PMC:7200337 / 87555-89513 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7200337","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7200337","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7200337","text":"Recombinant IFN as an Antiviral Treatment\nOne of the first defenses of the human body against RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2 is the release of types I and III IFNs. It is important to note that type I IFN (IFNα/β) receptors are ubiquitously expressed, so IFNα/β signaling can result in not only antiviral effects, but also the activation of immune cells that potentially exacerbate pathogenesis. In contrast, type III IFN (also known as IFNλ) signals mainly in epithelial cells, as well as in a restricted pool of immune cells. Because type III IFNs have immunomodulatory functions, subsequent signaling could induce a potent antiviral effect without enhancing pathogenic inflammation (Andreakos et al., 2017, Prokunina-Olsson et al., 2020).\nRecently, there has been a growing interest in the potential therapeutic impact of modulating the IFN response to disable COVID-19 pathogenesis. Before the current pandemic, groups have studied the role of IFNs in other betacoronavirus infections. One study of 40 patients with SARS-CoV-1 infection described unresolved elevated type I IFNs and ISGs in those with poor outcomes (Cameron et al., 2007). Others report that exogenous type I IFN does not improve outcomes when given with ribavirin in patients with MERS-CoV infection (Arabi et al., 2020), suggesting that the role of IFN as a therapeutic or prophylactic option may be strain or species specific (Sheahan et al., 2020). Interestingly, a recent study by Mount Sinai virology groups revealed that type I IFN signaling is impaired in the early response to SARS-CoV-2; in vitro, SARS-CoV-2 may be more susceptible to type I IFN than SARS-CoV-1 is (Blanco-Melo et al., 2020). Based on additional evidence that IFN responses to betacoronaviruses are altered as compared to other respiratory viruses (Blanco-Melo et al., 2020, Channappanavar et al., 2016, Okabayashi et al., 2006), trials of IFN-I/III administration have been initiated (NCT04343976, NCT04331899).","divisions":[{"label":"title","span":{"begin":0,"end":41}},{"label":"p","span":{"begin":42,"end":738}}],"tracks":[{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32505227-29033947-46575403","span":{"begin":701,"end":705},"obj":"29033947"},{"id":"32505227-32289152-46575404","span":{"begin":732,"end":736},"obj":"32289152"},{"id":"32505227-17537853-46575405","span":{"begin":1134,"end":1138},"obj":"17537853"},{"id":"32505227-31925415-46575406","span":{"begin":1284,"end":1288},"obj":"31925415"},{"id":"32505227-31924756-46575407","span":{"begin":1414,"end":1418},"obj":"31924756"},{"id":"32505227-26867177-46575408","span":{"begin":1844,"end":1848},"obj":"26867177"},{"id":"32505227-16482545-46575409","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1873},"obj":"16482545"},{"id":"T8380","span":{"begin":701,"end":705},"obj":"29033947"},{"id":"T20213","span":{"begin":732,"end":736},"obj":"32289152"},{"id":"T67437","span":{"begin":1134,"end":1138},"obj":"17537853"},{"id":"T59534","span":{"begin":1284,"end":1288},"obj":"31925415"},{"id":"T50703","span":{"begin":1414,"end":1418},"obj":"31924756"},{"id":"T33795","span":{"begin":1844,"end":1848},"obj":"26867177"},{"id":"T23514","span":{"begin":1869,"end":1873},"obj":"16482545"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"32505227-29033947-46575403","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-32289152-46575404","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-17537853-46575405","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-31925415-46575406","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-31924756-46575407","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-26867177-46575408","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"32505227-16482545-46575409","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T8380","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T20213","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T67437","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T59534","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T50703","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T33795","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"},{"subj":"T23514","pred":"source","obj":"2_test"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T699","span":{"begin":75,"end":85},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T700","span":{"begin":94,"end":97},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T701","span":{"begin":345,"end":350},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T702","span":{"begin":458,"end":474},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T703","span":{"begin":469,"end":474},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T704","span":{"begin":518,"end":523},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A699","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T699","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma305853"},{"id":"A700","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T700","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A701","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T701","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A702","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T702","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768"},{"id":"A703","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T703","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"id":"A704","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T704","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646"},{"subj":"T699","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T700","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T701","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T702","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T703","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"},{"subj":"T704","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","denotations":[{"id":"T500","span":{"begin":111,"end":119},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T501","span":{"begin":669,"end":681},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T502","span":{"begin":861,"end":869},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T503","span":{"begin":975,"end":985},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T504","span":{"begin":1017,"end":1025},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T505","span":{"begin":1028,"end":1037},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T506","span":{"begin":1259,"end":1268},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T507","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1562},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T508","span":{"begin":1576,"end":1584},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"T509","span":{"begin":1630,"end":1638},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A500","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T500","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A501","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T501","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166"},{"id":"A502","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T502","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096"},{"id":"A503","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T503","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A504","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T504","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A505","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T505","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A506","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T506","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550"},{"id":"A507","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T507","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A508","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T508","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"id":"A509","pred":"mondo_id","subj":"T509","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091"},{"subj":"T500","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T501","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T502","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T503","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T504","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T505","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T506","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T507","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T508","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"},{"subj":"T509","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T51106","span":{"begin":75,"end":80},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606"},{"id":"T927","span":{"begin":98,"end":105},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"},{"id":"T928","span":{"begin":259,"end":268},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T929","span":{"begin":324,"end":334},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658"},{"id":"T930","span":{"begin":345,"end":350},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T931","span":{"begin":440,"end":447},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T932","span":{"begin":458,"end":468},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000066"},{"id":"T933","span":{"begin":469,"end":474},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T934","span":{"begin":490,"end":491},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T935","span":{"begin":518,"end":523},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623"},{"id":"T936","span":{"begin":591,"end":600},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T937","span":{"begin":614,"end":615},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T938","span":{"begin":755,"end":758},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582"},{"id":"T939","span":{"begin":764,"end":765},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T940","span":{"begin":1326,"end":1327},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T941","span":{"begin":1436,"end":1437},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T942","span":{"begin":1507,"end":1516},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T943","span":{"begin":1786,"end":1793},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T51106","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T927","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T928","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T929","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T930","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T931","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T932","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T933","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T934","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T935","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T936","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T937","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T938","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T939","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T940","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T941","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T942","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"},{"subj":"T943","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CLO"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T274","span":{"begin":292,"end":301},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T275","span":{"begin":623,"end":632},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T276","span":{"begin":1223,"end":1232},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A274","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T274","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A275","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T275","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A276","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T276","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63580"},{"subj":"T274","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T275","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"},{"subj":"T276","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T196","span":{"begin":259,"end":268},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T197","span":{"begin":379,"end":391},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405"},{"id":"T198","span":{"begin":591,"end":600},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"},{"id":"T199","span":{"begin":669,"end":681},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954"},{"id":"T200","span":{"begin":870,"end":882},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405"},{"id":"T201","span":{"begin":1507,"end":1516},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T196","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T197","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T198","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T199","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T200","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"},{"subj":"T201","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"2873","span":{"begin":0,"end":11},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2879","span":{"begin":252,"end":258},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2880","span":{"begin":178,"end":180},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2881","span":{"begin":75,"end":80},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2882","span":{"begin":111,"end":121},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2883","span":{"begin":669,"end":681},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2902","span":{"begin":1886,"end":1895},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2903","span":{"begin":1765,"end":1767},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2904","span":{"begin":1720,"end":1722},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2905","span":{"begin":1611,"end":1613},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2906","span":{"begin":1551,"end":1553},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2907","span":{"begin":850,"end":852},"obj":"Gene"},{"id":"2908","span":{"begin":959,"end":974},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2909","span":{"begin":1003,"end":1011},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2910","span":{"begin":1236,"end":1244},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2911","span":{"begin":1554,"end":1564},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2912","span":{"begin":1576,"end":1586},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2913","span":{"begin":1630,"end":1638},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2914","span":{"begin":1723,"end":1740},"obj":"Species"},{"id":"2915","span":{"begin":1223,"end":1232},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"2916","span":{"begin":861,"end":869},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2917","span":{"begin":975,"end":985},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2918","span":{"begin":1017,"end":1037},"obj":"Disease"},{"id":"2919","span":{"begin":1250,"end":1268},"obj":"Disease"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A2873","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2873","obj":"Tax:575864"},{"id":"A2879","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2879","obj":"Gene:3440"},{"id":"A2880","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2880","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2881","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2881","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A2882","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2882","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A2883","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2883","obj":"MESH:D007249"},{"id":"A2903","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2903","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2904","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2904","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2905","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2905","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2906","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2906","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2907","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2907","obj":"Gene:6999"},{"id":"A2908","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2908","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A2909","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2909","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A2910","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2910","obj":"Tax:9606"},{"id":"A2911","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2911","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A2912","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2912","obj":"Tax:2697049"},{"id":"A2913","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2913","obj":"Tax:694009"},{"id":"A2914","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2914","obj":"Tax:694002"},{"id":"A2915","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2915","obj":"MESH:D012254"},{"id":"A2916","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2916","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A2917","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2917","obj":"MESH:D007239"},{"id":"A2918","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2918","obj":"MESH:C000657245"},{"id":"A2919","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"2919","obj":"MESH:D018352"},{"subj":"2873","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2879","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2880","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2881","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2882","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2883","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2902","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2903","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2904","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2905","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2906","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2907","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2908","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2909","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2910","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2911","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2912","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2913","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2914","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2915","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2916","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2917","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2918","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"},{"subj":"2919","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-PubTator"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}]},{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T500","span":{"begin":0,"end":41},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T501","span":{"begin":42,"end":161},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T502","span":{"begin":162,"end":392},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T503","span":{"begin":393,"end":524},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T504","span":{"begin":525,"end":738},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T505","span":{"begin":739,"end":883},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T506","span":{"begin":884,"end":986},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T507","span":{"begin":987,"end":1140},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T508","span":{"begin":1141,"end":1420},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T509","span":{"begin":1421,"end":1671},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T510","span":{"begin":1672,"end":1958},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"attributes":[{"subj":"T500","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T501","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T502","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T503","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T504","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T505","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T506","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T507","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T508","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T509","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"},{"subj":"T510","pred":"source","obj":"LitCovid-sentences"}]}],"config":{"attribute types":[{"pred":"source","value type":"selection","values":[{"id":"2_test","color":"#ecc993","default":true},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","color":"#af93ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-MONDO","color":"#93ec95"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","color":"#ec93ab"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","color":"#93c5ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","color":"#dfec93"},{"id":"LitCovid-PubTator","color":"#df93ec"},{"id":"LitCovid-sentences","color":"#93ecc5"}]}]}}