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PMC:7153689 / 654-13041 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
21 92-116 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
22 129-137 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
23 160-168 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
24 189-195 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
25 316-325 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
26 601-609 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
27 664-673 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
28 718-724 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
29 1200-1205 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
44 1311-1319 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
45 1332-1350 Disease denotes zoonotic infection MESH:D015047
46 1600-1608 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
47 1641-1674 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome MESH:D045169
48 1707-1739 Disease denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome MESH:D018352
49 1741-1745 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
50 1858-1866 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
51 1880-1884 Disease denotes MERS MESH:D018352
52 1963-1968 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
53 2047-2055 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
54 2151-2160 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
55 2175-2194 Disease denotes respiratory illness MESH:D012140
56 2420-2441 Disease denotes respiratory illnesses MESH:D012140
57 2560-2568 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
59 3271-3279 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
61 5398-5404 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
69 6245-6255 Chemical denotes avipiravir
70 6257-6266 Chemical denotes ritonavir MESH:D019438
71 6267-6276 Chemical denotes lopinavir MESH:D061466
72 6281-6299 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine MESH:D006886
73 6329-6337 Chemical denotes steroids MESH:D013256
74 6427-6435 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
75 6606-6614 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
78 7145-7153 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
79 7801-7808 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
85 7894-7901 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
86 8251-8259 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
87 8445-8452 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
88 8483-8502 Disease denotes depressive symptoms MESH:D000275
89 8535-8541 Disease denotes stress MESH:D000079225
93 8726-8733 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
94 9653-9669 Disease denotes stress disorders MESH:D000079225
95 9864-9872 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
97 10983-10991 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
99 11525-11533 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
101 11923-11931 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 3477-3493 Body_part denotes Ribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T2 3632-3637 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T3 3639-3644 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T4 3649-3654 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma64183
T5 3853-3856 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T6 5934-5938 Body_part denotes sole http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25000
T7 6456-6464 Body_part denotes cytokine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050
T8 8064-8070 Body_part denotes mental http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma264279
T9 8196-8200 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T10 11409-11413 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 970-979 Body_part denotes extension http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2000106
T2 3632-3637 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T3 3639-3644 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T4 3649-3654 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988
T5 8196-8200 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T9 92-116 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T10 129-137 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 316-325 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 601-609 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 664-673 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T14 1311-1319 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T15 1332-1350 Disease denotes zoonotic infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T16 1341-1350 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T17 1641-1674 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T18 1676-1680 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T19 1858-1866 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T20 1871-1875 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T21 2047-2055 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T22 2151-2160 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T23 2453-2463 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T24 2471-2481 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T25 2560-2568 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T26 3271-3279 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T27 3593-3601 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T28 3593-3597 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T29 5398-5404 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T30 6427-6435 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T31 6606-6614 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T32 7145-7153 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T33 7801-7808 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T35 7894-7901 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T37 8251-8259 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T38 8445-8452 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T40 8726-8733 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T42 9864-9872 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T43 10983-10991 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T44 11525-11533 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T45 11923-11931 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T8 210-211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 335-338 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T10 1330-1331 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1390-1396 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T12 1424-1430 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T13 1456-1461 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T14 1465-1470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T15 2205-2206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 2401-2402 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T17 2611-2612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T18 2722-2727 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T19 2913-2918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T20 2999-3004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T21 3021-3026 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T22 3100-3101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 3137-3142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T24 3245-3250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T25 3604-3609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T26 3632-3637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T27 3632-3637 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T28 3900-3904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T29 3961-3968 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T30 4107-4119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T31 4198-4199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 4272-4277 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T33 4324-4325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 4390-4395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes Virus
T35 4569-4570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 4642-4643 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 4655-4656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 4726-4731 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T39 5098-5103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T40 5541-5542 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T41 5912-5914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T42 6110-6111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43 6644-6645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T44 6829-6830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 6914-6921 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes Extreme
T46 7074-7075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 7125-7132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T48 7154-7157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T49 7252-7257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T50 7303-7304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51 7372-7381 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extremely
T52 7528-7529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 7591-7596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T54 7870-7871 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 7971-7973 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T56 8212-8214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T57 8809-8819 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activities
T58 9067-9069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T59 9571-9574 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T60 9612-9613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T61 10085-10088 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T62 10804-10805 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T63 11004-11005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T64 11113-11116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T65 11342-11344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T66 11697-11699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T67 11729-11734 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008945 denotes Sains
T68 11760-11761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 11781-11782 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T70 11852-11855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T71 11861-11862 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 2703-2707 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T2 3119-3126 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T3 3489-3493 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T4 4903-4911 Chemical denotes medicine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T5 6220-6236 Chemical denotes antiviral agents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587
T6 6257-6266 Chemical denotes ritonavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45409
T7 6267-6276 Chemical denotes lopinavir http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31781
T8 6281-6299 Chemical denotes hydroxychloroquine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5801
T9 6329-6337 Chemical denotes steroids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35341

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 1963-1968 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T2 2069-2082 Phenotype denotes loss of smell http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000458
T3 2087-2100 Phenotype denotes loss of taste http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000223
T4 2175-2194 Phenotype denotes respiratory illness http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002086
T5 2420-2441 Phenotype denotes respiratory illnesses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002086
T6 5398-5404 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T7 6456-6471 Phenotype denotes cytokine storms http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041
T8 7801-7808 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T9 7894-7901 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T10 8445-8452 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T11 8726-8733 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 2095-2100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0050909 denotes taste
T2 2747-2768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T3 2755-2768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006351 denotes transcription
T4 3767-3776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T5 11356-11364 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007612 denotes learning
T6 11542-11550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007612 denotes learning
T7 11799-11807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007612 denotes learning

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T7 0-30 Sentence denotes The New Year with New Pandemic
T8 31-236 Sentence denotes As of 26 March 2020, 171 countries have been affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 or known as COVID-19 pandemic with 467,866 infected patients and 20,845 deaths, representing a 4.5% mortality rate (1).
T9 237-496 Sentence denotes While, at the time of writing, China is the most affected country, the rate of infection in China has slowed down significantly; however, this is not the case in Italy or the United States, which are the second and third most affected countries, respectively.
T10 497-762 Sentence denotes Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, including Malaysia, have not been spared from COVID-19, although there have been fluctuations in the rate of infection demonstrated in the number of new cases and deaths reported in March 2020 (Table 1) (2).
T11 763-872 Sentence denotes Barely three months after the first reported case, many countries have ordered lockdowns, including Malaysia.
T12 873-993 Sentence denotes The Malaysian government announced an initial movement restriction order on 16 March 2020 and an extension to mid-April.
T13 994-1042 Sentence denotes These measure have been enacted for good reason.
T14 1043-1310 Sentence denotes The trend in new cases does not appear to have peaked yet for Malaysia or other ASEAN countries (Figure 1) (3), although there have been fluctuations in the death rates (Figure 2) (1) perhaps due to different critical care capacities and resources in these countries.
T15 1311-1431 Sentence denotes COVID-19 is likely a zoonotic infection, which was transmitted from an unknown animal or environmental source to humans.
T16 1432-1536 Sentence denotes It is now spreading via human-to-human transmission with an average basic reproductive rate (R0) of 2.2.
T17 1537-1613 Sentence denotes In other words, for each patient, 2.2 other individuals become infected (4).
T18 1614-1765 Sentence denotes For comparison, the R0 for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was estimated at 3.0 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was less than 1.0.
T19 1766-1999 Sentence denotes Based on the epidemiological data from Wuhan, there are several notable differences between COVID-19 and SARS and MERS: i) case fatality rates are lower; ii) asymptomatic spread can occur and iii) fever is more frequently absent (5).
T20 2000-2161 Sentence denotes Gastrointestinal complaints are uncommon among COVID-19 patients but loss of smell and loss of taste have been increasingly reported as early signs of infection.
T21 2162-2344 Sentence denotes Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is a severe complication, and typical computed tomography (CT) features include ground-glass and consolidative opacities in the periphery (6).
T22 2345-2569 Sentence denotes However, it must be borne in mind that SARI can also be a manifestation of respiratory illnesses with other infectious or non-infectious causes, which need to be ruled out before attributing the presence of SARI to COVID-19.
T23 2571-2610 Sentence denotes Halting the Spread with Rapid Diagnosis
T24 2611-2694 Sentence denotes A critical factor in slowing down the pandemic is the rapid diagnosis of new cases.
T25 2695-2898 Sentence denotes Nucleic acid amplification tests, such as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), provide the earliest and most accurate diagnosis, but they are costly and time consuming (7).
T26 2899-3112 Sentence denotes Point-of-care tests, e.g. lateral flow assays for the detection of antibodies are more ideal in the field; however, these tests are of limited value due accuracy issues and the time required to obtain a diagnosis.
T27 3113-3215 Sentence denotes Rapid antigen detection tests are still undergoing evaluation, and their efficacy is yet to be proven.
T28 3216-3357 Sentence denotes Figure 3 illustrates various tests being evaluated for COVID-19 and their diagnostic coverage from the acute phase to the convalescent phase.
T29 3358-3433 Sentence denotes The sources and accessibility of specimens are also critical for diagnosis.
T30 3434-3588 Sentence denotes For upper respiratory specimens, the viral Ribonucleic acid yield from nasopharyngeal swabs seems to offer more accurate results than oropharyngeal swabs.
T31 3589-3759 Sentence denotes The SARS-CoV-2 virus is also detectable in blood, urine and stool; such specimens are not as reliable for diagnosis but are important from the transmission point of view.
T32 3760-3905 Sentence denotes Proper transport and handling of specimens is necessary to ensure the integrity of the viral RNA and, hence, the accuracy of the diagnostic test.
T33 3906-4131 Sentence denotes Adherence to biosafety practices is essential, and any testing should be performed in appropriately equipped laboratories by staff trained in the relevant technical and safety procedures (World Health Organization, 2020) (8).
T34 4132-4389 Sentence denotes Non-propagative diagnostic laboratory work should be conducted at a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) facility, whereas propagative work, including virus culture and isolation, should be conducted at a containment laboratory with inward directional airflow (BSL-3).
T35 4390-4528 Sentence denotes Virus isolation is not routine but necessary for characterisation and to support the development of vaccines and other therapeutic agents.
T36 4530-4562 Sentence denotes Challenges to Healthcare Workers
T37 4563-4732 Sentence denotes Until a vaccine is developed, healthcare workers who are in close contact with a suspect or a person under investigation (PUI) are at high risk of exposure to the virus.
T38 4733-4964 Sentence denotes Other than doctors at the frontlines, i.e. screening and critical care units, certain specialties may have increased risks of aerosolised exposure, including respiratory medicine; otolaryngology; ophthalmology; and dental services.
T39 4965-5060 Sentence denotes Many non-urgent procedures have been cancelled or postponed, including non-emergency surgeries.
T40 5061-5157 Sentence denotes Other than the aerosolised risk, the virus may contaminate the operating theatre during surgery.
T41 5158-5306 Sentence denotes Many learned societies, including the Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, have started releasing statements and guidelines to assist their members (9).
T42 5307-5473 Sentence denotes Meanwhile, grey areas and dilemmas exist without clear consensus, including guidelines for cancer patients on chemotherapy or those needing early surgical treatments.
T43 5474-5612 Sentence denotes Furthermore, other issues should be addressed by hospitals through a management protocol or algorithm in place for frontline workers (10).
T44 5613-5764 Sentence denotes For example, although many resources are being diverted to the frontlines and critical care, they will be inadequate during the height of the pandemic.
T45 5765-5916 Sentence denotes Thus, there is an ethical but pragmatic challenge in the allocation of critical resources, such as intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators (11).
T46 5917-6050 Sentence denotes Age is often the sole criterion used for decision-making regarding ventilation, which can be morally difficult for people in general.
T47 6051-6180 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is imperative that such decisions be made by a different team, and that the triage algorithm be reviewed regularly.
T48 6182-6202 Sentence denotes Flattening the Curve
T49 6203-6601 Sentence denotes Although various antiviral agents such as avipiravir, ritonavir/lopinavir and hydroxychloroquine and other therapeutics, e.g. steroids and vaccines, are currently being considered to reduce the complications associated with COVID-19, including SARI and cytokine storms (12–14), the most cost-effective methods remain the public health approaches of contact tracing, isolation and social distancing.
T50 6602-6801 Sentence denotes The COVID-19 pandemic is predicted to run a protracted course, and available healthcare resources are likely unsustainable; hence, we need to flatten the curve with lockdown measures (Figure 4) (15).
T51 6802-6913 Sentence denotes However, the imposition of a lockdown needs to consider the sociocultural and economic factors of each country.
T52 6914-7011 Sentence denotes Extreme measures, such as the Wuhan closure, will not work in many countries, including Malaysia.
T53 7012-7102 Sentence denotes Instead, many countries may look to the South Korean model as a more suitable alternative.
T54 7103-7263 Sentence denotes In South Korea, rapid testing to rule out COVID-19 has been the key to its success, along with using personal information to track the spread of the virus (16).
T55 7264-7467 Sentence denotes In Malaysia, where social gathering is a norm, the initial days of the movement restriction order have been extremely difficult but necessary so that containment measures could be put into place quickly.
T56 7468-7621 Sentence denotes The current mitigation phase is critical in order to create a small window of opportunity to break the transmission of the virus to the larger community.
T57 7622-7734 Sentence denotes To do this, everyone should be transparent about their history of travels, mass gatherings and any new symptoms.
T58 7735-7826 Sentence denotes It is also important not to spread fake news to prevent panic and anxiety among the public.
T59 7827-7975 Sentence denotes The most common psychological reactions to a pandemic are fear and anxiety-related symptoms, such as panic, worry and emotionally distress (17, 18).
T60 7976-8216 Sentence denotes While these reactions are expected, they can be overwhelming to those with pre-existing mental health issues (19) and can lead the public to panic buy excessive amounts of food or health-related items, such as masks and hand sanitizer (18).
T61 8217-8549 Sentence denotes According the most recent data on COVID-19 study among 1,210 respondents from 194 cities in China (20), more than half of the respondents suffered moderate to severe psychological impacts; of those, 28.8% had moderate to severe anxiety, 16.5% had moderate to severe depressive symptoms and 8.1% had moderate to severe stress levels.
T62 8550-8653 Sentence denotes The majority were worried about their family members and they spent at least 20 h per day at home (20).
T63 8654-8952 Sentence denotes The psychological sequelae of the pandemic is the emergence of fear and anxiety not only due to the disease itself but also due to the disruption of daily activities, social isolation caused by the restricted movement order and financial burdens, especially among those with low-income levels (21).
T64 8953-9252 Sentence denotes For healthcare workers, the pandemic is exposing them to long-term stressors, which could impact their wellbeing (22) and lead to burnout due to increased job demands (such as increased workload and role conflicts) and reduced job resources which lead to loss of workplace control and autonomy (23).
T65 9253-9342 Sentence denotes Early mitigation and psychological crisis interventions are already in place in Malaysia.
T66 9343-9489 Sentence denotes Several government and non-governmental agencies are offering psychological first aid to the public through tele-counselling and hotline services.
T67 9490-9734 Sentence denotes These interventions should be continued even after the pandemic is over, as data has shown that those who are affected by a pandemic still have varying degrees of stress disorders even after the event ends or they recover from the disease (24).
T68 9735-9895 Sentence denotes In addition, clear information about the disease and progress updates on the situation could reduce the psychological impacts of COVID-19 among the public (20).
T69 9897-9935 Sentence denotes Addressing the Socio-economic Impacts:
T70 9936-9954 Sentence denotes Local Perspectives
T71 9955-10184 Sentence denotes There is no doubt that the imposed movement control order in Malaysia will have adverse economic impacts; however, the government has been quick to respond by announcing an economic stimulus plan to weather this difficult period.
T72 10185-10448 Sentence denotes Numerous important bodies, including the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Higher Education, are exploring the technology drivers of the present and the future to prevent and manage future epidemics and pandemics (Figure 5).
T73 10449-10562 Sentence denotes Weaknesses have been identified and improvements are being explored before government action plans are made (25).
T74 10563-10600 Sentence denotes Another impact is on day-to-day work.
T75 10601-10747 Sentence denotes Since many people are working from home, there is an urgent need to make better internet and software applications available for virtual meetings.
T76 10748-10819 Sentence denotes From the healthcare perspective, telemedicine will play a greater role.
T77 10820-10944 Sentence denotes Stable patients needing regular follow-ups, as well as patients in clinical trials, can be directed to tele-health services.
T78 10945-11080 Sentence denotes These services could even be used for COVID-19 patients as a form of ‘forward triage’ before they arrive at emergency departments (26).
T79 11081-11179 Sentence denotes In addition, this unique crisis has provided an opportunity to improve online education from home.
T80 11180-11346 Sentence denotes Almost 5 million school students and 1.2 million university students (including about 130,000 international students) in Malaysia have been affected by closures (27).
T81 11347-11517 Sentence denotes Distance learning is not new for Malaysians and can be traced back to the 1990s but times have changed with rapid advancements in technology and new teaching innovations.
T82 11518-11701 Sentence denotes Due to COVID-19, online learning is no longer merely an option; however, adopting virtual technologies and ensuring the readiness of students and institutions can be challenging (27).
T83 11702-11836 Sentence denotes In this regard, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is taking a leadership role as a model for other learning institutions in the country.
T84 11837-11946 Sentence denotes Finally, there has been a rise in research and collaborative opportunities during the COVID-19 pandemic (28).
T85 11947-12083 Sentence denotes This is the time when scientists and clinicians should come out from their shining silos to work together and share their research data.
T86 12084-12194 Sentence denotes Doing so will lead to more effective curbing of the disease and more rapid advancements in viral therapeutics.
T87 12195-12387 Sentence denotes Therefore, we, the editorial members, urge the scientific community and the public to rise to the challenge, change their mindsets and stay safe and healthy whether you are at home or at work.

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T9 92-103 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T10 129-137 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T11 189-195 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T12 601-609 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T13 718-724 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T14 1200-1205 GO:0016265 denotes death
T15 1311-1319 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T16 1390-1396 NCBITaxon:33208 denotes animal
T17 1424-1430 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes humans
T18 1456-1461 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T19 1465-1470 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T20 1506-1518 GO:0000003 denotes reproductive
T21 1581-1592 NCBITaxon:1 denotes individuals
T22 1654-1665 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T23 1676-1680 SP_10 denotes SARS
T24 1719-1730 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T25 1741-1745 SP_9 denotes MERS
T26 1858-1866 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T27 1871-1875 SP_10 denotes SARS
T28 1880-1884 SP_9 denotes MERS
T29 2000-2016 UBERON:0005409 denotes Gastrointestinal
T30 2047-2055 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T31 2095-2100 GO:0050909 denotes taste
T32 2175-2186 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T33 2420-2431 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T34 2560-2568 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T35 2695-2702 CHEBI:23447;GO:0005634;CHEBI:23447 denotes Nucleic
T36 2703-2707 CHEBI:37527;CHEBI:37527 denotes acid
T37 2747-2768 GO:0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T38 2966-2976 GO:0042571 denotes antibodies
T39 3119-3126 CHEBI:59132;CHEBI:59132 denotes antigen
T40 3271-3279 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T41 3319-3330 GO:0006953 denotes acute phase
T42 3444-3455 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T43 3471-3476 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T44 3489-3493 CHEBI:37527;CHEBI:37527 denotes acid
T45 3505-3519 UBERON:0001728 denotes nasopharyngeal
T46 3568-3581 UBERON:0000165 denotes oropharyngeal
T47 3593-3603 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T48 3604-3609 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T49 3632-3637 UBERON:0000178 denotes blood
T50 3639-3644 UBERON:0001088 denotes urine
T51 3649-3654 UBERON:0001988 denotes stool
T52 3847-3852 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T53 4272-4277 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T54 4509-4527 CHEBI:52217;CHEBI:52217 denotes therapeutic agents
T55 4657-4663 NCBITaxon:1 denotes person
T56 4726-4731 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T57 4799-4803 UBERON:0007221 denotes care
T58 4891-4902 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T59 4913-4927 UBERON:0002280 denotes otolaryngology
T60 4948-4954 UBERON:0001091 denotes dental
T61 5098-5103 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T62 5163-5170 GO:0007612 denotes learned
T63 5864-5873 CL:0002211;UBERON:0007221 denotes intensive
T64 5874-5883 UBERON:0007221;CL:0002486 denotes care unit
T65 6032-6038 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T66 6220-6236 CHEBI:22587;CHEBI:22587 denotes antiviral agents
T67 6257-6266 CHEBI:45409;CHEBI:45409;DG_30 denotes ritonavir
T68 6267-6276 CHEBI:31781;CHEBI:31781;DG_23 denotes lopinavir
T69 6281-6299 CHEBI:5801;CHEBI:5801;DG_20 denotes hydroxychloroquine
T70 6329-6337 CHEBI:35341;CHEBI:35341 denotes steroids
T71 6427-6435 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T72 6606-6614 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T73 7145-7153 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T74 7252-7257 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T75 7591-7596 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T76 8148-8152 CHEBI:33290;CHEBI:33290 denotes food
T77 8251-8259 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T78 9226-9233 GO:0065007 denotes control
T79 9864-9872 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T80 10612-10618 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T81 10983-10991 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T82 11197-11203 CL:0000001 denotes school
T83 11356-11364 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T84 11525-11533 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T85 11542-11550 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T86 11799-11807 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T87 11923-11931 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T88 12175-12180 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T83321 92-103 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T52078 129-137 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T33936 189-195 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T43126 601-609 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T16282 718-724 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T72932 1200-1205 GO:0016265 denotes death
T32412 1311-1319 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T89963 1390-1396 NCBITaxon:33208 denotes animal
T31781 1424-1430 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes humans
T83144 1456-1461 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T63366 1465-1470 SP_6;NCBITaxon:9606 denotes human
T52298 1506-1518 GO:0000003 denotes reproductive
T30955 1581-1592 NCBITaxon:1 denotes individuals
T70774 1654-1665 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T5012 1676-1680 SP_10 denotes SARS
T74826 1719-1730 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T39879 1741-1745 SP_9 denotes MERS
T29769 1858-1866 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T33957 1871-1875 SP_10 denotes SARS
T77424 1880-1884 SP_9 denotes MERS
T82120 2000-2016 UBERON:0005409 denotes Gastrointestinal
T33388 2047-2055 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T63063 2095-2100 GO:0050909 denotes taste
T61621 2175-2186 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T21223 2420-2431 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T65782 2560-2568 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T3553 2695-2702 CHEBI:23447;GO:0005634;CHEBI:23447 denotes Nucleic
T57133 2703-2707 CHEBI:37527;CHEBI:37527 denotes acid
T47984 2747-2768 GO:0001171 denotes reverse transcription
T42493 2966-2976 GO:0042571 denotes antibodies
T14079 3119-3126 CHEBI:59132;CHEBI:59132 denotes antigen
T68472 3271-3279 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T3989 3319-3330 GO:0006953 denotes acute phase
T85468 3444-3455 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T95354 3471-3476 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T87999 3489-3493 CHEBI:37527;CHEBI:37527 denotes acid
T5314 3505-3519 UBERON:0001728 denotes nasopharyngeal
T15377 3568-3581 UBERON:0000165 denotes oropharyngeal
T18502 3593-3603 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T36018 3604-3609 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T16180 3632-3637 UBERON:0000178 denotes blood
T55406 3639-3644 UBERON:0001088 denotes urine
T3946 3649-3654 UBERON:0001988 denotes stool
T3533 3847-3852 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T28834 4272-4277 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T78210 4509-4527 CHEBI:52217;CHEBI:52217 denotes therapeutic agents
T50223 4657-4663 NCBITaxon:1 denotes person
T72008 4726-4731 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T44488 4799-4803 UBERON:0007221 denotes care
T24374 4891-4902 UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T97963 4913-4927 UBERON:0002280 denotes otolaryngology
T47958 4948-4954 UBERON:0001091 denotes dental
T954 5098-5103 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T69078 5163-5170 GO:0007612 denotes learned
T94250 5864-5873 CL:0002211;UBERON:0007221 denotes intensive
T25202 5874-5883 UBERON:0007221;CL:0002486 denotes care unit
T54099 6032-6038 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T33523 6220-6236 CHEBI:22587;CHEBI:22587 denotes antiviral agents
T77058 6257-6266 CHEBI:45409;CHEBI:45409;DG_30 denotes ritonavir
T22933 6267-6276 CHEBI:31781;CHEBI:31781;DG_23 denotes lopinavir
T99998 6281-6299 CHEBI:5801;CHEBI:5801;DG_20 denotes hydroxychloroquine
T76536 6329-6337 CHEBI:35341;CHEBI:35341 denotes steroids
T47112 6427-6435 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T57524 6606-6614 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T43289 7145-7153 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T55046 7252-7257 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T49359 7591-7596 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T34742 8148-8152 CHEBI:33290;CHEBI:33290 denotes food
T33866 8251-8259 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T51476 9226-9233 GO:0065007 denotes control
T13991 9864-9872 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T54680 10612-10618 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T34613 10983-10991 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T55873 11197-11203 CL:0000001 denotes school
T23676 11356-11364 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T87185 11525-11533 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T47272 11542-11550 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T88374 11799-11807 GO:0007612 denotes learning
T23511 11923-11931 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T89179 12175-12180 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32308536-31995857-66949959 1610-1611 31995857 denotes 4
32308536-32369286-66949960 1996-1997 32369286 denotes 5
32308536-32196430-66949961 2895-2896 32196430 denotes 7
32308536-32172669-66949962 5608-5610 32172669 denotes 10
32308536-32369286-66949963 6473-6475 32369286 denotes 12
32308536-20680674-66949964 7967-7969 20680674 denotes 17
32308536-19807908-66949965 7971-7973 19807908 denotes 18
32308536-19807908-66949966 8212-8214 19807908 denotes 18
32308536-15697045-66949967 9730-9732 15697045 denotes 24
32308536-32190290-66949968 11942-11944 32190290 denotes 28