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PMC:7160614 / 2591-30532 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
51 87-134 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
52 136-146 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
53 497-544 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
54 546-556 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
55 577-595 Species denotes beta coronaviruses Tax:694002
56 638-683 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Tax:694009
57 685-693 Species denotes SARS-Cov Tax:694009
58 699-754 Species denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Tax:1335626
59 230-238 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
74 760-768 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
75 1335-1343 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
76 1595-1603 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
77 774-782 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
78 791-800 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
79 829-834 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
80 842-847 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
81 859-866 Disease denotes myalgia MESH:D063806
82 870-877 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
83 1071-1079 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
84 1394-1402 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
85 1463-1472 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
86 1585-1594 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
87 1621-1629 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
93 2030-2040 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
94 2260-2268 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
95 1668-1676 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
96 2245-2259 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
97 2306-2315 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
101 2595-2603 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
102 2621-2629 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
103 2672-2680 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
105 2746-2754 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
120 2985-2993 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
121 3143-3146 Species denotes men Tax:9606
122 3197-3202 Species denotes women Tax:9606
123 3251-3259 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
124 3362-3370 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
125 3519-3527 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
126 3558-3564 Species denotes People Tax:9606
127 3661-3664 Species denotes men Tax:9606
128 3716-3721 Species denotes women Tax:9606
129 3888-3895 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
130 2999-3007 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
131 3280-3300 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
132 3509-3518 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
133 3536-3544 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
143 4156-4164 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
144 4270-4278 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
145 4301-4309 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
146 4323-4329 Species denotes People Tax:9606
147 4348-4356 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
148 4545-4553 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
149 4616-4624 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
150 4261-4269 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
151 4607-4615 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
153 5089-5091 Disease denotes HD MESH:D006816
157 5821-5839 Gene denotes C-reactive protein Gene:1401
158 5847-5850 Gene denotes CRP Gene:1401
159 5481-5489 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
161 7140-7145 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
167 6495-6503 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
168 6617-6626 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
169 6635-6644 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
170 6653-6662 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
171 6682-6691 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
175 7851-7859 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
176 7868-7876 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
177 8050-8058 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
182 10632-10640 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
183 10606-10614 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
184 10623-10631 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
185 10759-10767 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
188 9639-9648 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
189 9652-9660 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
191 11660-11663 Chemical denotes dca MESH:D003999
194 12454-12462 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
195 12472-12480 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
199 12404-12412 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
200 12416-12424 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
201 12433-12441 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
203 13919-13922 Chemical denotes GGO
209 15533-15551 Gene denotes C-reactive protein Gene:1401
210 14248-14256 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
211 14266-14274 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
212 14749-14758 Disease denotes Dry cough MESH:D003371
213 14794-14801 Disease denotes Fatigue MESH:D005221
217 14198-14206 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
218 14210-14218 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
219 14227-14235 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
225 11762-11770 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
226 11788-11796 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
227 12119-12126 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
228 12310-12318 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
229 12346-12354 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
245 15853-15861 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
246 15923-15931 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
247 15998-16006 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
248 16251-16259 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
249 16389-16397 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
250 16543-16551 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
251 15869-15877 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
252 15914-15922 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
253 15989-15997 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
254 16242-16250 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
255 16380-16388 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
256 16534-16542 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
257 16787-16804 Disease denotes pleural effusions MESH:D010996
258 16974-16982 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
259 16991-16999 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
278 17871-17874 Gene denotes CRP Gene:1401
279 17851-17869 Gene denotes C-creative protein Gene:1401
280 17066-17074 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
281 17556-17564 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
282 17752-17760 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
283 18017-18025 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
284 17092-17100 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
285 17278-17283 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
286 17297-17306 Disease denotes dry cough MESH:D003371
287 17324-17331 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
288 17474-17492 Disease denotes COVID-19 pneumonia MESH:C000657245
289 17547-17555 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
290 17669-17677 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
291 17686-17694 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
292 17712-17723 Disease denotes lymphopenia MESH:D008231
293 17743-17751 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
294 17835-17843 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
295 18008-18016 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
300 18919-18924 Disease denotes Cough MESH:D003371
301 18935-18942 Disease denotes Fatigue MESH:D005221
302 19246-19251 Disease denotes Cough MESH:D003371
303 19262-19269 Disease denotes Fatigue MESH:D005221
305 21408-21416 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
307 22383-22391 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
310 23377-23385 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
311 23391-23399 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
316 22766-22771 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
317 22773-22780 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
318 23027-23035 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
319 23036-23045 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
326 23542-23550 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
327 23532-23541 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
328 23568-23576 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
329 23748-23756 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
330 24092-24100 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
331 24101-24110 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
344 24365-24373 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
345 24884-24892 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
346 25390-25398 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
347 24379-24387 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
348 24388-24397 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
349 24773-24781 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
350 24898-24906 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
351 24907-24916 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
352 25201-25212 Disease denotes lymphopenia MESH:D008231
353 25340-25351 Disease denotes lymphopenia MESH:D008231
354 25364-25372 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
355 25381-25389 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
361 25842-25844 Chemical denotes CR
362 25522-25530 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
363 25777-25782 Disease denotes cough MESH:D003371
364 25787-25794 Disease denotes fatigue MESH:D005221
365 25971-25984 Disease denotes breast cancer MESH:D001943
369 26784-26791 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
370 27369-27377 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
371 27383-27391 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
376 27605-27613 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
377 27595-27604 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
378 27631-27639 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
379 27866-27874 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T3 437-443 Body_part denotes genome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116
T4 4934-4939 Body_part denotes chest http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9576
T5 5558-5562 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T6 5576-5581 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T7 5592-5597 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T8 5690-5706 Body_part denotes white blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T9 5702-5706 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T10 5721-5731 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T11 5749-5759 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T12 5761-5771 Body_part denotes neutrophil http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T13 5788-5798 Body_part denotes neutrophil http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T14 5832-5839 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T15 5857-5868 Body_part denotes erythrocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62845
T16 6365-6369 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T17 6441-6445 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T18 6524-6528 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T19 7256-7272 Body_part denotes right upper lobe http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7333
T20 7356-7372 Body_part denotes right upper lobe http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7333
T21 7408-7423 Body_part denotes lung parenchyma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma27360
T22 10417-10421 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T23 12131-12147 Body_part denotes white blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T24 12143-12147 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T25 14441-14446 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T26 14512-14517 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T27 14632-14637 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T28 14841-14847 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma228738
T29 14922-14926 Body_part denotes nose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46472
T30 14955-14971 Body_part denotes White blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T31 14967-14971 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T32 15023-15039 Body_part denotes White blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T33 15035-15039 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T34 15156-15166 Body_part denotes Lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T35 15214-15224 Body_part denotes Lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T36 15344-15354 Body_part denotes Neutrophil http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T37 15405-15415 Body_part denotes Neutrophil http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T38 15544-15551 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T39 15898-15903 Body_part denotes chest http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9576
T40 16506-16510 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T41 16653-16667 Body_part denotes bronchial wall http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13121|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67480
T43 16916-16920 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T44 17370-17375 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T45 17591-17601 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T46 17615-17625 Body_part denotes neutrophil http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T47 17862-17869 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T48 18843-18848 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T49 18886-18902 Body_part denotes White blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T50 18898-18902 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T51 18951-18961 Body_part denotes Lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T52 19169-19174 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T53 19213-19229 Body_part denotes White blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T54 19225-19229 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T55 19280-19290 Body_part denotes Lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T56 21929-21933 Body_part denotes axis http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12520
T57 22716-22721 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T58 22742-22758 Body_part denotes white blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T59 22754-22758 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T60 22785-22795 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T61 24304-24308 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T62 24618-24623 Body_part denotes lungs http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68877
T63 24699-24703 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T64 24753-24757 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T65 25033-25037 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T66 25751-25756 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T67 25811-25821 Body_part denotes lymphocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62863
T68 25971-25977 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9601

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T3 4934-4939 Body_part denotes chest http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443
T4 5576-5581 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T5 5592-5597 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T6 5696-5701 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T7 6365-6369 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T8 6441-6445 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T9 6524-6528 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T10 6529-6533 Body_part denotes lobe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_3010752
T11 6564-6568 Body_part denotes lobe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_3010752
T12 7268-7272 Body_part denotes lobe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_3010752
T13 7368-7372 Body_part denotes lobe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_3010752
T14 7408-7423 Body_part denotes lung parenchyma http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008946
T15 7408-7412 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T16 7413-7423 Body_part denotes parenchyma http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000353
T17 9988-9993 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T18 10417-10421 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T19 12137-12142 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T20 13808-13814 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T21 14441-14446 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T22 14512-14517 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T23 14632-14637 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T24 14841-14847 Body_part denotes throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000341
T25 14922-14926 Body_part denotes nose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000004
T26 14961-14966 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T27 15029-15034 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T28 15898-15903 Body_part denotes chest http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443
T29 16506-16510 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T30 16787-16804 Body_part denotes pleural effusions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000175
T31 16868-16874 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T32 16916-16920 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T33 17370-17375 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T34 18748-18754 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T35 18843-18848 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T36 18892-18897 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T37 19108-19114 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T38 19169-19174 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T39 19219-19224 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T40 22663-22669 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T41 22716-22721 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T42 22748-22753 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T43 22907-22912 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T44 22962-22967 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T45 22990-22995 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T46 23226-23232 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T47 23362-23367 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T48 24304-24308 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T49 24699-24703 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T50 24753-24757 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T51 25033-25037 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T52 25706-25712 Body_part denotes vessel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055
T53 25751-25756 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T54 25971-25977 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T18 87-134 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 87-120 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T20 136-144 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T21 497-544 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T22 497-530 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T23 546-554 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T24 638-671 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T25 685-689 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T26 774-782 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T27 791-800 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T28 1071-1079 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T29 1394-1402 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T30 1463-1472 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T31 1585-1594 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T32 1621-1629 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T33 1668-1676 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T34 2030-2038 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T35 2306-2315 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T36 2621-2629 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T37 2672-2680 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T38 2999-3007 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T39 3280-3288 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T40 3291-3300 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T41 3509-3518 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T42 3536-3544 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T43 4261-4269 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T44 4607-4615 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T45 5089-5091 Disease denotes HD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007739
T46 5815-5818 Disease denotes PCT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008296|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015104
T48 6495-6503 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T49 6617-6626 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T50 6635-6644 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T51 6653-6662 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T52 6682-6691 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T53 7851-7859 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T54 7868-7876 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T55 8050-8058 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T56 9639-9648 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T57 9652-9660 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T58 10606-10614 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T59 10623-10631 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T60 10759-10767 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T61 11788-11796 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T62 12310-12318 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T63 12346-12354 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T64 12416-12424 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T65 12433-12441 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T66 12454-12462 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T67 12472-12480 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T68 14210-14218 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T69 14227-14235 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T70 14248-14256 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T71 14266-14274 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T72 14836-14847 Disease denotes Sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002258
T73 14916-14926 Disease denotes Runny nose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003014
T74 15869-15877 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T75 15914-15922 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T76 15989-15997 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T77 16242-16250 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T78 16380-16388 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T79 16534-16542 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T80 16974-16982 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T81 16991-16999 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T82 17092-17100 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T83 17474-17482 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T84 17483-17492 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T85 17547-17555 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T86 17669-17677 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T87 17686-17694 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T88 17712-17723 Disease denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003783
T89 17743-17751 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T90 17835-17843 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T91 18008-18016 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T92 21408-21416 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T93 22383-22391 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T94 23027-23035 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T95 23036-23045 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T96 23377-23385 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T97 23391-23399 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T98 23532-23541 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T99 23568-23576 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T100 23748-23756 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T101 24041-24044 Disease denotes PCT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0008296|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015104
T103 24092-24100 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T104 24101-24110 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T105 24379-24387 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T106 24388-24397 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T107 24773-24781 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T108 24898-24906 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T109 24907-24916 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T110 25201-25212 Disease denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003783
T111 25340-25351 Disease denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0003783
T112 25364-25372 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T113 25381-25389 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T114 25522-25530 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T115 25971-25984 Disease denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007254
T116 25978-25984 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T117 27383-27391 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T118 27595-27604 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T119 27631-27639 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T120 27866-27874 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T18 51-63 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T19 70-73 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T20 160-161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 226-229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T22 608-612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9397 denotes bats
T23 906-907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 1345-1347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T25 1703-1704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T26 1718-1722 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T27 1948-1951 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T28 1992-1994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T29 2018-2025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T30 2050-2051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 2376-2377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 2499-2503 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T33 2660-2661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 3140-3142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T35 3845-3847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002857 denotes E1
T36 4141-4142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 4247-4248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T38 4934-4939 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000965 denotes chest
T39 5283-5284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 5391-5393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002857 denotes E1
T41 5576-5581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T42 5576-5581 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T43 5592-5597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes heart
T44 5592-5597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes heart
T45 5592-5597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes heart
T46 5592-5597 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes heart
T47 5696-5701 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T48 5702-5706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T49 5857-5868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000232 denotes erythrocyte
T50 6173-6174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51 6365-6369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T52 6365-6369 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T53 6441-6445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T54 6441-6445 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T55 6471-6473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T56 6524-6528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T57 6524-6528 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T58 6762-6763 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T59 6798-6799 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T60 6809-6811 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T61 7003-7005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002860 denotes E2
T62 7072-7073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T63 7086-7092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes female
T64 7098-7099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T65 7180-7181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T66 7408-7412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T67 7408-7412 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T68 7726-7730 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T69 7753-7757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T70 7765-7769 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T71 8602-8604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002860 denotes E2
T72 9178-9179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T73 9556-9557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T74 9578-9579 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T75 9904-9905 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T76 10238-10240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002861 denotes E3
T77 10417-10421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T78 10417-10421 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T79 11153-11154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 11818-11820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T81 11932-11934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002861 denotes E3
T82 12137-12142 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T83 12143-12147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T84 12250-12251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T85 13482-13484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T86 13751-13753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T87 13786-13788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 34
T88 13808-13814 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T89 13895-13897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T90 14142-14146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T91 14164-14168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T92 14298-14302 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003101 denotes Male
T93 14298-14302 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000970 denotes Male
T94 14316-14318 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T95 14337-14343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003100 denotes Female
T96 14441-14446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T97 14441-14446 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T98 14512-14517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T99 14512-14517 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T100 14632-14637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes Heart
T101 14632-14637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes Heart
T102 14632-14637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes Heart
T103 14632-14637 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes Heart
T104 14772-14774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T105 14814-14816 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T106 14922-14926 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000828 denotes nose
T107 14961-14966 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T108 14967-14971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T109 15029-15034 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T110 15035-15039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T111 15102-15104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T112 15291-15293 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T113 15703-15707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T114 15725-15729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T115 15752-15756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T116 15898-15903 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000965 denotes chest
T117 15937-15938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T118 16506-16510 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T119 16506-16510 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T120 16787-16804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000175 denotes pleural effusions
T121 16868-16874 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T122 16916-16920 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T123 16916-16920 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T124 17370-17375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes heart
T125 17370-17375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes heart
T126 17370-17375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes heart
T127 17370-17375 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes heart
T128 17636-17637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T129 18133-18135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T130 18433-18435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T131 18748-18754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T132 18843-18848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes Heart
T133 18843-18848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes Heart
T134 18843-18848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes Heart
T135 18843-18848 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes Heart
T136 18892-18897 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T137 18898-18902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T138 19108-19114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T139 19169-19174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes Heart
T140 19169-19174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes Heart
T141 19169-19174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes Heart
T142 19169-19174 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes Heart
T143 19219-19224 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T144 19225-19229 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T145 20037-20038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 21433-21434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T147 21452-21453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T148 21798-21799 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T149 22106-22107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T150 22663-22669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T151 22716-22721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes heart
T152 22716-22721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes heart
T153 22716-22721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes heart
T154 22716-22721 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes heart
T155 22748-22753 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T156 22754-22758 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T157 23226-23232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T158 23264-23265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T159 23293-23294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T160 24079-24083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T161 24112-24113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T162 24304-24308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T163 24304-24308 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T164 24399-24405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053003 denotes 11, 25
T165 24618-24623 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lungs
T166 24699-24703 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T167 24699-24703 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T168 24753-24757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T169 24753-24757 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T170 24799-24800 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T171 25033-25037 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T172 25033-25037 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T173 25093-25095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T174 25278-25280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T175 25483-25486 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T176 25706-25712 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000055 denotes vessel
T177 25751-25756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes heart
T178 25751-25756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes heart
T179 25751-25756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes heart
T180 25751-25756 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes heart
T181 25971-25977 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310 denotes breast
T182 26083-26084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T183 26304-26305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T184 26511-26512 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T185 26603-26604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T186 26631-26632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T187 26764-26765 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 27415-27420 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focus
T189 27715-27716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T190 27938-27940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007074 denotes kb
T191 27938-27940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051988 denotes kb

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 577-581 Chemical denotes beta http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T2 1705-1717 Chemical denotes nucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T3 1713-1717 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T4 2486-2498 Chemical denotes nucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T5 2494-2498 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T6 3932-3937 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T7 5069-5071 Chemical denotes GE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73801
T8 5089-5091 Chemical denotes HD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73925
T9 5832-5839 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T10 12319-12324 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T11 12355-12360 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T12 15544-15551 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T13 15878-15883 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T14 17844-17849 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T15 17862-17869 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T16 22294-22305 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 1736-1757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T2 1744-1757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351 denotes transcription
T3 14571-14582 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes Respiration
T4 14571-14582 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes Respiration
T5 17349-17360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes respiration
T6 17349-17360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes respiration
T7 18821-18832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes Respiration
T8 18821-18832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes Respiration
T9 19147-19158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes Respiration
T10 19147-19158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes Respiration
T11 22703-22714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes respiration
T12 22703-22714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes respiration
T13 23233-23245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0035282 denotes segmentation
T14 25764-25775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045333 denotes respiration
T15 25764-25775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes respiration
T16 27296-27304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007612 denotes learning

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T5 791-800 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T6 829-834 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T7 842-847 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T8 859-866 Phenotype denotes myalgia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003326
T9 870-877 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T10 1463-1472 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T11 1585-1594 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T12 2306-2315 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T13 3509-3518 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T14 7140-7145 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T15 12119-12126 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T16 13701-13719 Phenotype denotes Pleural thickening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031944
T17 14749-14758 Phenotype denotes Dry cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246
T18 14794-14801 Phenotype denotes Fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T19 14836-14847 Phenotype denotes Sore throat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033050
T20 14916-14926 Phenotype denotes Runny nose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031417
T21 16787-16804 Phenotype denotes pleural effusions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202
T22 16818-16836 Phenotype denotes pleural thickening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031944
T23 17278-17283 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T24 17297-17306 Phenotype denotes dry cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031246
T25 17324-17331 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T26 17483-17492 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T27 17712-17723 Phenotype denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001888
T28 18711-18729 Phenotype denotes Pleural thickening http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0031944
T29 18919-18924 Phenotype denotes Cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T30 18935-18942 Phenotype denotes Fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T31 19246-19251 Phenotype denotes Cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T32 19262-19269 Phenotype denotes Fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T33 22766-22771 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T34 22773-22780 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T35 23532-23541 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T36 25167-25191 Phenotype denotes laboratory abnormalities http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001939
T37 25201-25212 Phenotype denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001888
T38 25256-25273 Phenotype denotes immune deficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T39 25340-25351 Phenotype denotes lymphopenia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001888
T40 25777-25782 Phenotype denotes cough http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T41 25787-25794 Phenotype denotes fatigue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378
T42 25971-25984 Phenotype denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003002
T43 27595-27604 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

0_colil

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32300971-26037317-67437 8228-8230 26037317 denotes 23
32300971-30842125-67438 9375-9377 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-30842125-67439 26105-26107 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-31115618-67440 26322-26324 31115618 denotes 28
32300971-16505391-67441 26803-26805 16505391 denotes 29
32300971-29948074-67436 4019-4021 29948074 denotes 19
32300971-30093881-67436 4019-4021 30093881 denotes 19
32300971-30546304-67436 4019-4021 30546304 denotes 19

TEST0

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32300971-31-37-67436 4019-4021 ["29948074", "30093881", "30546304"] denotes 19
32300971-68-74-67437 8228-8230 ["26037317"] denotes 23
32300971-197-203-67438 9375-9377 ["30842125"] denotes 24
32300971-195-201-67439 26105-26107 ["30842125"] denotes 24
32300971-18-24-67440 26322-26324 ["31115618"] denotes 28
32300971-100-106-67441 26803-26805 ["16505391"] denotes 29

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32300971-29948074-29373584 4019-4021 29948074 denotes 19
32300971-30093881-29373584 4019-4021 30093881 denotes 19
32300971-30546304-29373584 4019-4021 30546304 denotes 19
32300971-26037317-29373585 8228-8230 26037317 denotes 23
32300971-30842125-29373586 9375-9377 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-30842125-29373587 26105-26107 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-31115618-29373588 26322-26324 31115618 denotes 28
32300971-16505391-29373589 26803-26805 16505391 denotes 29

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T27 0-12 Sentence denotes Introduction
T28 13-211 Sentence denotes On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak as a global health emergency of international concern.
T29 212-306 Sentence denotes This outbreak has infected all provinces of China and rapidly spread to the rest of the world.
T30 307-430 Sentence denotes At the time of writing this article (March 16, 2020), there have been more than 158 countries and territories affected [1].
T31 431-759 Sentence denotes Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis reveal that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is similar to some beta coronaviruses detected in bats, but it is distinct from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Cov) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [2].
T32 760-888 Sentence denotes Patients with COVID-19 develop pneumonia with associated symptoms of fever (98%), cough (76%), and myalgia or fatigue (44%) [3].
T33 889-987 Sentence denotes CT imaging plays a critical role in the diagnosis and the monitoring of disease progression [4–6].
T34 988-1215 Sentence denotes The latest research studies described the characteristic imaging manifestations of COVID-19, including ground-glass opacities (GGO) (57 to 88%), bilateral involvement (76 to 88%), and peripheral distribution (33 to 85%) [7–10].
T35 1216-1352 Sentence denotes Other imaging features such as consolidation, cavitation, and interlobular septal thickening are also reported in some patients [11–13].
T36 1353-1473 Sentence denotes However, these imaging manifestations of COVID-19 are nonspecific and are difficult to distinguish from other pneumonia.
T37 1474-1630 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, there have been no studies explicitly comparing imaging and clinical characteristics between pneumonia patients with and without COVID-19.
T38 1631-1828 Sentence denotes The current diagnostic criterion for COVID-19 is the positive result of a nucleic acid test by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or next-generation sequencing [14].
T39 1829-1996 Sentence denotes However, false-negative results caused by unstable specimen processing are relatively high in clinical practice, which has worsened the spread of the outbreak [15–18].
T40 1997-2111 Sentence denotes Moreover, laboratory testing for SARS-CoV-2 requires a rigorous platform, which is not assembled in all hospitals.
T41 2112-2186 Sentence denotes Thus, this requires specimen transfer, which may delay diagnosis for days.
T42 2187-2330 Sentence denotes Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial, particularly for critically ill patients who need emergency surgery, and with pneumonia complications.
T43 2331-2504 Sentence denotes To solve these problems, we hypothesize that a diagnostic model can be developed based on CT imaging and clinical manifestations alone, independent of the nucleic acid test.
T44 2505-2630 Sentence denotes In this study, we identify the differences in imaging and clinical manifestations between patients with and without COVID-19.
T45 2631-2744 Sentence denotes We also develop and validate a model for COVID-19 diagnosis based on radiological semantic and clinical features.
T46 2746-2766 Sentence denotes Patients and methods
T47 2768-2776 Sentence denotes Patients
T48 2777-2928 Sentence denotes Ethical approvals by the institutional review boards were obtained for this retrospective analysis, and the need to obtain informed consent was waived.
T49 2929-3246 Sentence denotes From January 1 to February 8, 2020, seventy consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted in 5 independent hospitals from 4 cities were enrolled in this study (mean age, 42.9 years; range, 16–69 years), including 41 men (mean age, 41.8 years; range, 16–69 years) and 29 women (mean age, 44.5 years; range, 16–66 years).
T50 3247-3352 Sentence denotes All patients were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing.
T51 3353-3477 Sentence denotes Of these patients, 24 were from Huizhou City, 25 from Shantou City, 15 from Yongzhou City, and the rest 6 from Meizhou City.
T52 3478-3764 Sentence denotes At the same period, another 66 pneumonia patients without COVID-19 from Meizhou People’s Hospital were recruited as controls (mean age, 46.7 years; range, 0.3–93 years), including 43 men (mean age, 46.0 years; range, 0.3–93 years) and 23 women (mean age, 48.0 years; range, 1–86 years).
T53 3765-3837 Sentence denotes All the controls were confirmed with consecutive negative RT-PCR assays.
T54 3838-3987 Sentence denotes Figure E1 in the Supplementary Material shows the patient recruitment pathway for the control group, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
T55 3988-4125 Sentence denotes According to previous studies [19–21], whose sample size is comparable with ours, the ratio between primary and validation cohort is 7:3.
T56 4126-4246 Sentence denotes In this study, a total of 136 patients were divided into primary (n = 98) and validation (n = 38) cohorts, close to 7:3.
T57 4247-4528 Sentence denotes A total of 19 COVID-19 patients from two hospitals (6 patients from Meizhou People’s Hospital and 13 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College) and 19 randomly selected controls from Meizhou City were incorporated into the validation cohort.
T58 4529-4702 Sentence denotes The rest of the patients are incorporated in the primary cohort, including 51 COVID-19 patients from Huizhou, Yongzhou, and Shantou cities and 47 controls from Meizhou City.
T59 4703-4893 Sentence denotes The primary cohort was utilized to select the most valuable features and build the predictive model, and the validation cohort was used to evaluate and validate the performance of the model.
T60 4895-4929 Sentence denotes Image and clinical data collection
T61 4930-5230 Sentence denotes The chest CT imaging data without contrast material enhancement were obtained from multiple hospitals with different CT systems, including GE CT Discovery 750 HD (General Electric Company), SCENARIA 64 CT (Hitachi Medical), Philips Ingenuity CT (PHILIPS), and Siemens SOMATOM Definition AS (Siemens).
T62 5231-5305 Sentence denotes All images were reconstructed into 1-mm slices with a slice gap of 0.8 mm.
T63 5306-5395 Sentence denotes Detailed acquisition parameters were summarized in the Supplementary Material (Table E1).
T64 5396-5490 Sentence denotes The clinical history, nursing records, and laboratory findings were reviewed for all patients.
T65 5491-5683 Sentence denotes Clinical characteristics, including demographic information, daily body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, clinical symptoms, and history of exposure to epidemic centers, were collected.
T66 5684-5908 Sentence denotes Total white blood cell (WBC) counts, lymphocyte counts, ratio of lymphocyte, neutrophil count, ratio of neutrophil, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein level (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured.
T67 5909-6024 Sentence denotes All threshold values chosen for laboratory metrics were based on the normal ranges set by each individual hospital.
T68 6026-6040 Sentence denotes Image analysis
T69 6041-6230 Sentence denotes For extraction of radiological semantic features, two senior radiologists (D.L. and X.C., more than 15 years of experience) reached a consensus, blinded to clinical and laboratory findings.
T70 6231-6326 Sentence denotes The radiological semantic features included both qualitative and quantitative imaging features.
T71 6327-6475 Sentence denotes The lesions in the outer third of the lung were defined as peripheral, and lesions in the inner two-thirds of the lung were defined as central [22].
T72 6476-6706 Sentence denotes The progression of COVID-19 lesions within each lung lobe was evaluated by scoring each lobe from 0 to 4 [7], corresponding to normal, 1~25% infection, 26~50% infection, 51~75% infection, and more than 75% infection, respectively.
T73 6707-6797 Sentence denotes The scores were combined for all five lobes to provide a total score ranging from 0 to 20.
T74 6798-6903 Sentence denotes A total of 41 radiological features (26 quantitative and 15 qualitative) were extracted for the analysis.
T75 6904-7007 Sentence denotes The descriptions of radiological semantic features are listed in the Supplementary Material (Table E2).
T76 7008-7064 Sentence denotes Figure 1 is one example of the evaluation of CT imaging.
T77 7065-7146 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 A 23-year-old female with a travel history to Wuhan presenting with fever.
T78 7147-7273 Sentence denotes Axial noncontrast CT image shows a consolidation with ground-glass opacities in the peripheral region by the right upper lobe.
T79 7274-7309 Sentence denotes Air bronchogram is found in lesion.
T80 7310-7351 Sentence denotes The maximum diameter of lesion is 2.8 cm.
T81 7352-7437 Sentence denotes The right upper lobe score is 1 because of the involved lung parenchyma less than 1/4
T82 7439-7482 Sentence denotes Clinical and radiological feature selection
T83 7483-7685 Sentence denotes To obtain the most valuable clinical and radiological semantic features, statistical analysis, univariate analysis, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method were performed.
T84 7686-7884 Sentence denotes In statistical analysis, the chi-square test, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and t test were utilized to compare the radiological semantic and clinical features between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.
T85 7885-7943 Sentence denotes The features with p value smaller than 0.05 were selected.
T86 7944-8072 Sentence denotes Then, univariate analysis was performed for clinical and radiological candidate features to determine the COVID-19 risk factors.
T87 8073-8159 Sentence denotes The features with p value smaller than 0.05 in univariate analysis were also selected.
T88 8160-8383 Sentence denotes The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method [23] was utilized to select the most useful features with penalty parameter tuning that was conducted by 10-fold cross-validation based on minimum criteria.
T89 8384-8487 Sentence denotes Diagnostic models were then constructed by multivariate logistic regression with the selected features.
T90 8488-8606 Sentence denotes The flowchart of the feature selection process for these models was presented in the Supplementary Material (Fig. E2).
T91 8608-8658 Sentence denotes Development and validation of the diagnostic model
T92 8659-8954 Sentence denotes To develop an optimal model, we evaluated 3 models by analyzing (i) the clinical features model (C model), (ii) radiological semantic features model (R model), and (iii) the combination of clinical and radiological semantic features model (CR model) by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
T93 8955-9084 Sentence denotes The classification performances of the models were evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
T94 9085-9177 Sentence denotes The area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were also calculated.
T95 9178-9379 Sentence denotes A decision curve analysis was conducted to determine the clinical usefulness of the diagnostic model by quantifying the net benefits at different threshold probabilities in the validation dataset [24].
T96 9380-9459 Sentence denotes The development of decision curve was described in the Supplementary Materials.
T97 9460-9541 Sentence denotes Figure 2 depicts the flowchart of the proposed analysis pipeline described above.
T98 9542-9746 Sentence denotes We also built a nomogram, which was a quantitative tool to predict the individual probability of infection by COVID-19, based on the multivariate logistic analysis of the CR model with the primary cohort.
T99 9747-9903 Sentence denotes Depending on the coefficient of the predictive factors in multivariate logistic regression model, all values of each predictive factor were assigned points.
T100 9904-9983 Sentence denotes A total point was obtained by summing all the points of each predictive factor.
T101 9984-10094 Sentence denotes The scale also showed the relationship between the total point and the prediction probability in the nomogram.
T102 10095-10242 Sentence denotes The corresponding calibration curves of the CR model in the primary cohort and validation cohort are shown in the Supplementary Material (Fig. E3).
T103 10243-10302 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 Workflow of data process and analysis in this study.
T104 10303-10433 Sentence denotes Radiological semantic features, including qualitative and quantitative imaging features, are extracted from axial lung CT section.
T105 10434-10526 Sentence denotes The clinical manifestation and laboratory parameters are provided by electronic case system.
T106 10527-10641 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis is performed for comparing the different features between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.
T107 10642-10819 Sentence denotes Univariate analysis, least absolute shrinkage, and selection operator (LASSO) are further performed to determine the COVID-19 risk factors with p < 0.05 in statistical analysis.
T108 10820-10916 Sentence denotes Three models based on the selected features are established by multivariate logistic regression.
T109 10917-11059 Sentence denotes These models include radiological mode (R model), clinical model (C model), and the combination of clinical and radiological model (CR model).
T110 11060-11237 Sentence denotes The performance and clinical benefits of the prediction model are assessed by the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the decision curve, respectively
T111 11239-11259 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis
T112 11260-11320 Sentence denotes Statistical analysis was conducted with R software (Version:
T113 11321-11354 Sentence denotes 3.6.4, http: www.r-project.org/).
T114 11355-11463 Sentence denotes The reported significance levels were all two-sided, and the statistical significance level was set to 0.05.
T115 11464-11549 Sentence denotes The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with the “stats” package.
T116 11550-11610 Sentence denotes Nomogram construction was performed using the “rms” package.
T117 11611-11664 Sentence denotes Decision curve analysis was performed using the “dca.
T118 11665-11676 Sentence denotes R” package.
T119 11678-11685 Sentence denotes Results
T120 11687-11737 Sentence denotes Imaging and clinical manifestations between groups
T121 11738-11943 Sentence denotes The differences between patients with and without COVID-19 for all 67 features (41 imaging and 26 critical clinical features) are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and the Supplementary Materials (Tables E3 and E4).
T122 11944-12091 Sentence denotes The differences between the primary cohort and validation cohort for the same features are shown in the Supplementary Materials (Tables E5 and E6).
T123 12092-12249 Sentence denotes All characteristics except fatigue and white blood cell count in the CR model presented no significant difference between the primary and validation cohorts.
T124 12250-12361 Sentence denotes A total of 1745 lesions were identified, with 1062 from the COVID-19 group and 683 from the non-COVID-19 group.
T125 12362-12441 Sentence denotes Table 1 Radiological semantic features of patients in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19
T126 12442-12497 Sentence denotes Feature Non-COVID-19 (n = 66) COVID-19 (n = 70) p value
T127 12498-12516 Sentence denotes Number of pure GGO
T128 12517-12569 Sentence denotes   Total# 1.00 (0.00, 5.05) 3.50 (0.95, 8.05) 0.018b*
T129 12570-12632 Sentence denotes   Peripheral area# 1.00 (0.00, 4.05) 2.00 (0.00, 6.05) 0.032b*
T130 12633-12720 Sentence denotes   Central/both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.001b*
T131 12721-12740 Sentence denotes Number of mixed GGO
T132 12741-12793 Sentence denotes   Total# 1.00 (0.00, 3.05) 3.00 (1.00, 9.00) 0.001b*
T133 12794-12858 Sentence denotes   Peripheral area# 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 2.50 (1.00, 6.00) < 0.001b*
T134 12859-12945 Sentence denotes   Central/both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 1.05) 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.657b
T135 12946-12975 Sentence denotes Total number of consolidation
T136 12976-13036 Sentence denotes   Consolidation# 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.05) 0.001b*
T137 13037-13101 Sentence denotes   Pure solid nodules# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.309b
T138 13102-13171 Sentence denotes   Solid nodules with GGO# 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) 0.033b*
T139 13172-13195 Sentence denotes Total number of lesions
T140 13196-13258 Sentence denotes   Peripheral area# 5.00 (2.00, 9.05) 7.00 (2.00, 13.00) 0.112b
T141 13259-13317 Sentence denotes   Central area# 0.00 (0.00, 3.00) 0.00 (0.00, 1.05) 0.960b
T142 13318-13396 Sentence denotes   Both peripheral and central area# 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) 0.00 (0.00, 2.05) 0.582b
T143 13397-13435 Sentence denotes Interlobular septal thickening 0.009a*
T144 13436-13470 Sentence denotes   Negative 44 (66.67%) 31 (44.29%)
T145 13471-13505 Sentence denotes   Positive 22 (33.33%) 39 (55.71%)
T146 13506-13536 Sentence denotes Crazy paving pattern < 0.001a*
T147 13537-13571 Sentence denotes   Negative 60 (90.91%) 32 (45.71%)
T148 13572-13604 Sentence denotes   Positive 6 (9.09%) 38 (54.29%)
T149 13605-13631 Sentence denotes Tree-in-bud sign < 0.001a*
T150 13632-13666 Sentence denotes   Negative 37 (56.06%) 61 (87.14%)
T151 13667-13700 Sentence denotes   Positive 29 (43.94%) 9 (12.86%)
T152 13701-13727 Sentence denotes Pleural thickening 0.030a*
T153 13728-13762 Sentence denotes   Negative 46 (69.70%) 36 (51.43%)
T154 13763-13797 Sentence denotes   Positive 20 (30.30%) 34 (48.57%)
T155 13798-13848 Sentence denotes Offending vessel augmentation in lesions < 0.001a*
T156 13849-13883 Sentence denotes   Negative 55 (83.33%) 17 (24.29%)
T157 13884-13918 Sentence denotes   Positive 11 (16.67%) 53 (75.71%)
T158 13919-13945 Sentence denotes GGO ground-glass opacities
T159 13946-14089 Sentence denotes #Results are median with interquartile range in parentheses, and the remainder results are measurements with corresponding ratio in parentheses
T160 14090-14151 Sentence denotes *Data with statistical significance. pa: chi-square test, pb:
T161 14152-14168 Sentence denotes Student’s t test
T162 14169-14235 Sentence denotes Table 2 Clinical features of patients in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19
T163 14236-14291 Sentence denotes Feature Non-COVID-19 (n = 66) COVID-19 (n = 70) p value
T164 14292-14295 Sentence denotes Sex
T165 14296-14334 Sentence denotes   Male# 43 (65.15%) 41 (58.57%) 0.430a
T166 14335-14368 Sentence denotes   Female# 23 (34.85%) 29 (41.43%)
T167 14369-14417 Sentence denotes   Age (years) 46.73 ± 25.00 42.93 ± 13.32 0.275b
T168 14418-14429 Sentence denotes Vital signs
T169 14430-14499 Sentence denotes   Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 126.92 ± 23.07 127.07 ± 15.16 0.965b
T170 14500-14568 Sentence denotes   Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 77.74 ± 15.72 80.39 ± 10.51 0.254b
T171 14569-14629 Sentence denotes   Respiration rate (bpm) 25.20 ± 7.29 19.86 ± 1.90 < 0.001b*
T172 14630-14687 Sentence denotes   Heart rate (bpm) 101.59 ± 20.36 86.06 ± 13.34 < 0.001b*
T173 14688-14740 Sentence denotes   Temperature (°C) 37.61 ± 1.06 37.12 ± 0.83 0.003b*
T174 14741-14746 Sentence denotes Signs
T175 14747-14791 Sentence denotes   Dry cough# 56 (84.85%) 48 (68.57%) 0.025a*
T176 14792-14833 Sentence denotes   Fatigue# 8 (12.12%) 22 (31.43%) 0.007a*
T177 14834-14876 Sentence denotes   Sore throat# 6 (9.09%) 9 (12.86%) 0.483a
T178 14877-14913 Sentence denotes   Stuffy# 4 (6.06%) 2 (2.86%) 0.623a
T179 14914-14954 Sentence denotes   Runny nose# 3 (4.55%) 3 (4.29%) 0.731a
T180 14955-15022 Sentence denotes White blood cell count (× 109/L) 11.48 ± 5.36 5.27 ± 2.33 < 0.001b*
T181 15023-15064 Sentence denotes White blood cell count category < 0.001c*
T182 15065-15091 Sentence denotes   Low# 0 (0.00%) 2 (2.86%)
T183 15092-15125 Sentence denotes   Normal# 27 (40.91%) 63 (90.00%)
T184 15126-15155 Sentence denotes   High# 39 (59.09%) 5 (7.14%)
T185 15156-15213 Sentence denotes Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) 1.57 ± 1.33 1.25 ± 0.68 0.086b
T186 15214-15249 Sentence denotes Lymphocyte count category < 0.001c*
T187 15250-15280 Sentence denotes   Low# 24 (36.36%) 32 (45.71%)
T188 15281-15314 Sentence denotes   Normal# 35 (53.03%) 37 (52.86%)
T189 15315-15343 Sentence denotes   High# 7 (10.61%) 1 (1.43%)
T190 15344-15404 Sentence denotes Neutrophil count (× 109/L) 8.97 ± 4.90 3.53 ± 2.17 < 0.001b*
T191 15405-15440 Sentence denotes Neutrophil count category < 0.001c*
T192 15441-15468 Sentence denotes   Low# 3 (4.55%) 8 (11.43%)
T193 15469-15502 Sentence denotes   Normal# 23 (34.85%) 59 (84.29%)
T194 15503-15532 Sentence denotes   High# 40 (60.61%) 3 (4.29%)
T195 15533-15596 Sentence denotes C-reactive protein (mg/L) 69.30 ± 65.88 26.37 ± 30.97 < 0.001b*
T196 15597-15650 Sentence denotes Procalcitonin (ng/mL) 3.36 ± 8.98 0.26 ± 0.84 0.007b*
T197 15651-15712 Sentence denotes *Data with statistical significance. pa: chi-square test, pb:
T198 15713-15734 Sentence denotes Student’s t test. pc:
T199 15735-15756 Sentence denotes Kruskal-Wallis H test
T200 15757-15822 Sentence denotes #Results are measurements with corresponding ratio in parentheses
T201 15823-15913 Sentence denotes For imaging manifestations, 7 patients in the COVID-19 group showed normal chest CT (10%).
T202 15914-16047 Sentence denotes COVID-19 patients have a greater number of pure GGO and mixed GGO than non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.018 and p = 0.001, respectively).
T203 16048-16166 Sentence denotes For pure GGO lesions, the differences are significant both in peripheral (p = 0.032) and in central areas (p = 0.001).
T204 16167-16324 Sentence denotes However, the number of mixed GGO is mainly distributed at the periphery in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001), with no statistical difference in the central area.
T205 16325-16410 Sentence denotes The consolidation lesions without GGO occurred less in COVID-19 patients (p = 0.001).
T206 16411-16552 Sentence denotes More lesions are between 1 and 3 cm (p = 0.027), and fewer lesions are larger than half of the lung segment (p = 0.017) in COVID-19 patients.
T207 16553-16911 Sentence denotes Other significant differences between the two groups include the pleural traction sign (p = 0.019), bronchial wall thickening (p < 0.001), interlobular septal thickening (p = 0.009), crazy paving (p < 0.001), tree-in-bud (p < 0.001), pleural effusions (p < 0.001), pleural thickening (p = 0.030), and the offending vessel augmentation in lesions (p < 0.001).
T208 16912-17007 Sentence denotes The lung score presents no significant difference between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.
T209 17008-17124 Sentence denotes Comparison of clinical features between the two groups of patients with and without COVID-19 is reported in Table 2.
T210 17125-17198 Sentence denotes There is no significant difference in age and sex between the two groups.
T211 17199-17344 Sentence denotes Significant differences are found in common symptoms between groups, including fever (p = 0.003), dry cough (p = 0.025), and fatigue (p = 0.007).
T212 17345-17455 Sentence denotes The respiration rate and heart rate also show significant differences between the two groups (both p < 0.001).
T213 17456-17577 Sentence denotes Compared with non-COVID-19 pneumonia, the reduction of the WBC count is more pronounced in COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001).
T214 17578-17702 Sentence denotes The ratio of lymphocyte and ratio of neutrophil also show a significant difference between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.
T215 17703-17850 Sentence denotes Although lymphopenia was observed in 32 COVID-19 patients (45.71%), it is not statistically different compared with that in the non-COVID-19 group.
T216 17851-18002 Sentence denotes C-creative protein (CRP) level and procalcitonin level are also significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively).
T217 18003-18070 Sentence denotes Most COVID-19 patients present normal procalcitonin level (82.86%).
T218 18072-18115 Sentence denotes Clinical and radiological feature selection
T219 18116-18260 Sentence denotes Of the features, 18 radiological features and 17 clinical features were selected to form the predictors based on the result from Tables 1 and 2.
T220 18261-18330 Sentence denotes Table 3 lists the features selected by univariate analysis and LASSO.
T221 18331-18379 Sentence denotes Table 3 Selected features in C, R, and CR models
T222 18380-18422 Sentence denotes Model and individual features Coefficients
T223 18423-18437 Sentence denotes R, n = 8 (41)*
T224 18438-18457 Sentence denotes   Intercept − 0.307
T225 18458-18510 Sentence denotes   Total number of mixed GGO in peripheral area 0.359
T226 18511-18550 Sentence denotes   Total number of consolidation − 1.262
T227 18551-18616 Sentence denotes   Total number of solid nodules with ground-glass opacities 0.452
T228 18617-18657 Sentence denotes   Interlobular septal thickening − 5.559
T229 18658-18686 Sentence denotes   Crazy paving pattern 3.566
T230 18687-18708 Sentence denotes   Tree-in-bud − 2.548
T231 18709-18735 Sentence denotes   Pleural thickening 3.265
T232 18736-18784 Sentence denotes   Offending vessel augmentation in lesions 5.504
T233 18785-18799 Sentence denotes C, n = 7 (26)*
T234 18800-18818 Sentence denotes   Intercept 29.273
T235 18819-18840 Sentence denotes   Respiration − 0.359
T236 18841-18861 Sentence denotes   Heart rate − 0.054
T237 18862-18883 Sentence denotes   Temperature − 0.289
T238 18884-18916 Sentence denotes   White blood cell count − 0.175
T239 18917-18932 Sentence denotes   Cough − 1.866
T240 18933-18948 Sentence denotes   Fatigue 2.855
T241 18949-18984 Sentence denotes   Lymphocyte count category − 0.028
T242 18985-19001 Sentence denotes CR, n = 10 (67)*
T243 19002-19020 Sentence denotes   Intercept 45.117
T244 19021-19073 Sentence denotes   Total number of mixed GGO in peripheral area 0.108
T245 19074-19095 Sentence denotes   Tree-in-bud − 1.853
T246 19096-19144 Sentence denotes   Offending vessel augmentation in lesions 6.000
T247 19145-19166 Sentence denotes   Respiration − 0.583
T248 19167-19188 Sentence denotes   Heart ratio − 0.084
T249 19189-19210 Sentence denotes   Temperature − 0.536
T250 19211-19243 Sentence denotes   White blood cell count − 0.471
T251 19244-19259 Sentence denotes   Cough − 0.997
T252 19260-19277 Sentence denotes   Fatigue − 0.228
T253 19278-19313 Sentence denotes   Lymphocyte count category − 2.177
T254 19314-19496 Sentence denotes C, R, and CR indicate the predicted model based on clinical features, radiological features, and the combination of clinical features and clinical radiological features, respectively
T255 19497-19582 Sentence denotes *n means corresponding selected features, and data in parentheses are total features.
T256 19583-19695 Sentence denotes Coefficients: the estimate value of each feature in multivariate logistic regression model by “glm” package in R
T257 19697-19729 Sentence denotes Model development and validation
T258 19730-19931 Sentence denotes The prediction models based on (i) clinical features (C model), (ii) radiological features (R model), and (iii) the combination of clinical features and radiological features (CR model) were developed.
T259 19932-20015 Sentence denotes ROC analyses for the primary and validation cohort are shown in Table 4 and Fig. 3.
T260 20016-20208 Sentence denotes The CR model yielded a maximum AUC of 0.986 (95% CI 0.966~1.000) in the primary cohort with the highest accuracy and specificity, which was 0.936 (95% CI 0.866~1.000) in the validation cohort.
T261 20209-20347 Sentence denotes The AUC for the C model was 0.952 (95% CI 0.988~0.915) and 0.967 (95% CI 0.919~1.000) in the primary and validation cohorts, respectively.
T262 20348-20468 Sentence denotes For the R model, the AUC of the two cohorts was 0.969 (95% CI 0.940~0.997) and 0.809 (95% CI 0.669~0.948), respectively.
T263 20469-20528 Sentence denotes Table 4 Performance of the individualized prediction models
T264 20529-20579 Sentence denotes Primary cohort (n = 98) Validation cohort (n = 38)
T265 20580-20674 Sentence denotes Models AUC 95% CI Accuracy Specificity Sensitivity AUC 95% CI Accuracy Specificity Sensitivity
T266 20675-20754 Sentence denotes C model 0.952 0.915~0.988 0.888 0.894 0.882 0.967 0.919~1.000 0.868 0.859 0.842
T267 20755-20834 Sentence denotes R model 0.969 0.940~0.997 0.929 0.851 1.000 0.809 0.669~0.948 0.684 0.368 1.000
T268 20835-20915 Sentence denotes CR model 0.986 0.966~1.000 0.959 0.957 0.961 0.936 0.866~1.000 0.763 0.789 0.737
T269 20916-21099 Sentence denotes C, R, and CR indicate the predicted model based on clinical features, radiological features, and the combination of clinical features and clinical radiological features, respectively.
T270 21100-21122 Sentence denotes CI confidence interval
T271 21123-21194 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 ROC of the three models in primary and validation cohort curves.
T272 21195-21462 Sentence denotes Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves among the radiological mode (R model), clinical model (C model), and the combination of clinical and radiological model (CR model) for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in the primary (a) and validation (b) cohorts
T273 21463-21668 Sentence denotes To determine the clinical usefulness of the diagnostic model, we developed the decision curve (Fig. 4), which showed better performances for the CR model compared with that for the C model and the R model.
T274 21669-21852 Sentence denotes Across the majority of the range of reasonable threshold probabilities, the decision curve analysis showed that the CR model had a higher overall benefit than the C model and R model.
T275 21853-21922 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Decision curve analysis for each model in the primary dataset.
T276 21923-22217 Sentence denotes The y-axis measures the net benefit, which is calculated by summing the benefits (true-positive findings) and subtracting the harms (false-positive findings), weighting the latter by a factor related to the relative harm of undetected metastasis compared with the harm of unnecessary treatment.
T277 22218-22476 Sentence denotes The decision curve shows that if the threshold probability is over 10%, the application of the combination of clinical and radiological model (CR model) to diagnose COVID-19 adds more benefit than the clinical model (C model) and radiological model (R model)
T278 22477-22824 Sentence denotes The nomogram (Fig. 5) was developed by the CR model in the primary cohort, with the factors of the total number of mixed GGO in peripheral area (TN_Mixed_GGO_IP), tree-in-bud, offending vessel augmentation in lesions (OVAIL), respiration, heart ratio, temperature, white blood cell count, cough, fatigue and lymphocyte count category incorporated.
T279 22825-22929 Sentence denotes The total points were calculated by summing the points identified on the “points” scale for each factor.
T280 22930-23064 Sentence denotes By comparing the “total points” scale and the “probability” scale, the individual probability of COVID-19 infection could be obtained.
T281 23065-23119 Sentence denotes Fig. 5 Nomogram of the CR model in the primary cohort.
T282 23120-23197 Sentence denotes TN_Mixed_GGO_IP represented the total number of mixed GGO in peripheral area.
T283 23198-23257 Sentence denotes AVAIL represented offending vessel segmentation in lesions.
T284 23258-23311 Sentence denotes N was a negative result, and P was a positive result.
T285 23312-23336 Sentence denotes Norm represented normal.
T286 23337-23399 Sentence denotes Note that in probability scale, 0 = non-COVID-19, 1 = COVID-19
T287 23401-23411 Sentence denotes Discussion
T288 23412-23577 Sentence denotes In this multi-center study, statistical analysis was performed in comparing imaging and clinical manifestations between pneumonia patients with and without COVID-19.
T289 23578-23730 Sentence denotes Eighteen radiological semantic features and seventeen clinical features were identified to be significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05).
T290 23731-23812 Sentence denotes Three models for COVID-19 diagnosis were developed based on the refined features.
T291 23813-23919 Sentence denotes The models were validated in the both primary and validation cohorts and achieved an AUC as high as 0.986.
T292 23920-24111 Sentence denotes These models will play an essential role for early and easy-to-access diagnosis, especially when there are not enough RT-PCT kits or experimental platforms to test for the COVID-19 infection.
T293 24112-24213 Sentence denotes A total of 1745 lesions were evaluated for the qualitative feature, location, and size in this study.
T294 24214-24407 Sentence denotes Consistent with the previous studies, the ground-glass opacities and consolidation in the lung periphery were considered to be the imaging hallmark in patients with COVID-19 infection [11, 25].
T295 24408-24551 Sentence denotes However, when we subdivided the GGO into pure GGO and mixed GGO, we found that the distribution pattern is different between these two lesions.
T296 24552-24714 Sentence denotes Pure GGO show differences between groups in every location of the lungs, whereas mixed GGO only have significant differences between groups in the lung periphery.
T297 24715-24787 Sentence denotes Recent studies defined four stages of lung involvement in COVID-19 [26].
T298 24788-24864 Sentence denotes Therefore, a follow-up analysis of these distributions would be significant.
T299 24865-24953 Sentence denotes The lesion size in patients with COVID-19 infection was another interesting observation.
T300 24954-25097 Sentence denotes Most lesions were between 1 and 3 cm, with few lesions larger than half of the lung segment, which was similar to the finding in MERS_CoV [22].
T301 25098-25282 Sentence denotes Other features similar to MERS_CoV and SARS_CoV were observed in the laboratory abnormalities, such as lymphopenia, which may be associated with the cellular immune deficiency [3, 27].
T302 25283-25399 Sentence denotes However, our results showed no significant difference in lymphopenia between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.
T303 25400-25531 Sentence denotes To our knowledge, no diagnostic model based on imaging and clinical features alone has been proposed for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
T304 25532-25837 Sentence denotes Our clinical and radiological semantic (CR) models consisted of the following features: total number of GGO with consolidation in the peripheral area, tree-in-bud, offending vessel augmentation in lesions, temperature, heart ratio, respiration, cough and fatigue, WBC count, and lymphocyte count category.
T305 25838-25909 Sentence denotes The CR model outperformed the individual clinical and radiologic model.
T306 25910-26109 Sentence denotes This result was in accordance with that in previous study in breast cancer, in which the model based on the combination of radiomics features and clinical features achieved a higher performance [24].
T307 26110-26303 Sentence denotes Compared with the radiomics-based model, the extraction of radiological semantic features can overcome the image discrepancy caused by different scanning parameters and/or different CT vendors.
T308 26304-26500 Sentence denotes A previous study [28] also indicated that models based on semantic features determined by an experienced thoracic radiologist slightly outperformed models based on computed texture features alone.
T309 26501-26543 Sentence denotes There are a few limitations in this study.
T310 26544-26702 Sentence denotes First, the sample size is relatively small because this is a retrospective analysis of a new disease and most of the cases outside of Wuhan City are imported.
T311 26703-27020 Sentence denotes Second, with the multi-center retrospective design, there is a potential bias of patient selection [29], since there may be some deviations in marking semantic features among readers, though we have taken the effort to reduce this by creating pictorial examples and setting feature criteria (Supplementary Materials).
T312 27021-27068 Sentence denotes Third, longitudinal CT study was not performed.
T313 27069-27208 Sentence denotes Whether or not this model can be used to evaluate the follow-ups and help to guide therapy remains an open question to be further explored.
T314 27209-27392 Sentence denotes Moreover, the rich high-order features of the CT image combined with radiomics or deep learning have not been studied, which may be another way to identify the patients with COVID-19.
T315 27393-27528 Sentence denotes Besides, one can also focus on the role of radiological features in disease monitoring, treatment evaluation, and prognosis prediction.
T316 27529-27640 Sentence denotes In conclusion, 1745 lesions and 67 features were compared between pneumonia patients with and without COVID-19.
T317 27641-27714 Sentence denotes Thirty-five features were significantly different between the two groups.
T318 27715-27885 Sentence denotes A diagnostic model with AUC as high as 0.986 was developed and validated both in the primary and in the validation cohorts, which may help improve the COVID-19 diagnosis.
T319 27887-27920 Sentence denotes Electronic supplementary material
T320 27922-27941 Sentence denotes ESM 1 (DOCX 404 kb)

MyTest

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
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32300971-30093881-29373584 4019-4021 30093881 denotes 19
32300971-30546304-29373584 4019-4021 30546304 denotes 19
32300971-26037317-29373585 8228-8230 26037317 denotes 23
32300971-30842125-29373586 9375-9377 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-30842125-29373587 26105-26107 30842125 denotes 24
32300971-31115618-29373588 26322-26324 31115618 denotes 28
32300971-16505391-29373589 26803-26805 16505391 denotes 29