PMC:7216275 / 1402-10091 JSONTXT

{"target":"http://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7216275","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7216275","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7216275","text":"1. Introduction\nThe flow of information in any matter is important and can considerably impact the situation during an epidemic outbreak. The role of e-government is also essential in any situation related to health protection, especially during an outbreak period.\nE-government (E-Govt) is defined as “the use of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government” [1]. Keeping people calm and focused is necessary during an epidemic and its quarantine period. If people are quarantined, the roles of E-Govt and word of mouth (WOM), especially message sharing through social media, increase in importance. Now, with the current COVID-19 outbreak, people are under quarantine until further notice, with many countries experiencing epidemic outbreaks. People have more time to use social media, which could be a source of rumors, anxiety, and, most important, knowledge for health protection. This phenomenon encouraged us to formulate a theoretical model based on social presence theory and the role of social media to help examine safety and participation in quarantine. The conceptual model is presented in Figure 1.\nWord of mouth can be defined as “the intention to share a certain story using one’s own social media account” [2]. Many researchers proved that communication has more of an impact through social media with regards to different health issues, and message sharing was found to be the best predictor of emotive and passionate response [3]. Online health information is regularly updated [4]. Nowadays, universal and worldwide flow cannot be ignored [5] and search engines are the most effective method to find information [6]. The Internet is also a useful source for people in the medical field for discussions and interactions about medical issues [7]. A nine-year big data study showed that the use of computers projected emotive improvement [8]. From the health protection point of view, many factors were found to affect the dispersal of cancer information, including anxiety, courage, anticipation, and sharing of experience [9].\nA study proved that the gestation time of infection (corona virus) was assessed at about 2–14 days [7]. So, a research question was raised about protection during an epidemic outbreak. Social media campaigns with complete research frameworks with theoretical and statistical support for these time periods are essentially to protect society during emergencies. To address this need, our research model includes the factors that trigger safety campaigns and the main effects (direct) of direct relations and the association of mediators on online social presence.\nThe literature shows that for different disease management programmers, among health experts, the most important aspects are self-value, the individual’s reputation [10], and sharing their familiarity and information. However, this issue is seldom observed within a framework of online health communities [10] because, with the spread of disease contacts, heterogeneity is critical [11]. Public health moved to a wider political regime from health-dedicated management in 2013 in England as public health functions were relocated to local management from the National Health Service (NHS) [12]. Acceptance of a meningococcal vaccine was unidentified by inspiration of schools [13].\nBy keeping an individual’s record, doctors can assess body mass index (BMI) and threats to health more accurately and precisely. Sharing opinions and views on actual proceedings is easy with the help of the Internet [14]. Paying attention to the sharing of data determines self-assurance [15].\nIn the case of failure, specifically in Nepal [16], a lack of education was observed in practice in community-based health insurance. The authors found that people mostly hold back from taking preventive and measure son time on reporting as few first reported cases in any disease outbreak. When they can see more danger, they might become more careful.\nIn rural areas, maternal and child health (MCH) systems are progressing because the government has formed different partnerships and associations at different levels [17].In countries other than China, secrecy and trust were found to be hindrances to the use of social media [18]. Some countries do not allow people to post health information on social media without authentic reports [19]. Online communal support is also affected by online communication of health professionals with patients [20] and the use of online technology for societal help [15]. We cannot ignore that fear, gossip, and rumors are spread online by some medical experts [21]. The above literature shows the role of social media in spreading information, although a small number of rumors may also be spread through society.\nLoyalty and devotion to one’s country is emotive behavior, especially in republic countries [22]. The Chinese nation is one of most patriotic nations in the world. Our study area, Wuhan, is considered the Chicago of China due to its heavy road traffic, and the population of Wuhan is more than 11 million [23]. Anhui province is next to Wuhan, containing the second city reporting patients with COVID-19, after Wuhan. Computers do not have a direct impact on physical health activities but play an intellectual role in online social awareness. The reliability of messages and information along with the trustworthiness of websites are important with regards to health [24]. However, users’ views about their health conditions were the same after using an app as before using the app [25]. Compared to men, women post more statements on social media about health problems online and argue more with physicians’ online statements [26]. This shows that women are more emotional about health conditions, especially during an epidemic outbreak.\nEvidence was provided that rumors are spreading during the COVID-19 outbreak in other countries, but in China, people were likely to improve their emotions in the fight against COVID-19 and stay strong during the outbreak period by sharing positive posts on social media. As of the date of writing, 9 March 2020, we have been in quarantine since20 January2020, having direct experience with both normal life and quarantine.\nOn social media, the importance of being online, especially during an epidemic outbreak, and the role of E-Govt in the quarantine period shown in previous research, urged us to explore this phenomenon on a broader basis. Positive awareness through the effects of COVID-19 word of mouth (2019-nCoV-WOM) and E-Govt in the epidemic period has not been sufficiently explored. Regardless of the important roles of 2019-nCoV-WOM and E-Govt in the epidemic outbreak, quantity of research is lacking. Although online social presence is important at this time, scholars have not explored it sufficiently. From the literature, questions were raised whether online social presence increased the ability to obtain information about the safety measures and, with 24 h of free time to use social media, if people might be more willing to spread safety information. On this basis, we tried to explore the direct effect of 2019-nCoV-WOM and E-Govt on online social presence, and tried to fill this gap using a cohesive methodology to identify the mediating effect of attitude toward epidemic outbreak and epidemic protection on online social presence. We used five constructs (2019-nCoV-WOM, role of E-Govt, attitude toward epidemic outbreak, epidemic protection, and online social presence in the outbreak) with a conceptual multi-mediation model. We explored a distinctive approach to answer two questions: Is there any mediating effect of attitude toward epidemic outbreak and epidemic protection on online social presence? What is the best possible combination for the government to increase people’s willingness to participate in quarantine with a psychological perspective?\nIn the next section, we discuss our research model. Based on the analysis, we discuss our study results in Section 4. Finally, consequences and practical implication of our research are given and future research is suggested in Section 7.\nTo fill these research gaps, we provide a new direction for research about epidemic outbreaks by discussing the role of E-Govt and the effect of 2019-nCoV-WOMin relation to the use of social media and their mediating effect on long-term outbreaks. Our research questions (RQs) were:\nRQ1: What is the association between social media, epidemic protection messages, and online social presence?\nRQ2: Is there any mediating association between 2019-nCoV-WOM and the role of E-Govt in online social 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