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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 0-8 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
7 467-475 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
8 262-271 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
9 326-335 Disease denotes psoriasis MESH:D011565
10 360-384 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
11 386-394 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
14 736-743 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
15 686-694 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
36 2142-2173 Gene denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Gene:59272
37 2175-2179 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
38 2194-2198 Gene denotes ACE2 Gene:59272
39 3177-3181 Gene denotes GCSF Gene:1440
40 3183-3220 Gene denotes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Gene:1440
41 3222-3227 Gene denotes GMCSF Gene:1437
42 3296-3300 Gene denotes IP10 Gene:3627
43 3335-3338 Gene denotes IRF Gene:84676
44 3370-3374 Gene denotes MCP1 Gene:6347
45 3376-3410 Gene denotes monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 Gene:6347
46 3412-3417 Gene denotes MIP1A Gene:6348
47 3419-3454 Gene denotes macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α Gene:6348
48 3499-3504 Gene denotes NF-κB Gene:4790
49 3525-3529 Gene denotes PDE4 Gene:5141
50 3660-3665 Gene denotes VEGFA Gene:7422
51 3667-3703 Gene denotes vascular endothelial growth factor A Gene:7422
52 1640-1648 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
53 1791-1799 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
54 1860-1868 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
55 3637-3651 Disease denotes tumor necrosis MESH:D009336
67 1047-1066 Gene denotes Interleukin (IL) 17 Gene:3605
68 1232-1236 Gene denotes IL-1 Gene:3552
69 1297-1302 Gene denotes IL-17 Gene:3605
70 855-866 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
71 956-970 Disease denotes tumor necrosis MESH:D009336
72 1122-1131 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
73 1246-1251 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
74 1322-1336 Disease denotes Tumor necrosis MESH:D009336
75 1423-1428 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
76 1503-1512 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
77 1533-1543 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
81 3890-3906 Disease denotes viral infections MESH:D001102
82 4010-4019 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
83 4147-4152 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
95 4792-4797 Gene denotes NF-κB Gene:4790
96 5103-5108 Gene denotes TNF-α Gene:7124
97 5409-5413 Gene denotes IL-1 Gene:3552
98 5449-5453 Gene denotes IL-4 Gene:3565
99 5546-5551 Gene denotes IL-17 Gene:3605
100 5713-5719 Gene denotes IL-17a Gene:3605
101 5756-5762 Gene denotes IL-17a Gene:3605
102 5845-5850 Gene denotes IL-23 Gene:51561
103 6018-6022 Gene denotes PDE4 Gene:5141
104 5240-5245 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
105 5662-5667 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
108 6144-6148 Gene denotes PDE4 Gene:5141
109 6118-6123 Gene denotes NF-κB Gene:4790
111 6263-6270 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
113 4394-4402 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
117 7121-7128 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
118 7172-7180 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
119 6420-6428 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
124 7375-7383 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
125 7625-7646 Species denotes coronavirus/2019-nCoV Tax:2697049
126 7722-7729 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
127 7356-7364 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 930-934 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T2 991-1000 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T3 1047-1058 Body_part denotes Interleukin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T4 1060-1062 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T5 1067-1076 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T6 1102-1106 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T7 1205-1214 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T8 1219-1229 Body_part denotes chemokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma241981
T9 1232-1236 Body_part denotes IL-1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583
T10 1232-1234 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T11 1279-1293 Body_part denotes T-helper cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70572
T12 1288-1293 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T13 1297-1299 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T14 1315-1320 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T15 1355-1369 Body_part denotes dendritic cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma273565
T16 1365-1369 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T17 1387-1396 Body_part denotes leukocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62852
T18 1431-1441 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T19 1454-1466 Body_part denotes plasma cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70574
T20 1454-1460 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T21 1461-1466 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T22 1561-1565 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T23 1587-1599 Body_part denotes plasma cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70574
T24 1587-1593 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T25 1594-1599 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T26 1612-1620 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T27 1906-1911 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T28 1962-1975 Body_part denotes cell membrane http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63841
T29 1962-1966 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T30 2021-2025 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T31 2031-2035 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T32 2036-2052 Body_part denotes epithelial cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66768
T33 2047-2052 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T34 2217-2222 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T35 2419-2430 Body_part denotes macrophages http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T36 2504-2509 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T37 2516-2521 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T38 2539-2544 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T39 2564-2576 Body_part denotes plasma cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70574
T40 2564-2570 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T41 2571-2576 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T42 2668-2677 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T43 2744-2753 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T44 2799-2807 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T45 2872-2881 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T46 2924-2935 Body_part denotes neutrophils http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62860
T47 2937-2946 Body_part denotes monocytes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864
T48 2952-2963 Body_part denotes macrophages http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T49 2999-3008 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T50 3151-3161 Body_part denotes fibroblast http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63877
T51 3183-3194 Body_part denotes granulocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62854
T52 3229-3240 Body_part denotes granulocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62854
T53 3241-3251 Body_part denotes macrophage http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T54 3279-3281 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T55 3283-3294 Body_part denotes interleukin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T56 3323-3330 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T57 3376-3384 Body_part denotes monocyte http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62864
T58 3401-3408 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T59 3419-3429 Body_part denotes macrophage http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63261
T60 3443-3450 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T61 3492-3497 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T62 3558-3566 Body_part denotes platelet http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62851
T63 3595-3602 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T64 3617-3630 Body_part denotes T-helper cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70572
T65 3626-3630 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T66 3773-3781 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T67 3936-3945 Body_part denotes cytokines http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T68 3984-3989 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T69 4100-4108 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T70 4270-4278 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T71 4999-5002 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T72 5272-5279 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T73 5362-5364 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T74 5385-5387 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T75 5409-5413 Body_part denotes IL-1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86583
T76 5409-5411 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T77 5449-5451 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T78 5546-5548 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T79 5713-5715 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T80 5756-5758 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T81 5800-5805 Body_part denotes IL-12 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86579
T82 5800-5802 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T83 5845-5847 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T84 5885-5893 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T85 6101-6103 Body_part denotes IL http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T86 6105-6116 Body_part denotes Interleukin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma86578
T87 6844-6852 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T88 8103-8107 Body_part denotes Skin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 2031-2035 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048
T2 8103-8107 Body_part denotes Skin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 0-8 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 262-271 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T3 326-335 Disease denotes psoriasis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005083
T4 360-384 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 386-394 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 686-694 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 956-961 Disease denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070
T8 1122-1131 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T9 1322-1327 Disease denotes Tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070
T10 1503-1512 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T11 1533-1543 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 1640-1648 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 1791-1799 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T14 3637-3642 Disease denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005070
T15 3890-3906 Disease denotes viral infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005108
T16 4010-4019 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T17 4394-4402 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T18 6420-6428 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T19 7356-7364 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T20 8241-8244 Disease denotes Drs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024265

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 238-239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 430-433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T3 877-880 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T4 891-892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 909-926 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000024990 denotes type I interferon
T6 928-934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes B-cell
T7 1042-1046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3, 4
T8 1102-1106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T9 1171-1181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activating
T10 1279-1293 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000912 denotes T-helper cells
T11 1313-1320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084 denotes T cells
T12 1355-1369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000451 denotes dendritic cell
T13 1454-1466 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000786 denotes plasma cells
T14 1490-1495 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T15 1559-1565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes B-cell
T16 1587-1599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000786 denotes plasma cells
T17 1887-1892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T18 1906-1911 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T19 1962-1966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T20 1967-1975 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T21 2031-2052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000082 denotes lung epithelial cells
T22 2121-2126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T23 2217-2222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T24 2271-2276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T25 2398-2403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T26 2459-2467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activate
T27 2502-2509 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084 denotes T cells
T28 2514-2521 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes B cells
T29 2527-2536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes Activated
T30 2537-2544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes B cells
T31 2564-2576 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000786 denotes plasma cells
T32 2628-2635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T33 2937-2946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576 denotes monocytes
T34 3151-3161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000057 denotes fibroblast
T35 3177-3181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005932 denotes GCSF
T36 3183-3220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005932 denotes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
T37 3376-3384 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000576 denotes monocyte
T38 3480-3489 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activated
T39 3490-3497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000084 denotes T cells
T40 3503-3504 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T41 3522-3523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T42 3610-3611 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T43 3617-3630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000912 denotes T-helper cell
T44 3702-3703 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T45 3811-3814 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T46 3984-3989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T47 4097-4098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T48 4796-4797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T49 6122-6123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T50 6141-6142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T51 6794-6795 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T52 6825-6826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 7278-7279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 7827-7828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 7867-7870 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T56 8103-8107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014 denotes Skin
T57 8103-8107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003 denotes Skin
T58 8103-8107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097 denotes Skin
T59 8103-8107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199 denotes Skin
T60 8103-8107 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962 denotes Skin
T61 8108-8115 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes Actives
T62 8241-8244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002819 denotes Drs

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 13-28 Chemical denotes immunomodulator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T2 29-46 Chemical denotes immunosuppressant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35705
T3 483-499 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T4 785-800 Chemical denotes immunomodulator http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T5 801-818 Chemical denotes immunosuppressant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35705
T6 916-926 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T7 1060-1062 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T9 1232-1234 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T11 1297-1299 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T13 1706-1722 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T14 2142-2153 Chemical denotes angiotensin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48433
T15 2304-2314 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T16 2316-2319 Chemical denotes IFN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T17 3022-3026 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T18 3059-3075 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T19 3279-3281 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T21 3302-3312 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T22 3323-3330 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T23 3340-3350 Chemical denotes interferon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52999
T24 3401-3408 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T25 3443-3450 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T26 3499-3501 Chemical denotes NF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224
T29 3595-3602 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T30 3613-3615 Chemical denotes TH http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73663
T31 3695-3703 Chemical denotes factor A http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_79381
T32 4617-4633 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T33 4792-4794 Chemical denotes NF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224
T36 4939-4948 Chemical denotes inhibitor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T37 4949-4959 Chemical denotes Tacrolimus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61049
T38 4960-4972 Chemical denotes Cyclosporine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4031
T39 4999-5002 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T40 5015-5028 Chemical denotes Mycophenolate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_168396
T41 5050-5062 Chemical denotes Methotrexate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44185
T42 5272-5279 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T43 5280-5290 Chemical denotes Etanercept http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4875
T44 5362-5364 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T46 5365-5384 Chemical denotes receptor modulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90710
T47 5385-5387 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T49 5409-5411 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T51 5449-5451 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T53 5546-5548 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T55 5713-5715 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T57 5756-5758 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T59 5800-5802 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T61 5845-5847 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T63 6101-6103 Chemical denotes IL http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_63895|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74072
T65 6118-6120 Chemical denotes NF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141424|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25573|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_1224
T68 6373-6389 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846
T69 6626-6634 Chemical denotes molecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T70 6635-6645 Chemical denotes inhibitors http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222
T71 7309-7325 Chemical denotes immunomodulators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50846

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 962-970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070265 denotes necrosis
T2 962-970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes necrosis
T3 962-970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219 denotes necrosis
T4 962-970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001906 denotes necrosis
T5 1014-1029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response
T6 1328-1336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070265 denotes necrosis
T7 1328-1336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes necrosis
T8 1328-1336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219 denotes necrosis
T9 1328-1336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001906 denotes necrosis
T10 1355-1385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0097028 denotes dendritic cell differentiation
T11 1365-1385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030154 denotes cell differentiation
T12 1559-1581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030183 denotes B-cell differentiation
T13 1561-1581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0030154 denotes cell differentiation
T14 1612-1631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002377 denotes antibody production
T15 1655-1670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response
T16 1846-1856 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903 denotes secretions
T17 2366-2383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019079 denotes viral replication
T18 2366-2383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019058 denotes viral replication
T19 3162-3168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T20 3575-3581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T21 3643-3651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0070265 denotes necrosis
T22 3643-3651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes necrosis
T23 3643-3651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008219 denotes necrosis
T24 3643-3651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001906 denotes necrosis
T25 3688-3694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T26 3890-3906 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes viral infections
T27 4502-4517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response
T28 4927-4938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004723 denotes Calcineurin
T29 4927-4938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004722 denotes Calcineurin
T30 4990-5014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0008156 denotes Inhibits DNA replication
T31 4999-5014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006260 denotes DNA replication
T32 5362-5373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004896 denotes IL receptor
T33 6853-6862 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes formation
T34 7036-7051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006955 denotes immune response
T35 7966-7973 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009046 denotes Genzyme

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 326-335 Phenotype denotes psoriasis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003765
T2 956-961 Phenotype denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T3 1246-1251 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T4 1322-1327 Phenotype denotes Tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T5 1423-1428 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T6 2799-2813 Phenotype denotes cytokine storm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041
T7 3637-3642 Phenotype denotes tumor http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T8 4100-4114 Phenotype denotes cytokine storm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041
T9 4270-4284 Phenotype denotes cytokine storm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041
T10 5240-5245 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T11 5662-5667 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-65 Sentence denotes COVID-19 and immunomodulator/immunosuppressant use in dermatology
T2 67-81 Sentence denotes To the Editor:
T3 82-216 Sentence denotes We read with great interest the Commentary by Lebwohl et al1 recently published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
T4 217-405 Sentence denotes The authors provided a pertinent overview of infection risk associated with commonly used biologics to treat psoriasis in light of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.
T5 406-567 Sentence denotes We agree that this time has been particularly concerning for patients taking immunomodulators/immunosuppressants who are unsure of their risk for severe disease.
T6 568-823 Sentence denotes In response to the previous commentary, the goal of this letter is to expand and provide the latest information about COVID-19 along with considerations for addressing patient concerns surrounding dermatology-related immunomodulator/immunosuppressant use.
T7 824-1321 Sentence denotes Theoretical data from previous coronavirus outbreaks has suggested a strong role for type I interferon, B-cell–released antibodies, tumor necrosis factor-α, and other cytokines in the viral immune response (Fig 1 ).2, 3, 4 Interleukin (IL) 17 cytokines are important for immune cell recruitment to infection sites to promote clearance, while also activating downstream cascades of cytokines and chemokines.4 IL-1 promotes fever and the differentiation of T-helper cells to IL-17–producing T cells.
T8 1322-1544 Sentence denotes Tumor necrosis factor-α promotes dendritic cell differentiation, leukocyte recruitment, and mediates fever.4 Antibodies produced by plasma cells help to neutralize the virus, limit infection, and prevent future infections.
T9 1545-1633 Sentence denotes Disruption of B-cell differentiation into plasma cells could limit antibody production.3
T10 1634-3139 Sentence denotes Fig 1 COVID-19 viral immune response and targets of common dermatologic immunomodulators and immunosuppressants. (Left) (1) Person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 occurs though direct contact with respiratory secretions of infected individuals.2 The virus invades host cells by binding to their receptors and fusing with the cell membrane. (2) It is hypothesized that once inside the body, the lung epithelial cells become the primary target, where the receptor binding domain of the virus spikes bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors of ACE2-expressing target cells. (3) Although not confirmed, it is believed the virus dampens the initial type 1 interferon (IFN) responses, which contributes to uncontrolled viral replication. (4) Once the virus is identified, macrophages present viral components to activate and induce (5) differentiation of T cells and B cells. (6) Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies important for neutralizing viruses. (7) The resulting inflammatory cytokines and antibodies continue to stimulate the production of additional cytokines and antibodies, which may contribute to the “cytokine storm” noted in those with severe disease. (8) The inflammatory cytokines and antibodies also promote the influx of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages along with additional inflammatory cytokines. (Right) The drug targets for common dermatologic immunomodulators and immunosuppressants have also been included in this diagram.
T11 3140-3704 Sentence denotes FGF, Basic fibroblast growth factor; GCSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; IP10, interferon γ-induced protein 10; IRF, interferon regulatory factor; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; MIP1A, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PKA, protein kinase A; TH, T-helper cell; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A.
T12 3705-3732 Sentence denotes Created with Biorender.com.
T13 3733-3907 Sentence denotes Broad immunosuppression across multiple cytokine axes with immunosuppressants has the potential to increase susceptibility, persistence, and reactivation of viral infections.
T14 3908-4020 Sentence denotes Immunosuppressants decrease cytokines that recruit and differentiate immune cells needed to clear the infection.
T15 4021-4172 Sentence denotes In addition, inflammatory mediators can become hyperactivated, resulting in a “cytokine storm,” which is the primary cause of death in severe disease.3
T16 4173-4296 Sentence denotes Whether withdrawal of broadly immunosuppressive therapies may increase the risk of precipitating cytokine storm is unknown.
T17 4297-4414 Sentence denotes Therefore, classic immunosuppressants may present the most concerning risk for those affected by COVID-19 (Table I ).
T18 4415-4575 Sentence denotes Immunomodulators, such as biologics, that do not target vital domains within the viral immune response may dampen, but not significantly affect viral clearance.
T19 4576-4684 Sentence denotes Table I Considerations for commonly used immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for dermatologic conditions
T20 4685-4755 Sentence denotes Drug class Mechanism of action Drug name Risk Comments/considerations∗
T21 4756-4782 Sentence denotes Classic immunosuppressants
T22 4783-4926 Sentence denotes Inhibits NF-κB Corticosteroids Likely concerning risk Consider stopping when viral symptoms present especially with known or potential exposure
T23 4927-4959 Sentence denotes Calcineurin inhibitor Tacrolimus
T24 4960-4972 Sentence denotes Cyclosporine
T25 4973-5036 Sentence denotes  Antimetabolites Inhibits DNA replication Mycophenolate mofetil
T26 5037-5049 Sentence denotes Azathioprine
T27 5050-5062 Sentence denotes Methotrexate
T28 5063-5079 Sentence denotes Immunomodulators
T29 5080-5254 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies TNF-α inhibition Infliximab Likely moderate risk Continue if viral symptoms are mild, consider stopping if viral symptoms worsen or high fever develops
T30 5255-5290 Sentence denotes  Receptor fusion protein Etanercept
T31 5291-5326 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Certolizumab
T32 5327-5360 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Adalimumab
T33 5361-5414 Sentence denotes  IL receptor modulators IL inhibition Anakinra (IL-1)
T34 5415-5510 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Dupilumab (IL-4) Likely low risk Continue unless severe symptoms present
T35 5511-5676 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Brodalumab (IL-17) Likely moderate risk Continue if viral symptoms are mild, consider stopping if viral symptoms worsen or high fever develops
T36 5677-5720 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Secukinumab (IL-17a)
T37 5721-5763 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Ixekizumab (IL-17a)
T38 5764-5809 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Ustekinumab (IL-12/23)
T39 5810-5851 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Guselkumab (IL-23)
T40 5852-6017 Sentence denotes  Monoclonal antibodies Anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab Likely concerning risk Consider stopping when viral symptoms present especially with known or potential exposure.
T41 6018-6100 Sentence denotes PDE4 inhibition Apremilast Likely low risk Continue unless severe symptoms present
T42 6101-6170 Sentence denotes IL, Interleukin; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; PDE4, phosphodiesterase 4.
T43 6171-6298 Sentence denotes ∗ General considerations only, medication use should be considered based on each individual patient's risk and disease profile.
T44 6299-6438 Sentence denotes Currently, there are no data describing the benefits or risks of stopping immunomodulators/immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 outbreak.
T45 6439-6584 Sentence denotes However, each medication's mechanism of action, administration method/frequency, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are important to consider.
T46 6585-6757 Sentence denotes Nonbiologic medications, including small molecule inhibitors and immunosuppressants, are typically easier to stop and restart within days to weeks due to shorter half-life.
T47 6758-6916 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, biologics generally have a longer half-life and include a risk of antidrug antibody formation with treatment cessation and subsequent continuation.
T48 6917-7052 Sentence denotes However, biologics also tend to be more targeted and less involved in the previously mentioned components of the viral immune response.
T49 7053-7111 Sentence denotes General medication considerations are included in Table I.
T50 7112-7227 Sentence denotes Although patient dependent, clinicians may consider weaning patients with stable disease off of immunosuppressants.
T51 7228-7374 Sentence denotes Shared decision making is needed when deciding on a treatment plan that includes immunomodulators/immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 outbreak.
T52 7375-7663 Sentence denotes Patients with existing comorbidities may require more conservative measures.5 Physicians should continue to consult with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Information for Healthcare Providers, which is updated daily (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html).
T53 7664-7769 Sentence denotes Once again, we thank the authors for raising awareness of patient concerns during this evolving outbreak.
T54 7771-7787 Sentence denotes Funding sources:
T55 7788-7793 Sentence denotes None.
T56 7794-7816 Sentence denotes Conflicts of interest:
T57 7817-8127 Sentence denotes Dr Shi is a stock shareholder of Learn Health and has served as an advisory board member, investigator, and/or received research funding from Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, AbbVie, Eli Lilly,Novartis, Sun Pharma, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Menlo Therapeutics, Burt’s Bees, GpSkin, Altus Labs, and Skin Actives Scientific.
T58 8128-8222 Sentence denotes There were no incentives or transactions, financial or otherwise, relevant to this manuscript.
T59 8223-8230 Sentence denotes Kyla N.
T60 8231-8301 Sentence denotes Price and Drs Frew and Hsiao have no conflicts of interest to declare.
T61 8302-8322 Sentence denotes IRB approval status:
T62 8323-8338 Sentence denotes Not applicable.
T63 8339-8379 Sentence denotes Accepted for publication March 20, 2020.
T64 8380-8420 Sentence denotes Reprints not available from the authors.