proof‐of‐concept for this strategy has been demonstrated in experimental models.48 Indeed, this may be a significant component of the rapid disappearance of IgE from the circulation of patients treated with the anti‐IgE XmAb7195 containing the FcγRIIb enhancing “SELF” modifications, as described previously.\n\nImmune agonism through FcγR scaffolding\nAgonistic mAbs induce responses in target cells by stimulating signaling of their molecular target. Typically, this is to either enhance antitumor immunity by engaging costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells or T cells (i.e. CD40, 4‐1BB, OX40) or promote apoptosis by engaging death receptors on cancer cells (i.e. DR4, DR5, Fas).116\nThe role of FcγR in the action of these types of mAbs appears to be primarily as a scaffold. FcγRIIb is often the predominate receptor involved and the extent of its involvement is complex. In the case of CD40, the degree of FcγRIIb scaffolding potency is linked to the epitope location of the targeting mAb with greater potency seen for membrane proximal epitopes.43, 117 It is also noteworthy that depending on the epitope location, the scaffolding of anti‐CD40 mAbs may convert antagonist mAbs to agonistic.\nEngineering of the IgG1 Fc region for enhanced and/or specific binding to FcγRIIb can greatly improve agonistic function.72, 118, 119, 120 Such mutations induced significantly greater agonistic activity in an anti‐DR5 model through increased induction of apoptotic death and decreased tumor growth compared with unmodified IgG1.121 The “SELF” modifications that dramatically and selectively increase affinity for FcγRIIb have also been used to enhance immune agonism in an anti‐OX40 model.122\nThe incorporation of the \"V12\" Fc mutations into IgG1 specifically enhance FcγRIIb interaction 200‐fold, conferring the enhanced agonistic activity of an anti‐CD137 antibody and an anti‐OX40 mAb.115, 122"}

PMC:7228307 / 54063-59627 JSONTXT

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PMC:7228307 / 54063-59627 JSON TXT