PMC:7216760 / 1076-2794 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7216760","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7216760","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7216760","text":"As first reported in December 2019, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in Wuhan, China, that has since spread globally.1 The disease caused by this new virus has been named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and on March 11, 2020 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).1 Currently, there are seven known human coronaviruses classified into two broad genera of alpha- and beta-coronaviruses. The alpha-coronaviruses comprise HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E, while the beta-coronaviruses comprise HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, SARS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS), and SARS-CoV-2.2 The alpha-coronaviruses and HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 are among the causes of the common cold and have been circulating in human and animal populations for many years.2 All these viruses originate from a common ancestor and enter the human population through zoonotic transfer or species jumping.3 Although the first four known human coronaviruses originated from birds, SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 appear, on the basis of gene sequence analysis, to have originated from bats.4 However, in each case, these more recent viruses appear to have been transmitted through an intermediate host such as a civet, a small nocturnal mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa (SARS), a camel (MERS), or a pangolin (SARS-CoV-2) after acquiring additional mutations.2 Bats harbor more strains of coronavirus than other mammals, estimated to range from 5000 to 10,000 distinct subtypes.5 Therefore, additional epidemics are highly likely to occur in the future due to the abundant number of coronaviruses present in the bat 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