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PMC:7195088 / 4723-14270 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
152 222-230 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
153 530-537 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
154 798-806 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
155 1168-1176 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
156 1418-1426 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
157 2001-2009 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
158 2203-2213 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
159 2929-2937 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
160 3152-3160 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
161 3321-3329 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
162 3645-3653 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
163 3803-3811 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
164 4304-4312 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
165 4458-4466 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
166 4472-4482 Species denotes SARS-Cov-2 Tax:2697049
167 4663-4671 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
168 4779-4787 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
169 5154-5162 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
170 5333-5341 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
171 5520-5528 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
172 5869-5877 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
173 6548-6556 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
174 6930-6937 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
175 7184-7192 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
176 7318-7326 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
177 7437-7445 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
178 7447-7455 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
179 7604-7612 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
180 7786-7794 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
181 8015-8023 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
182 8341-8349 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
183 8908-8915 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
184 1828-1837 Species denotes influenza Tax:11520
185 7354-7363 Species denotes influenza Tax:11520
186 94-100 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
187 189-195 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
188 516-521 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
189 572-578 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
190 1148-1155 Chemical denotes LPV/RTV MESH:C558899
191 1256-1265 Chemical denotes darunavir MESH:D000069454
192 1366-1376 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
193 1586-1597 Chemical denotes favipiravir MESH:C462182
194 1602-1612 Chemical denotes umifenovir MESH:C086979
195 1731-1742 Chemical denotes Oseltamivir MESH:D053139
196 1746-1755 Chemical denotes zanamivir MESH:D053243
197 1858-1888 Chemical denotes chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine
198 1941-1959 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
199 2558-2576 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
200 2856-2874 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
201 4160-4168 Chemical denotes steroids MESH:D013256
202 5023-5030 Chemical denotes steroid MESH:D013256
203 5100-5107 Chemical denotes steroid MESH:D013256
204 5318-5329 Chemical denotes tocilizumab MESH:C502936
205 5800-5811 Chemical denotes tocilizumab MESH:C502936
206 6856-6862 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
207 7292-7303 Chemical denotes oseltamivir MESH:D053139
208 7722-7740 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
209 7957-7975 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
210 8077-8107 Chemical denotes Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine
211 8530-8540 Chemical denotes remdesivir MESH:C000606551
212 8992-8999 Chemical denotes steroid MESH:D013256
213 236-263 Disease denotes hypoxic respiratory failure MESH:D012131
214 812-820 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
215 1159-1167 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
216 1409-1417 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
217 2015-2023 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
218 2139-2154 Disease denotes QT prolongation MESH:D008133
219 2528-2537 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
220 3137-3151 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
221 3166-3175 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
222 3183-3191 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
223 3200-3219 Disease denotes bacterial infection MESH:D001424
224 3292-3303 Disease denotes coinfection MESH:D060085
225 3335-3350 Disease denotes viral pneumonia
226 3467-3476 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
227 3636-3644 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
228 3794-3802 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
229 3874-3883 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
230 3903-3912 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
231 4318-4338 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
232 4523-4535 Disease denotes inflammation MESH:D007249
233 4557-4568 Disease denotes lung injury MESH:D055370
234 4614-4623 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
235 4654-4662 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
236 4755-4769 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
237 4770-4778 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
238 4793-4797 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
239 4823-4847 Disease denotes ARDS respiratory failure MESH:D012131
240 5126-5144 Disease denotes non–critically ill MESH:D016638
241 5145-5153 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
242 5347-5355 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
243 5511-5519 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
244 5727-5737 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
245 5841-5849 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
246 6693-6701 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
247 6999-7007 Disease denotes asthenia MESH:D001247
248 7014-7019 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
249 7032-7037 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
250 7198-7218 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
251 7461-7465 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
252 7491-7515 Disease denotes ARDS respiratory failure MESH:D012131
253 7595-7603 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
254 7777-7785 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
255 7945-7953 Disease denotes toxicity MESH:D064420
256 8332-8340 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
257 8461-8502 Disease denotes QT prolongation or hepatic/renal toxicity MESH:D056486
265 9455-9465 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
266 9467-9514 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
267 9351-9358 Chemical denotes LPV/RTV MESH:C558899
268 9360-9379 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir MESH:C558899
269 9172-9176 Disease denotes ARDS MESH:D012128
270 9178-9213 Disease denotes acute respiratory distress syndrome MESH:D012128
271 9225-9249 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 4540-4548 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T2 4557-4561 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T3 6504-6519 Body_part denotes immunoglobulins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T4 6523-6529 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T5 7077-7081 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T6 8956-8960 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 4557-4561 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T2 6948-6971 Body_part denotes respiratory or systemic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004
T3 7077-7081 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T4 8956-8960 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T3 244-263 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T4 3166-3175 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T5 3341-3350 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T6 3874-3883 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T7 3903-3912 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T8 4614-4623 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T9 4828-4847 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T10 6999-7007 Phenotype denotes asthenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0025406
T11 7014-7019 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T12 7032-7037 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T13 7496-7515 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878
T14 9184-9204 Phenotype denotes respiratory distress http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T22 244-263 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T23 812-820 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T24 1159-1167 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T25 1409-1417 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T26 1828-1837 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T27 2015-2023 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T28 2203-2211 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T29 3166-3175 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T30 3183-3191 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T31 3200-3219 Disease denotes bacterial infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005113
T32 3210-3219 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T33 3335-3350 Disease denotes viral pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006012
T34 3341-3350 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T35 3636-3644 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T36 3794-3802 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T37 3874-3883 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T38 3903-3912 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T39 4318-4326 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T40 4329-4338 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T41 4472-4476 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T42 4523-4535 Disease denotes inflammation http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021166
T43 4562-4568 Disease denotes injury http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021178
T44 4614-4623 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T45 4654-4662 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T46 4770-4778 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T47 4793-4797 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T48 4823-4827 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T49 4828-4847 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T50 5145-5153 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T51 5347-5355 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T52 5511-5519 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T53 5727-5737 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T54 5841-5849 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T55 6693-6701 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T56 7198-7206 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T57 7209-7218 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T58 7354-7363 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T59 7461-7465 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T60 7491-7495 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T61 7496-7515 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T62 7595-7603 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T63 7777-7785 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T64 8332-8340 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T65 9172-9176 Disease denotes ARDS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T66 9178-9213 Disease denotes acute respiratory distress syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0006502
T67 9184-9213 Disease denotes respiratory distress syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009971
T68 9215-9223 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T69 9225-9249 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T70 9455-9463 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T71 9467-9514 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T72 9467-9500 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T19 481-482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 838-839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 1127-1132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T22 2177-2185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T23 2304-2309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T24 2325-2326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 2693-2698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T26 3305-3306 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 3356-3357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T28 3382-3383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29 4557-4561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T30 4557-4561 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T31 5097-5098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T32 5417-5422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T33 5770-5771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 5787-5792 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T35 5938-5939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 5944-5948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008416 denotes peer
T37 5944-5948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050081 denotes peer
T38 6078-6079 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T39 6523-6529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T40 6948-6971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001004 denotes respiratory or systemic
T41 7077-7081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T42 7077-7081 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T43 8827-8828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T44 8956-8960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T45 8956-8960 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T46 9064-9065 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 9277-9283 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T48 9534-9546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T9 94-100 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T10 189-195 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T11 483-487 Chemical denotes PEEP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53359|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60683
T13 516-521 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T14 572-578 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T15 1013-1029 Chemical denotes antiviral agents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T16 1127-1132 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T17 1230-1249 Chemical denotes protease inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37670|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60258
T19 1239-1249 Chemical denotes inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T20 1256-1265 Chemical denotes darunavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_367163
T21 1366-1376 Chemical denotes remdesivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145994
T22 1586-1597 Chemical denotes favipiravir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_134722
T23 1602-1612 Chemical denotes umifenovir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_134730
T24 1731-1742 Chemical denotes Oseltamivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7798
T25 1746-1755 Chemical denotes zanamivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50663
T26 1858-1869 Chemical denotes chloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638
T27 1870-1888 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T28 1941-1959 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T29 2045-2049 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T30 2558-2576 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T31 2693-2698 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T32 2856-2874 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T33 3028-3039 Chemical denotes antibiotics http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T34 3113-3123 Chemical denotes antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T35 3578-3591 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T36 3933-3952 Chemical denotes antimicrobial agent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T37 4006-4016 Chemical denotes antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T38 4160-4168 Chemical denotes steroids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35341
T39 4271-4285 Chemical denotes corticosteroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858
T40 4432-4446 Chemical denotes corticosteroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858
T41 4736-4751 Chemical denotes corticosteroids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858
T42 5023-5030 Chemical denotes steroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35341
T43 5100-5107 Chemical denotes steroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35341
T44 5318-5329 Chemical denotes tocilizumab http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360
T45 5417-5422 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T46 5787-5792 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T47 5800-5811 Chemical denotes tocilizumab http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360
T48 6385-6402 Chemical denotes enzyme inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23924
T49 6392-6402 Chemical denotes inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T50 6856-6862 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T51 7137-7146 Chemical denotes antiviral http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T52 7292-7303 Chemical denotes oseltamivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7798
T53 7722-7740 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T54 7957-7975 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T55 8077-8088 Chemical denotes Chloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3638
T56 8089-8107 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T57 8530-8540 Chemical denotes remdesivir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145994
T58 8786-8801 Chemical denotes corticosteroids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858
T59 8992-8999 Chemical denotes steroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35341
T60 9083-9097 Chemical denotes corticosteroid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50858
T61 9360-9379 Chemical denotes lopinavir/ritonavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_145924
T62 9360-9369 Chemical denotes lopinavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781
T63 9370-9379 Chemical denotes ritonavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409
T64 9381-9385 Chemical denotes PEEP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53359|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60683

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 4523-4535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006954 denotes inflammation
T2 6458-6473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T31 0-43 Sentence denotes Table 1 Summary of questions and statements
T32 44-62 Sentence denotes Question Statement
T33 63-74 Sentence denotes Question 1.
T34 75-174 Sentence denotes How to use at best oxygen therapy and noninvasive mechanical ventilation for preventing intubation?
T35 175-369 Sentence denotes Supplementary oxygen should be administered to patients with hypoxic respiratory failure for avoiding values of Spo2 lower than 90% and it should be aimed at reaching values not higher than 96%.
T36 370-674 Sentence denotes Although still without firm evidence, we currently support the use of CPAP helmet (with gentle ventilation and a PEEP of no more than 10–12 cm of water) if the patient does not respond to standard/HFNC oxygen supplementation and there is no urgent indication for endotracheal intubation (expert opinion).
T37 675-757 Sentence denotes However, no clear indications/criteria can be provided pending further experience.
T38 758-993 Sentence denotes Finally, it should be kept in mind that patients with COVID-19 can get worse in a few hours, so they should be carefully monitored for worsening respiratory function for rapidly prompting tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.
T39 994-1005 Sentence denotes Question 2.
T40 1006-1046 Sentence denotes Should antiviral agents be administered?
T41 1047-1177 Sentence denotes At the present time, evidence from the first published RCT does not support off-label treatment with LPV/RTV in COVID-19 patients.
T42 1178-1322 Sentence denotes This result should also discourage the use of other protease inhibitors (e.g. darunavir), at least until results of dedicated RCT are available.
T43 1323-1545 Sentence denotes Although promising in preclinical studies, remdesivir should be currently provided to COVID-19 patients only within RCT (preferentially) or compassionate-use/expanded-access programmes, owing to its investigational nature.
T44 1546-1730 Sentence denotes Pending high-level supporting evidence, favipiravir and umifenovir should not be provided an outside RCT, at least in those countries where they are not approved for other indications.
T45 1731-1838 Sentence denotes Oseltamivir or zanamivir should be provided only in the presence of suspected/proven concomitant influenza.
T46 1839-1850 Sentence denotes Question 3.
T47 1851-1905 Sentence denotes Should chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine be administered?
T48 1906-2155 Sentence denotes Pending results of RCT, the use of hydroxychloroquine may be considered for treating worsening patients with COVID-19 only if no important drug interactions can be anticipated and with close monitoring of hepatic, renal function and QT prolongation.
T49 2156-2365 Sentence denotes This is based on its activity in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 (although weak) and on the availability of low-level clinical evidence of anticipation of virus clearance from a small controlled, nonrandomized study.
T50 2366-2538 Sentence denotes However, it should also be kept in mind that the study was highly susceptible to bias and there are still no data regarding hard clinical endpoints such as crude mortality.
T51 2539-2663 Sentence denotes For these reasons, hydroxychloroquine should be preferentially administered within the framework of investigational studies.
T52 2664-2773 Sentence denotes When this is unfeasible, off-label use may be considered according to local protocols and consent procedures.
T53 2774-2970 Sentence denotes In view of the absence of evidence, we are currently unable to support the use of hydroxychloroquine in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic nonhospitalized patients outside investigational studies.
T54 2971-3008 Sentence denotes The same applies to prophylactic use.
T55 3009-3020 Sentence denotes Question 4.
T56 3021-3056 Sentence denotes Should antibiotics be administered?
T57 3057-3239 Sentence denotes In our opinion, it might be prudent to consider empiric antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients with pneumonia due to COVID-19 in whom bacterial infection cannot be excluded.
T58 3240-3477 Sentence denotes This suggestion is based on the fact that bacterial coinfection (a) is common in patients with viral pneumonia and (b) can be associated with a substantial risk of delaying appropriate treatment, thereby potentially increasing mortality.
T59 3478-3725 Sentence denotes Because of the limited available data on both the microbiologic epidemiology (and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance) of bacterial superinfections in COVID-19 patients, it is difficult to provide specific pathogen-oriented recommendations.
T60 3726-4140 Sentence denotes Therefore, pending further studies, we suggest to empirically treat COVID-19 patients according to their clinical syndrome (e.g. community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia), choosing the best antimicrobial agent or agents on the basis of local guidelines and local antibiotic susceptibility patterns, with early de-escalation or discontinuation according to microbiology results, whenever available.
T61 4141-4152 Sentence denotes Question 5.
T62 4153-4185 Sentence denotes Should steroids be administered?
T63 4186-4339 Sentence denotes So far, no definitive efficacy or effectiveness data are available on the benefit of corticosteroid administration in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T64 4340-4483 Sentence denotes As the WHO underlines, there is an important need for efficacy data from RCT for supporting corticosteroid therapy in patients with SARS-Cov-2.
T65 4484-4930 Sentence denotes However, considering that overwhelming inflammation and cytokine-related lung injury might be responsible for rapidly progressive pneumonia and clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients, we suggest (expert opinion only) to consider administration of corticosteroids in critically ill COVID-19 patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections (independent of ICU admission).
T66 4931-5163 Sentence denotes Yet in the absence of convincing evidence, the following cannot currently be supported: (1) steroid administration stratified according to inflammatory markers; and (b) steroid administration in non–critically ill COVID-19 patients.
T67 5164-5175 Sentence denotes Question 6.
T68 5176-5257 Sentence denotes Should other immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory therapies be administered?
T69 5258-5412 Sentence denotes Owing to the lack of high-level evidence, administration of tocilizumab to patients with COVID-19 should preferentially occur within the framework of RCT.
T70 5413-5739 Sentence denotes Off-label use according to local protocols and consent procedures may be considered only in those COVID-19 patients excluded from RCT (or hospitalized where RCT are not available or still to be implemented) and who are worsening while receiving standard supportive care (in the absence of concomitant/superimposed infections).
T71 5740-6209 Sentence denotes In our opinion, this could be a reasonable off-label use of tocilizumab in these early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, although patients and physicians should be aware that currently there is only a non–peer-reviewed, noncomparative, observational experience (very low evidence from an unreviewed cases series) and that it only supports a potential favourable effect on inflammatory signs and symptoms, while there is no information on any possible effect on survival.
T72 6210-6415 Sentence denotes In the absence of clinical studies, we suggest to preferentially administer also other immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory therapies (e.g. anakinra, Janus kinase family enzyme inhibitors) within RCT.
T73 6416-6734 Sentence denotes This also applies to modifications of the immune response through high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma from convalescent patients, which, although promising in small case series, both deserve dedicated RCT investigation to clearly understand their role in impacting COVID-19 outcomes and their tolerability.
T74 6735-6746 Sentence denotes Question 7.
T75 6747-6798 Sentence denotes What is the optimal timing of treatment initiation?
T76 6799-7094 Sentence denotes Supportive therapy (symptomatic therapy, rehydration and oxygen supplementation, if necessary), should be initiated as soon as the patient manifests respiratory or systemic symptoms, including severe asthenia, high fever, persistent cough and/or clinical or radiologic signs of lung involvement.
T77 7095-7365 Sentence denotes Pending further evidence, in our opinion, antiviral treatments should not be provided to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside RCT or compassionate-use programmes (with the exception of early oseltamivir initiation in patients with suspected concomitant influenza).
T78 7366-7637 Sentence denotes Corticosteroids should be provided early in well-defined categories of patients (patients with ARDS or with worsening of non-ARDS respiratory failure in the absence of bacterial/fungal superinfections), while their role in other COVID-19 patients still remains uncertain.
T79 7638-8024 Sentence denotes Although based on low-level evidence and pending RCT results, in our opinion, early hydroxychloroquine administration may be considered in COVID-19 patients manifesting moderate to severe symptoms, whereas further data are needed to better delineate the true balance between possible favourable effects and toxicity of hydroxychloroquine in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
T80 8025-8036 Sentence denotes Question 8.
T81 8037-8076 Sentence denotes What is the optimal treatment duration?
T82 8077-8376 Sentence denotes Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine treatment should be continued for at least 5 days, and possibly up to 20 days, according to some expert opinions, although it should be noted that data regarding the relative safety of different lengths of administration in COVID-19 patients are currently unavailable.
T83 8377-8504 Sentence denotes Early discontinuation should be considered in the presence of adverse effects (e.g. QT prolongation or hepatic/renal toxicity).
T84 8505-8782 Sentence denotes If the administration of remdesivir is approved within compassionate-use/expanded-access programmes, treatment duration should follow compassionate or expanded access protocols (e.g. up to 10 days according to the most recent compassionate protocol at the time of this review).
T85 8783-8900 Sentence denotes If corticosteroids are provided, we suggest a total treatment duration of 7–10 days, with progressive dose reduction.
T86 8901-9171 Sentence denotes If the patient's condition deteriorates with worsening lung physiology after withdrawal of steroid treatment in the absence of bacterial or fungal superinfection, a second course of corticosteroid treatment may be considered, followed by slow tapering after improvement.
T87 9172-9547 Sentence denotes ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; ICU, intensive care unit; LPV/RTV, lopinavir/ritonavir; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WHO, World Health Organization.