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    LitCovid-PubTator

    {"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"982","span":{"begin":436,"end":440},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"983","span":{"begin":910,"end":915},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"984","span":{"begin":844,"end":845},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"985","span":{"begin":567,"end":572},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"986","span":{"begin":361,"end":366},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"987","span":{"begin":18,"end":35},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"988","span":{"begin":37,"end":46},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"989","span":{"begin":100,"end":106},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"990","span":{"begin":125,"end":130},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"991","span":{"begin":140,"end":149},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"992","span":{"begin":351,"end":360},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"993","span":{"begin":455,"end":460},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"994","span":{"begin":557,"end":566},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"995","span":{"begin":676,"end":685},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"996","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"997","span":{"begin":834,"end":843},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"998","span":{"begin":949,"end":958},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"999","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1019},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1000","span":{"begin":776,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1001","span":{"begin":790,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1002","span":{"begin":72,"end":85},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1003","span":{"begin":87,"end":95},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1004","span":{"begin":112,"end":121},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1005","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1090},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1027","span":{"begin":1846,"end":1849},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1028","span":{"begin":1986,"end":1989},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1029","span":{"begin":1381,"end":1389},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1030","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1456},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1031","span":{"begin":1488,"end":1496},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1032","span":{"begin":1525,"end":1533},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1033","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1547},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1034","span":{"begin":1698,"end":1705},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1035","span":{"begin":1754,"end":1763},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1036","span":{"begin":1827,"end":1838},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1037","span":{"begin":1842,"end":1845},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1038","span":{"begin":1982,"end":1985},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1039","span":{"begin":2001,"end":2010},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1040","span":{"begin":2108,"end":2115},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1041","span":{"begin":2161,"end":2170},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1042","span":{"begin":2468,"end":2475},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1043","span":{"begin":1674,"end":1682},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1044","span":{"begin":2305,"end":2313},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1045","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1140},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1046","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1413},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1047","span":{"begin":1509,"end":1517},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1061","span":{"begin":2967,"end":2970},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1062","span":{"begin":3150,"end":3153},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1063","span":{"begin":3207,"end":3210},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1064","span":{"begin":3083,"end":3091},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1065","span":{"begin":3188,"end":3196},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1066","span":{"begin":3107,"end":3118},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1067","span":{"begin":2505,"end":2513},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1068","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1069","span":{"begin":2797,"end":2805},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1070","span":{"begin":2903,"end":2911},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1071","span":{"begin":2920,"end":2925},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1072","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3014},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1073","span":{"begin":3097,"end":3105},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1029","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1029","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1036","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1036","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A989","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"989","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1061","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1061","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A1033","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1033","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A983","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"983","obj":"Gene:3309"},{"id":"A1002","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1002","obj":"MESH:D034062"},{"id":"A1004","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1004","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A1066","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1066","obj":"MESH:C502936"},{"id":"A992","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"992","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1027","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1027","obj":"Gene:22924"},{"id":"A1037","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1037","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A1038","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1038","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A1047","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1047","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1042","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1042","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A986","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"986","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A984","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"984","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A987","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"987","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A998","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"998","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1039","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1039","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A991","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"991","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1070","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1070","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A990","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"990","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1045","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1045","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A997","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"997","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1069","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1069","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1062","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1062","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A1072","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1072","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A995","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"995","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A985","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"985","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A1032","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1032","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A988","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"988","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A993","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"993","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A982","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"982","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A1034","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1034","obj":"Tax:9986"},{"id":"A1046","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1046","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1044","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1044","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1031","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1031","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1063","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1063","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A1068","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1068","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A1003","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1003","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1064","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1064","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1028","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1028","obj":"Gene:22924"},{"id":"A1035","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1035","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1071","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1071","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A994","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"994","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1040","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1040","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1030","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1030","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A999","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"999","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1067","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1067","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1041","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1041","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1073","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1073","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1065","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1065","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1005","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1005","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A996","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"996","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1043","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1043","obj":"Tax:9606"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":131,"end":136},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":239,"end":244},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":367,"end":374},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":400,"end":412},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":400,"end":404},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":461,"end":466},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":573,"end":580},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":846,"end":853},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":897,"end":909},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":897,"end":901},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":959,"end":963},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1047},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1342},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1375},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":1593,"end":1597},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":1645,"end":1650},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":1786,"end":1791},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":2154,"end":2157},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":2248,"end":2251},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":2256,"end":2259},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":2958,"end":2966},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":2994,"end":3002},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":3133,"end":3141},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A192","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T192","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A193","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T193","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A194","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A195","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T195","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A196","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A197","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A198","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T198","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A199","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A200","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A201","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A202","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T202","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A203","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T203","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825"},{"id":"A204","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T204","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A205","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T205","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A206","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T206","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A207","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T207","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A208","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T208","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A209","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T209","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A210","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T210","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A211","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T211","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A212","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T212","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62873"},{"id":"A213","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T213","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A214","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T214","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A215","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T215","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1047},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1645,"end":1650},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1786,"end":1791},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A33","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A34","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A35","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A36","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":37,"end":41},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":87,"end":95},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":112,"end":121},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":140,"end":144},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":351,"end":355},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":557,"end":561},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":676,"end":680},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":765,"end":769},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":834,"end":838},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":949,"end":953},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1014},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1090},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1140},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1413},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1451},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":1509,"end":1517},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":1525,"end":1533},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1542},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":1669,"end":1673},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T216","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1725},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T217","span":{"begin":1754,"end":1758},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T218","span":{"begin":1817,"end":1821},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T219","span":{"begin":2001,"end":2005},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":2161,"end":2165},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":2505,"end":2513},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":2797,"end":2805},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":2903,"end":2911},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3014},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":3097,"end":3105},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A197","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A198","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T198","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A199","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A200","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A201","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A202","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T202","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A203","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T203","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A204","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T204","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A205","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T205","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A206","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T206","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A207","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T207","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A208","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T208","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A209","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T209","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A210","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T210","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A211","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T211","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A212","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T212","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A213","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T213","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A214","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T214","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A215","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T215","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A216","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T216","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A217","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T217","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A218","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T218","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A219","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T219","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A220","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T220","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A221","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T221","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A222","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T222","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A223","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T223","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A224","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T224","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A225","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T225","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A226","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T226","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-CLO

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T306","span":{"begin":58,"end":59},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T307","span":{"begin":100,"end":106},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T308","span":{"begin":125,"end":136},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053065"},{"id":"T309","span":{"begin":199,"end":204},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T310","span":{"begin":239,"end":244},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T311","span":{"begin":278,"end":287},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158"},{"id":"T312","span":{"begin":318,"end":319},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T313","span":{"begin":398,"end":404},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T314","span":{"begin":455,"end":466},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053065"},{"id":"T315","span":{"begin":586,"end":588},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T316","span":{"begin":593,"end":595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008922"},{"id":"T317","span":{"begin":593,"end":595},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050052"},{"id":"T318","span":{"begin":659,"end":668},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158"},{"id":"T319","span":{"begin":696,"end":697},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T320","span":{"begin":897,"end":901},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T321","span":{"begin":959,"end":963},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T322","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1047},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"T323","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1342},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969"},{"id":"T324","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1375},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969"},{"id":"T325","span":{"begin":1457,"end":1460},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T326","span":{"begin":1593,"end":1597},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T327","span":{"begin":1797,"end":1801},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T328","span":{"begin":1895,"end":1896},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T329","span":{"begin":1936,"end":1938},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T330","span":{"begin":1953,"end":1955},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050050"},{"id":"T331","span":{"begin":1975,"end":1978},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397"},{"id":"T332","span":{"begin":2012,"end":2013},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T333","span":{"begin":2573,"end":2574},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T334","span":{"begin":3120,"end":3121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":367,"end":374},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":573,"end":580},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T227","span":{"begin":593,"end":595},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T228","span":{"begin":776,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T229","span":{"begin":778,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":790,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":792,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":846,"end":853},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":1839,"end":1841},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T234","span":{"begin":1979,"end":1981},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":2078,"end":2093},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":2750,"end":2765},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":2876,"end":2891},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A225","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T225","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A226","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T226","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A227","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T227","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29387"},{"id":"A228","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T228","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59520"},{"id":"A229","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T229","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18154"},{"id":"A230","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T230","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59521"},{"id":"A231","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T231","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18154"},{"id":"A232","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T232","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A233","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T233","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74815"},{"id":"A234","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T234","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74815"},{"id":"A235","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T235","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"},{"id":"A236","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T236","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"},{"id":"A237","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T237","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-MedDRA

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-MedDRA","denotations":[{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":3054,"end":3064},"obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10022891"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A30","pred":"meddra_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDDRA/10062178"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-IDO","denotations":[{"id":"T127","span":{"begin":78,"end":85},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031"},{"id":"T128","span":{"begin":112,"end":121},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000586"},{"id":"T129","span":{"begin":131,"end":136},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T130","span":{"begin":199,"end":204},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T131","span":{"begin":239,"end":244},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T132","span":{"begin":273,"end":277},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T133","span":{"begin":400,"end":404},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T134","span":{"begin":461,"end":466},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T135","span":{"begin":501,"end":505},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T136","span":{"begin":654,"end":658},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000531"},{"id":"T137","span":{"begin":717,"end":721},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000029"},{"id":"T138","span":{"begin":748,"end":761},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IDO_0000450"},{"id":"T139","span":{"begin":897,"end":901},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T140","span":{"begin":959,"end":963},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T141","span":{"begin":1593,"end":1597},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000000"},{"id":"T142","span":{"begin":2396,"end":2403},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000031"},{"id":"T143","span":{"begin":2695,"end":2711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-CHEBI

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T144","span":{"begin":367,"end":374},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T145","span":{"begin":573,"end":580},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T146","span":{"begin":776,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T147","span":{"begin":790,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T148","span":{"begin":846,"end":853},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T149","span":{"begin":2078,"end":2093},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T150","span":{"begin":2154,"end":2157},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T151","span":{"begin":2750,"end":2765},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T152","span":{"begin":2876,"end":2891},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A149","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T149","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"},{"id":"A147","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T147","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59521"},{"id":"A144","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T144","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A146","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T146","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59520"},{"id":"A150","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T150","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697"},{"id":"A145","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T145","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A151","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T151","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"},{"id":"A152","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T152","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858"},{"id":"A148","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T148","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-NCBITaxon","denotations":[{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":37,"end":46},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":87,"end":95},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":100,"end":106},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T244","span":{"begin":125,"end":130},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T245","span":{"begin":140,"end":149},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T246","span":{"begin":351,"end":360},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T247","span":{"begin":455,"end":460},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T248","span":{"begin":557,"end":566},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T249","span":{"begin":676,"end":685},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T250","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T251","span":{"begin":834,"end":843},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T252","span":{"begin":949,"end":958},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T253","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1019},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T254","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1090},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T255","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1140},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T256","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1413},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T257","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1456},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T258","span":{"begin":1509,"end":1517},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T259","span":{"begin":1525,"end":1533},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T260","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1547},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T261","span":{"begin":1669,"end":1673},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T262","span":{"begin":1698,"end":1705},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T263","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1725},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T264","span":{"begin":1754,"end":1763},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T265","span":{"begin":1797,"end":1801},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T266","span":{"begin":1817,"end":1821},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T267","span":{"begin":1822,"end":1826},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T268","span":{"begin":1975,"end":1978},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T269","span":{"begin":2001,"end":2010},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T270","span":{"begin":2161,"end":2170},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T271","span":{"begin":2505,"end":2513},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T272","span":{"begin":2797,"end":2805},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T273","span":{"begin":2903,"end":2911},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T274","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3014},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"T275","span":{"begin":3097,"end":3105},"obj":"Species"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A273","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T273","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A266","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T266","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A244","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T244","obj":"NCBItxid:9606"},{"id":"A249","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T249","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A255","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T255","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A253","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T253","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A272","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T272","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A251","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T251","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A250","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T250","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A259","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T259","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A260","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T260","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A264","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T264","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A254","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T254","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A242","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T242","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A258","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T258","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A271","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T271","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A243","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T243","obj":"NCBItxid:9605"},{"id":"A241","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T241","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A270","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T270","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A257","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T257","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A265","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T265","obj":"NCBItxid:9397"},{"id":"A245","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T245","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A247","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T247","obj":"NCBItxid:9606"},{"id":"A275","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T275","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A248","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T248","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A261","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T261","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A274","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T274","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A263","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T263","obj":"NCBItxid:694009"},{"id":"A267","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T267","obj":"NCBItxid:85819"},{"id":"A269","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T269","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A256","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T256","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A252","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T252","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A246","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T246","obj":"NCBItxid:2697049"},{"id":"A262","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T262","obj":"NCBItxid:9986"},{"id":"A268","pred":"ncbi_taxonomy_id","subj":"T268","obj":"NCBItxid:9397"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"NCBItxid","uri":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/NCBITAXON/"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":0,"end":13},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":14,"end":107},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":108,"end":288},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":289,"end":467},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":468,"end":669},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":670,"end":916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":917,"end":1099},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T227","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1296},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T228","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1368},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T229","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1518},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":1519,"end":1626},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":1627,"end":1776},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":1777,"end":1881},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":1882,"end":2011},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T234","span":{"begin":2012,"end":2125},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":2126,"end":2357},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":2358,"end":2489},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":2490,"end":2550},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T238","span":{"begin":2551,"end":2607},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T239","span":{"begin":2608,"end":2720},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":2721,"end":2806},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":2807,"end":2926},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":2927,"end":3106},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":3107,"end":3218},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1047},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":1645,"end":1650},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":1786,"end":1791},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A33","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T33","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A34","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T34","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A35","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T35","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"},{"id":"A36","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T36","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001977"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-Pubtator

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-Pubtator","denotations":[{"id":"987","span":{"begin":18,"end":35},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"988","span":{"begin":37,"end":46},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1002","span":{"begin":72,"end":85},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1003","span":{"begin":87,"end":95},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"989","span":{"begin":100,"end":106},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1004","span":{"begin":112,"end":121},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"990","span":{"begin":125,"end":130},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"991","span":{"begin":140,"end":149},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"992","span":{"begin":351,"end":360},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"986","span":{"begin":361,"end":366},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"982","span":{"begin":436,"end":440},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"993","span":{"begin":455,"end":460},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"994","span":{"begin":557,"end":566},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"985","span":{"begin":567,"end":572},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"995","span":{"begin":676,"end":685},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"996","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1000","span":{"begin":776,"end":785},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1001","span":{"begin":790,"end":799},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"997","span":{"begin":834,"end":843},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"984","span":{"begin":844,"end":845},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"983","span":{"begin":910,"end":915},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"998","span":{"begin":949,"end":958},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"999","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1019},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1005","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1090},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1045","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1140},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1029","span":{"begin":1381,"end":1389},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1046","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1413},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1030","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1456},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1031","span":{"begin":1488,"end":1496},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1047","span":{"begin":1509,"end":1517},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1032","span":{"begin":1525,"end":1533},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1033","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1547},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1043","span":{"begin":1674,"end":1682},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1034","span":{"begin":1698,"end":1705},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1035","span":{"begin":1754,"end":1763},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1036","span":{"begin":1827,"end":1838},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1037","span":{"begin":1842,"end":1845},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1027","span":{"begin":1846,"end":1849},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1038","span":{"begin":1982,"end":1985},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1028","span":{"begin":1986,"end":1989},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1039","span":{"begin":2001,"end":2010},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1040","span":{"begin":2108,"end":2115},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1041","span":{"begin":2161,"end":2170},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1044","span":{"begin":2305,"end":2313},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1042","span":{"begin":2468,"end":2475},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1067","span":{"begin":2505,"end":2513},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1068","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1069","span":{"begin":2797,"end":2805},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1070","span":{"begin":2903,"end":2911},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1071","span":{"begin":2920,"end":2925},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1061","span":{"begin":2967,"end":2970},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1072","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3014},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1064","span":{"begin":3083,"end":3091},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1073","span":{"begin":3097,"end":3105},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"1066","span":{"begin":3107,"end":3118},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1062","span":{"begin":3150,"end":3153},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"1065","span":{"begin":3188,"end":3196},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"1063","span":{"begin":3207,"end":3210},"obj":"Gene"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1036","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1036","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A989","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"989","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1045","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1045","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1028","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1028","obj":"Gene:22924"},{"id":"A1029","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1029","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A985","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"985","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A995","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"995","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1062","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1062","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A1061","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1061","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A999","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"999","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A991","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"991","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A997","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"997","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1069","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1069","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1035","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1035","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1067","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1067","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A993","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"993","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1027","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1027","obj":"Gene:22924"},{"id":"A984","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"984","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A1040","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1040","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A986","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"986","obj":"Gene:43740568"},{"id":"A1039","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1039","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A992","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"992","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1031","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1031","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1032","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1032","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A1063","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1063","obj":"Gene:3569"},{"id":"A1033","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1033","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A988","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"988","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1073","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1073","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A990","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"990","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1002","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1002","obj":"MESH:D034062"},{"id":"A1038","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1038","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A983","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"983","obj":"Gene:3309"},{"id":"A1037","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1037","obj":"Tax:11118"},{"id":"A996","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"996","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1003","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1003","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1043","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1043","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1070","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1070","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A998","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"998","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1041","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1041","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1046","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1046","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A982","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"982","obj":"Gene:59272"},{"id":"A987","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"987","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1065","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1065","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A994","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"994","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1004","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1004","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A1042","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1042","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1071","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1071","obj":"MESH:D003643"},{"id":"A1047","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1047","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1066","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1066","obj":"MESH:C502936"},{"id":"A1068","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1068","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A1072","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1072","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1005","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1005","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A1030","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1030","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A1064","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1064","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A1034","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1034","obj":"Tax:9986"},{"id":"A1044","pred":"pubann:denotes","subj":"1044","obj":"Tax:9606"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-UniProt

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Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

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Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-GO-BP-0","denotations":[{"id":"T55","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T56","span":{"begin":2695,"end":2711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"},{"id":"T57","span":{"begin":2920,"end":2925},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016265"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-FMA","denotations":[{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":131,"end":136},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":239,"end":244},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":367,"end":374},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":400,"end":412},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":400,"end":404},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":461,"end":466},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":573,"end":580},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":846,"end":853},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":897,"end":909},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":897,"end":901},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":959,"end":963},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1034,"end":1047},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":1336,"end":1342},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1375},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":1593,"end":1597},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":1645,"end":1650},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":1687,"end":1692},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":1786,"end":1791},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":2154,"end":2157},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":2248,"end":2251},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":2256,"end":2259},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":2958,"end":2966},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":2994,"end":3002},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":3133,"end":3141},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A205","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T205","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A199","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A196","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A198","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T198","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A213","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T213","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A200","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A215","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T215","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871"},{"id":"A202","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T202","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A207","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T207","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A194","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A208","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T208","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A193","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T193","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A203","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T203","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825"},{"id":"A195","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T195","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67653"},{"id":"A206","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T206","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A209","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T209","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63083"},{"id":"A204","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T204","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970"},{"id":"A211","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T211","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62872"},{"id":"A214","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T214","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A197","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A192","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T192","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A201","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A210","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T210","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A212","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T212","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62873"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T187","span":{"begin":37,"end":46},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T188","span":{"begin":87,"end":95},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T189","span":{"begin":112,"end":121},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T190","span":{"begin":140,"end":149},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T191","span":{"begin":351,"end":360},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T192","span":{"begin":557,"end":566},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T193","span":{"begin":676,"end":685},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T194","span":{"begin":765,"end":774},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T195","span":{"begin":834,"end":843},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":949,"end":958},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":1010,"end":1019},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":1082,"end":1090},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":1132,"end":1140},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":1405,"end":1413},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":1447,"end":1456},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T202","span":{"begin":1509,"end":1517},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T203","span":{"begin":1525,"end":1533},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T204","span":{"begin":1538,"end":1547},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T205","span":{"begin":1669,"end":1673},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T206","span":{"begin":1721,"end":1725},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T207","span":{"begin":1754,"end":1763},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T208","span":{"begin":1817,"end":1821},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T209","span":{"begin":2001,"end":2010},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T210","span":{"begin":2161,"end":2170},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T211","span":{"begin":2505,"end":2513},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T212","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T213","span":{"begin":2797,"end":2805},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T214","span":{"begin":2903,"end":2911},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T215","span":{"begin":3006,"end":3014},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T216","span":{"begin":3097,"end":3105},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A187","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T187","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A212","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T212","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A189","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T189","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A198","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T198","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A214","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T214","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A200","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T200","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A204","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T204","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A213","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T213","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A207","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T207","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A188","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T188","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A208","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T208","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A201","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T201","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A202","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T202","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A195","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T195","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A194","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T194","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A193","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T193","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A192","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T192","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A206","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T206","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A197","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T197","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A205","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T205","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A216","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T216","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A211","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T211","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A210","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T210","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A191","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T191","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A190","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T190","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A199","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T199","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A203","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T203","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A215","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T215","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A196","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T196","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A209","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T209","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sample-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-sample-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":2695,"end":2711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

    {"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T50","span":{"begin":2537,"end":2549},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T51","span":{"begin":2695,"end":2711},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}

    LitCovid-sentences

    {"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T220","span":{"begin":0,"end":13},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T221","span":{"begin":14,"end":107},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T222","span":{"begin":108,"end":288},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T223","span":{"begin":289,"end":467},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T224","span":{"begin":468,"end":669},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T225","span":{"begin":670,"end":916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T226","span":{"begin":917,"end":1099},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T227","span":{"begin":1100,"end":1296},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T228","span":{"begin":1297,"end":1368},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T229","span":{"begin":1369,"end":1518},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T230","span":{"begin":1519,"end":1626},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T231","span":{"begin":1627,"end":1776},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T232","span":{"begin":1777,"end":1881},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T233","span":{"begin":1882,"end":2011},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T234","span":{"begin":2012,"end":2125},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T235","span":{"begin":2126,"end":2357},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T236","span":{"begin":2358,"end":2489},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T237","span":{"begin":2490,"end":2550},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T238","span":{"begin":2551,"end":2607},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T239","span":{"begin":2608,"end":2720},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T240","span":{"begin":2721,"end":2806},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T241","span":{"begin":2807,"end":2926},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T242","span":{"begin":2927,"end":3106},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T243","span":{"begin":3107,"end":3218},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"9 Conclusion\nThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV2, can cause a potentially fatal disease, COVID-19, in humans. The infection of human cells by SARS-CoV2 includes two sequential steps: attachment of the virus to the surface receptor of target cells and the fusion of viral and host membranes. The former requires at least a receptor-binding domain on the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein that can interact with a cell surface receptor, for example, ACE2, expressed on human cells. The latter requires at least the host protease(s) to mediate proteolytic cleavage of the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein into S1 and S2 subunits and consequently promote the fusion of viral and host membranes. Also, SARS-CoV2 possesses a polybasic cleavage site that can explain the high pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2, N-glycans and O-glycans that make the dense decoration of SARS-CoV2 S protein, and cyclic regions that can interact with cell-surface GRP78. Essential elements that process SARS-CoV2 cell entry and specific characteristics that allow SARS-CoV2 to escape the immune system have the potential as targets for COVID-19 therapy.\nLack of specific treatments for COVID-19 and the very time-consuming process of vaccine development lead us to trust traditional notions of immunization using passive transfer of humoral immunity. Passive immunization can be done using plasma therapy and IVIG therapy. Plasma from patients recovered from COVID-19 that contains antibodies against SARS-CoV2 has shown promising results in patients with severe COVID-19. Also, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are ideally similar in the structure and the cell entry receptor and protease. Studies show that serum from convalescent SARS patients and serum from rabbits immunized with SARS are both able to neutralize SARS-CoV2 efficiently. However, serum from bats immunized with SARS-lice coronavirus SL-CoV Rp3 could not exert such an effect. It is due to a noticeable degree of difference in the S1 domain in the S1 domain between the bat SL-CoV Rp3 strain and SARS-CoV2. A short-term moderate dose of IVIG combined with moderate-dose of corticosteroids might improve patient outcomes. Studies show that the viral RNA of SARS-CoV2 reaches its peak during the first week and then gradually decreases and that IgG and IgM begin to rise from the 10th day so that most patients have anti-viral antibodies by the 14th day. Passive immunization protects against disease, and so it should be administered as early as possible when the patient is diagnosed.\nEvidence links COVID-19 to variable degrees of inflammation. Corticosteroids offer a potent anti-inflammatory option. However, they do not dictate precise actions and might cause suppression of anti-viral immune responses as well. Studies show that the use of corticosteroids might accelerate recovery from COVID-19. There are no controlled clinical trials that show whether the use of corticosteroids can reduce COVID-19-related death. Moreover, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 is the best-documented cytokine in COVID-19 correlated with severity, criticality, viral load, and prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against IL6, could confer clinical benefit in patients with high IL6 levels."}