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PMC:7152911 / 1695-141036 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id tao:has_standard_notation
11 455-470 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
12 494-501 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
13 506-515 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
14 708-722 Species denotes COVID-19 virus Tax:2697049
15 293-302 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
16 343-349 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
17 951-970 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
23 1814-1821 Species denotes O157:H7 Tax:83334
24 1806-1813 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
25 1233-1242 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
26 1611-1620 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
27 2148-2158 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
29 5925-5937 Disease denotes organic dyes MESH:D019965
31 7986-7991 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
34 11288-11290 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
35 11316-11322 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
37 12047-12052 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
434 28135-28137 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
435 27999-28001 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
436 27738-27740 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
437 27635-27637 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
438 27519-27521 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
439 27254-27256 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
440 27138-27140 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
441 27006-27008 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
442 26898-26900 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
443 26569-26571 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
444 26461-26463 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
445 26325-26327 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
446 26195-26197 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
447 25950-25952 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
448 25800-25802 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
449 25669-25671 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
450 25591-25593 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
451 25516-25518 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
452 25426-25428 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
453 25324-25326 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
454 25200-25202 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
455 25087-25089 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
456 24965-24967 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
457 24713-24715 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
458 24578-24580 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
459 24432-24434 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
460 24321-24323 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
461 24192-24194 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
462 24078-24080 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
463 23954-23956 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
464 23728-23730 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
465 23569-23571 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
466 23333-23335 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
467 23205-23207 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
468 23102-23104 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
469 22989-22991 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
470 22779-22781 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
471 22674-22676 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
472 22548-22550 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
473 22423-22425 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
474 22331-22333 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
475 22191-22193 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
476 22058-22060 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
477 21958-21960 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
478 21836-21838 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
479 21766-21768 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
480 21656-21658 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
481 21228-21230 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
482 21151-21153 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
483 21019-21021 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
484 20922-20924 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
485 20784-20786 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
486 20771-20773 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
487 20614-20616 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
488 20368-20370 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
489 20242-20244 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
490 20136-20138 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
491 20041-20043 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
492 19795-19797 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
493 19671-19673 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
494 19564-19566 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
495 19466-19468 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
496 19326-19328 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
497 19188-19190 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
498 19071-19073 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
499 18941-18943 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
500 18791-18793 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
501 18660-18662 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
502 18515-18517 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
503 18431-18433 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
504 18346-18348 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
505 18218-18220 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
506 18060-18062 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
507 17984-17986 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
508 17913-17915 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
509 17812-17814 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
510 17683-17685 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
511 17537-17539 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
512 17421-17423 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
513 17328-17330 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
514 17233-17235 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
515 17143-17145 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
516 17044-17046 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
517 16900-16902 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
518 16782-16784 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
519 16657-16659 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
520 16510-16512 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
521 16409-16411 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
522 16290-16292 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
523 16171-16173 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
524 16043-16045 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
525 15947-15949 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
526 15827-15829 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
527 15718-15720 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
528 15583-15585 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
529 15480-15482 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
530 15384-15386 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
531 15259-15261 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
532 15153-15155 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
533 15047-15049 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
534 14951-14953 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
535 14833-14835 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
536 14750-14752 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
537 14650-14652 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
538 14553-14555 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
539 14350-14352 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
540 14241-14243 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
543 27847-27855 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
544 27714-27722 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
545 27616-27624 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
546 27498-27506 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
547 27235-27243 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
548 27118-27126 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
549 26877-26885 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
550 26722-26730 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
551 26549-26557 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
552 26443-26451 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
553 26304-26312 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
554 26171-26179 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
555 25929-25937 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
556 25494-25502 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
557 25179-25187 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
558 24557-24565 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
559 24404-24412 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
560 24302-24310 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
561 24171-24179 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
562 23813-23821 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
563 23709-23717 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
564 23550-23558 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
565 23460-23468 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
566 23313-23321 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
567 23184-23192 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
568 23081-23089 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
569 22968-22976 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
570 22855-22863 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
571 22759-22767 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
572 22311-22319 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
573 22172-22180 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
574 21747-21755 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
575 21635-21643 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
576 21348-21356 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
577 21130-21138 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
578 21003-21011 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
579 20749-20757 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
580 20593-20601 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
581 20497-20505 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
582 20343-20351 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
583 20014-20022 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
584 19650-19658 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
585 18198-18206 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
586 17888-17896 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
587 17791-17799 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
588 17658-17666 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
589 17516-17524 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
590 16636-16644 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
591 16022-16030 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
592 15806-15814 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
593 15238-15246 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
594 15133-15141 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
595 15027-15035 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
596 14325-14333 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
597 14159-14166 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
598 14270-14277 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
599 14373-14380 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
600 14445-14481 Species denotes Suehiro et al. (2006) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
601 14575-14586 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
602 14674-14681 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
603 14773-14780 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
604 14858-14874 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
605 14973-14980 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
606 15069-15083 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
607 15180-15194 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
608 15287-15294 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
609 15340-15347 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
610 15387-15423 Species denotes Shabani et al. (2008) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
611 15506-15520 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
612 15604-15619 Species denotes West Nile virus Tax:11082
613 15742-15756 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
614 15853-15867 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
615 15979-15986 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
616 16076-16088 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
617 16198-16205 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
618 16318-16325 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
619 16365-16372 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
620 16432-16439 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
621 16542-16562 Species denotes Campylobacter jejuni Tax:197
622 16803-16810 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
623 16921-16948 Species denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus Tax:11099
624 16950-16954 Species denotes BVDV Tax:11099
625 17065-17072 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
626 17168-17175 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
627 17349-17372 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
628 17373-17377 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
629 17445-17452 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
630 17557-17577 Species denotes Enterobacter cloacae Tax:550
631 17614-17630 Species denotes ricinus communis Tax:3988
632 17703-17710 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
633 17747-17763 Species denotes ricinus communis Tax:3988
634 17832-17843 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
635 17933-17940 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
636 18005-18014 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
637 18239-18260 Species denotes swine influenza virus Tax:12845
638 18267-18271 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
639 18367-18374 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
640 18454-18461 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
641 18815-18820 Species denotes human Tax:9606
642 18841-18845 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
643 18850-18854 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
644 18963-18970 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
645 19091-19098 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
646 19355-19369 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
647 19495-19504 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
648 19596-19603 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
649 19692-19701 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
650 19820-19839 Species denotes Helicobacter pylori Tax:210
651 19951-19961 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
652 19975-19985 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
653 19995-20008 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
654 20064-20071 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
655 20164-20171 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
656 20266-20273 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
657 20395-20418 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
658 20419-20423 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
659 20535-20542 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
660 20556-20563 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
661 20645-20659 Species denotes dengue virus 3 Tax:11069
662 20805-20826 Species denotes cucumber mosaic virus Tax:12305
663 20953-20960 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
664 21057-21064 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
665 21173-21180 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
666 21251-21267 Species denotes murine norovirus Tax:357231
667 21510-21524 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
668 21678-21685 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
669 21786-21793 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
670 21858-21867 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
671 21985-21992 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
672 22080-22094 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
673 22211-22220 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
674 22352-22359 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
675 22447-22463 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
676 22573-22587 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
677 22700-22709 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
678 22802-22809 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
679 22901-22922 Species denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae Tax:573
680 23014-23035 Species denotes Enterococcus faecalis Tax:1351
681 23127-23138 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
682 23230-23237 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
683 23276-23283 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
684 23361-23375 Species denotes dengue virus 1 Tax:11053
685 23494-23501 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
686 23607-23628 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
687 23635-23639 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
688 23699-23703 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
689 23749-23758 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
690 23858-23865 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
691 23978-23987 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
692 24102-24111 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
693 24219-24235 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
694 24458-24479 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
695 24486-24490 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
696 24539-24543 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
697 24604-24618 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
698 24742-24749 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
699 24852-24875 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
700 24876-24880 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
701 24991-24998 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
702 25109-25120 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
703 25224-25233 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
704 25346-25353 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
705 25446-25453 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
706 25539-25546 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
707 25613-25622 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
708 25691-25702 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
709 25821-25835 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
710 25854-25868 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
711 26218-26225 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
712 26349-26376 Species denotes Japanese encephalitis virus Tax:11072
713 26483-26492 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
714 26595-26618 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
715 26619-26623 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
716 26745-26786 Species denotes Hai et al. (2017) human influenza A virus Tax:11320
717 26787-26791 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
718 26922-26929 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
719 26948-26955 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
720 27028-27035 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
721 27161-27175 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
722 27277-27300 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
723 27301-27305 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
724 27415-27424 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
725 27460-27469 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
726 27544-27551 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
727 27570-27577 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
728 27760-27769 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
729 27892-27899 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
730 27959-27975 Species denotes Arachis hypogaea Tax:3818
731 28024-28035 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
732 28095-28111 Species denotes Arachis hypogaea Tax:3818
735 18821-18830 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
736 19217-19230 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
737 19298-19311 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
738 14222-14228 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
739 14308-14315 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
740 14431-14438 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
741 14527-14541 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
742 14620-14631 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
743 14716-14723 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
744 14815-14821 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
745 14922-14938 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
746 15010-15017 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
747 15113-15127 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
748 15218-15232 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
749 15453-15467 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
750 15556-15570 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
751 15621-15624 Species denotes WNV Tax:11082
752 15686-15689 Species denotes WNV Tax:11082
753 15786-15800 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
754 15902-15916 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
755 16005-16012 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
756 16133-16145 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
757 16270-16277 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
758 16474-16481 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
759 16871-16878 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
760 17016-17020 Species denotes BVDV Tax:11099
761 17407-17411 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
762 17487-17494 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
763 17964-17971 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
764 18038-18047 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
765 18262-18265 Species denotes SIV Tax:12845
766 18317-18320 Species denotes SIV Tax:12845
767 18404-18411 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
768 18487-18494 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
769 18893-18897 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
770 18904-18908 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
771 19052-19059 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
772 19166-19173 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
773 19437-19451 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
774 19524-19533 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
775 20116-20123 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
776 20216-20223 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
777 20330-20337 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
778 20661-20667 Species denotes DENV-3 Tax:11069
779 20828-20831 Species denotes CMV Tax:12305
780 20900-20903 Species denotes CMV Tax:12305
781 20990-20997 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
782 21117-21124 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
783 21209-21216 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
784 21269-21272 Species denotes MNV Tax:357231
785 21316-21319 Species denotes MNV Tax:357231
786 21611-21625 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
787 21734-21741 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
788 21817-21824 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
789 21920-21929 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
790 22039-22046 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
791 22144-22158 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
792 22278-22287 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
793 22643-22657 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
794 22739-22753 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
795 23431-23437 Species denotes DENV-3 Tax:11069
796 23537-23544 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
797 23630-23633 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
798 23695-23698 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
799 23790-23799 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
800 23926-23933 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
801 24048-24057 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
802 24156-24165 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
803 24280-24296 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
804 24481-24484 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
805 24535-24538 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
806 24680-24694 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
807 24809-24816 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
808 25059-25066 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
809 25162-25173 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
810 25294-25303 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
811 25394-25401 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
812 25571-25578 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
813 25647-25656 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
814 25766-25777 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
815 26291-26298 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
816 26378-26381 Species denotes JEV Tax:11072
817 26430-26433 Species denotes JEV Tax:11072
818 26534-26543 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
819 26852-26856 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
820 27207-27221 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
821 27825-27834 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
824 17039-17043 Disease denotes CCID
825 21997-21999 Disease denotes PD MESH:D010300
835 13350-13352 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
836 12064-12069 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
837 12090-12092 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
838 12097-12105 Chemical denotes platinum MESH:D010984
839 12107-12109 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
840 12166-12171 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
841 12261-12266 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
842 12316-12322 Chemical denotes metals MESH:D008670
843 13309-13314 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
857 28918-28920 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
858 28707-28729 Species denotes Salmonella typhimurium Tax:90371
859 28731-28745 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
860 28541-28557 Chemical denotes indium tin oxide MESH:C109984
861 28559-28562 Chemical denotes ITO MESH:C109984
862 28565-28576 Chemical denotes polysilicon
863 28582-28598 Chemical denotes titanium dioxide MESH:C009495
864 28600-28604 Chemical denotes TiO2
865 28685-28692 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
866 29418-29424 Chemical denotes Carbon MESH:D002244
867 29467-29473 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
868 29483-29491 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
869 29507-29513 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
871 29623-29630 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
879 29642-29650 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
880 29717-29725 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
881 29842-29849 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
882 29989-29997 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
883 30164-30171 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
884 30227-30234 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
885 30242-30249 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
901 31083-31085 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
902 31036-31043 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
903 31272-31295 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
904 31297-31301 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
905 31307-31314 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
906 30261-30272 Chemical denotes Polyaniline MESH:C416807
907 30277-30288 Chemical denotes polypyrrole MESH:C067635
908 30333-30341 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
909 30445-30456 Chemical denotes polypyrrole MESH:C067635
910 30573-30584 Chemical denotes polyaniline MESH:C416807
911 30758-30765 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
912 30997-31008 Chemical denotes polyaniline MESH:C416807
913 31182-31214 Chemical denotes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) MESH:C121383
914 31215-31236 Chemical denotes polystyrene sulfonate MESH:C003321
915 31238-31243 Chemical denotes PEDOT
940 32494-32496 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
941 32156-32158 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
942 32037-32044 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
943 32046-32060 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
944 32315-32329 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
945 32066-32079 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
946 31364-31371 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
947 31432-31439 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
948 31542-31550 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
949 31552-31554 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
950 31578-31586 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
951 31592-31598 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
952 31787-31795 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
953 31807-31815 Chemical denotes chitosan MESH:D048271
954 31837-31853 Chemical denotes polyethylenimine MESH:D011094
955 31855-31858 Chemical denotes PEI MESH:D011094
956 31884-31897 Chemical denotes polyallyamine
957 31969-31983 Chemical denotes polyallylamine MESH:C063994
958 31988-31995 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
959 32234-32250 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) MESH:C531249
960 32387-32394 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
961 32447-32454 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
962 32518-32525 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
963 32618-32625 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1110 41842-41850 Gene denotes fetuin A Gene:197
1111 41913-41921 Gene denotes fetuin A Gene:197
1112 42787-42789 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1113 42558-42560 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1114 42398-42400 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1115 42234-42236 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1116 42091-42093 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1117 41676-41678 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1118 41460-41462 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1119 41270-41272 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1120 41106-41108 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1121 40954-40956 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1122 40765-40767 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1123 40573-40575 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1124 40344-40346 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1125 40137-40139 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1126 39959-39961 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1127 39739-39741 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1128 39496-39498 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1129 39311-39313 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1130 39120-39122 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1131 38865-38867 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1132 38730-38732 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1133 38567-38569 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1134 38354-38356 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1135 38136-38138 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1136 37901-37903 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1137 37737-37739 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1138 37550-37552 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1139 37315-37317 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1140 37050-37052 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1141 36822-36824 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1142 36581-36583 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1143 36376-36378 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1144 36187-36189 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1145 35953-35955 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1146 35746-35748 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1147 35525-35527 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1148 35348-35350 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1149 35141-35143 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1150 34984-34986 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1151 34819-34821 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1152 34659-34661 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1153 34493-34495 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1154 42767-42775 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1155 42072-42080 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1156 40933-40941 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1157 39097-39105 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1158 38709-38717 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1159 34466-34474 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1160 34426-34433 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1161 34562-34573 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1162 34727-34734 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1163 35052-35059 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1164 35220-35227 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1165 35427-35436 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1166 35605-35619 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1167 35827-35866 Species denotes Salam and Tothill (2009) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1168 36079-36100 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1169 36107-36111 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1170 36244-36268 Species denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Tax:1313
1171 36514-36521 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1172 36665-36707 Species denotes Setterington and Alocilja (2011) S. aureus Tax:1280
1173 36755-36764 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1174 36917-36938 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1175 36945-36949 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1176 37170-37177 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1177 37407-37416 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1178 37600-37637 Species denotes Laczka et al. (2013) L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1179 37800-37821 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1180 37828-37832 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1181 38023-38039 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1182 38279-38286 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1183 38472-38493 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1184 38500-38504 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1185 38645-38652 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1186 38790-38797 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1187 39437-39446 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1188 39623-39639 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1189 39865-39872 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1190 40064-40071 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1191 40247-40261 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1192 40460-40467 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1193 40673-40687 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1194 40894-40901 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1195 41004-41020 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1196 41209-41216 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1197 41391-41402 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1198 41581-41602 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1199 41750-41773 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1200 41774-41778 Species denotes H9N2 Tax:102796
1201 41978-41998 Species denotes human enterovirus 71 Tax:39054
1202 42000-42004 Species denotes EV71 Tax:39054
1203 42160-42167 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1204 42321-42335 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1205 42485-42494 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1206 42645-42690 Species denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus Tax:1335626
1207 42692-42700 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
1208 41812-41821 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1209 34453-34460 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1210 34619-34629 Species denotes V.cholerae Tax:666
1211 34790-34797 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1212 35115-35122 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1213 35285-35292 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1214 35455-35464 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1215 35649-35663 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1216 35754-35768 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1217 35918-35932 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1218 36102-36105 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1219 36167-36170 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1220 36564-36571 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1221 36940-36943 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1222 37005-37008 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1223 37029-37032 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1224 37058-37061 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1225 37286-37293 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1226 37469-37478 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1227 37686-37702 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1228 37823-37826 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1229 38107-38123 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1230 38320-38326 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1231 38495-38498 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1232 38697-38703 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1233 38846-38853 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1234 39469-39477 Species denotes S.aureus Tax:1280
1235 39710-39726 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1236 39928-39935 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1237 40117-40124 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1238 40317-40331 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1239 40527-40534 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1240 40736-40750 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1241 40920-40927 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1242 41071-41087 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1243 41251-41258 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1244 41437-41448 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1245 41604-41607 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1246 42045-42049 Species denotes EV71 Tax:39054
1247 42728-42736 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
1248 42790-42798 Species denotes MERS CoV Tax:1335626
1249 39245-39246 Gene denotes L Gene:21832
1250 37327-37334 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1251 37954-37961 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1252 39984-39991 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1253 40185-40192 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1254 40392-40399 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1255 39248-39259 Disease denotes pneumophila MESH:D007877
1262 32773-32780 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
1263 32913-32920 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1264 33057-33065 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1265 33070-33077 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1266 33151-33158 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1267 33275-33282 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1276 44073-44087 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1277 44246-44260 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1278 42906-42908 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1279 43867-43869 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1280 44031-44033 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1281 44162-44165 Chemical denotes ITO MESH:C109984
1282 44326-44332 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1283 44670-44676 Chemical denotes silver MESH:D012834
1289 46513-46535 Species denotes Listeria monocytogenes Tax:1639
1290 46537-46553 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1291 46701-46724 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1292 46424-46428 Chemical denotes TiO2
1293 46598-46605 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1297 47458-47479 Species denotes cucumber mosaic virus Tax:12305
1298 46779-46786 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1299 46978-46985 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
1301 48058-48065 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1306 50065-50073 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1307 49998-50005 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1308 49840-49842 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1309 49934-49937 Disease denotes CIP MESH:D010259
1317 50490-50498 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1318 50320-50334 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1319 50434-50441 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1320 50446-50457 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1321 50624-50631 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1322 50636-50645 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1323 50266-50268 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1328 49665-49692 Species denotes Japanese encephalitis virus Tax:11072
1329 49172-49174 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1330 49514-49520 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1331 49537-49543 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1337 51487-51502 Species denotes West Nile virus Tax:11082
1338 51022-51024 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1339 51069-51088 Chemical denotes gold (III) chloride
1340 51437-51444 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1341 51452-51454 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
1344 54652-54659 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1345 54860-54867 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1354 57028-57048 Species denotes human enterovirus 71 Tax:39054
1355 57097-57108 Species denotes horseradish Tax:3704
1356 57236-57247 Species denotes enterovirus Tax:39054
1357 57838-57849 Chemical denotes fluorescein MESH:D019793
1358 57854-57863 Chemical denotes rhodamine MESH:D012235
1359 57916-57919 Chemical denotes CdS MESH:D002104
1360 57921-57925 Chemical denotes CdSe
1361 57931-57935 Chemical denotes GaAs MESH:C043055
1363 59446-59454 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1379 63427-63436 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1380 63257-63266 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1381 63027-63029 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1382 62886-62888 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1383 62861-62863 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1384 62808-62815 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1385 62967-62974 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1386 63103-63124 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1387 63125-63129 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1388 63133-63140 Species denotes chicken Tax:9031
1389 63338-63360 Species denotes Cryptosporidium parvum Tax:5807
1390 63362-63371 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1391 62750-62757 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1392 62942-62949 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1393 61678-61686 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1397 64820-64827 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1398 65057-65070 Chemical denotes oligopeptides MESH:D009842
1399 65162-65175 Disease denotes breast cancer MESH:D001943
1401 65213-65229 Chemical denotes Oligosaccharides MESH:D009844
1411 65594-65617 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1412 65619-65623 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1413 65230-65244 Chemical denotes Trisaccharides MESH:D014312
1414 65249-65262 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1415 65289-65301 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1416 65341-65354 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1417 65551-65564 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1418 65655-65668 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1419 65743-65755 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1421 65887-65903 Chemical denotes Oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1425 67194-67203 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1426 66197-66213 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1427 66599-66614 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide MESH:D009841
1437 68806-68808 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1438 67996-68009 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1439 68124-68131 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1440 68320-68327 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1441 68664-68677 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1442 68760-68770 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
1443 68418-68423 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1444 68714-68716 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1445 68927-68932 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1448 69606-69610 Disease denotes CIPs
1449 69654-69658 Disease denotes CIPs
1462 70006-70013 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1463 70160-70186 Species denotes Staphylococcus epidermidis Tax:1282
1464 70188-70202 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
1465 69885-69897 Chemical denotes organosilica
1466 69937-69971 Chemical denotes (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane MESH:C102833
1467 69973-69977 Chemical denotes MPTS MESH:C102833
1468 70105-70136 Chemical denotes poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid)
1469 69906-69932 Disease denotes films of tetraethoxysilane
1470 70302-70306 Disease denotes CIPs
1471 70485-70489 Disease denotes CIPs
1472 70745-70749 Disease denotes CIPs
1473 70798-70802 Disease denotes CIPs
1475 73293-73295 Mutation denotes ΔG c.delG
1478 76188-76207 Chemical denotes lipopolysaccharides MESH:D008070
1479 76211-76225 Chemical denotes teichoic acids MESH:D013682
1481 77721-77726 Chemical denotes Broth
1489 78211-78213 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1490 78164-78166 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1491 78057-78071 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1492 78237-78242 Species denotes Salam Tax:883761
1493 78265-78272 Species denotes chicken Tax:9031
1494 78341-78355 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1495 78095-78106 Chemical denotes Luria broth
1501 80025-80032 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1502 80057-80075 Species denotes Bacillus anthracis Tax:1392
1503 80077-80089 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
1504 80138-80165 Species denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus Tax:11099
1505 80188-80211 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1508 80713-80722 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1509 80727-80735 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1516 81206-81218 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
1517 81878-81901 Species denotes Vibrio parahaemolyticus Tax:670
1518 81903-81922 Species denotes V. parahaemolyticus Tax:670
1519 81155-81162 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1520 81820-81828 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
1521 81552-81565 Disease denotes blood glucose MESH:D007022
1525 82520-82525 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1526 82564-82569 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1527 83313-83318 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1534 85360-85374 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1535 84700-84708 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1536 84755-84775 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane MESH:C013830
1537 84777-84781 Chemical denotes PDMS MESH:C013830
1538 84787-84810 Chemical denotes polymethyl methacrylate MESH:D019904
1539 84812-84816 Chemical denotes PMMA MESH:D019904
1542 87205-87213 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1543 86923-86932 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1545 87817-87822 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1554 90111-90113 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1555 89892-89915 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1556 89917-89921 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1557 90085-90094 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1558 90161-90168 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1559 89858-89865 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1560 90007-90013 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1561 90060-90074 Chemical denotes graphene oxide MESH:C000628730
1571 91592-91599 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1572 91718-91725 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1573 91428-91433 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1574 91437-91444 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1575 91603-91606 Chemical denotes KCl MESH:D011189
1576 91623-91625 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
1577 91633-91637 Chemical denotes AgCl
1578 91689-91697 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1579 91757-91782 Chemical denotes phosphate buffered saline
1586 92039-92048 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1587 92098-92100 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1588 91924-91947 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1589 92196-92203 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1590 92208-92217 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1591 91980-91994 Chemical denotes graphene oxide MESH:C000628730
1599 93611-93619 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1600 93488-93496 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1601 93531-93538 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1602 93654-93663 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1603 93906-93920 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1604 94000-94011 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1605 93746-93752 Chemical denotes LiClO4 MESH:C054684
1610 93078-93087 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1611 92991-93000 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1612 93180-93187 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1613 93201-93208 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1624 95473-95475 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1625 95328-95330 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1626 95176-95185 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1627 95583-95592 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1628 95141-95147 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1629 95270-95272 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1630 95373-95376 Chemical denotes DPV
1631 95398-95405 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1632 95539-95542 Chemical denotes DPV
1633 95550-95556 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1635 96109-96114 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1649 97234-97236 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1650 97216-97218 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1651 97202-97204 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1652 96624-96626 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1653 96597-96604 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1654 96701-96708 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1655 97150-97164 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1656 97170-97177 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1657 97135-97148 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1658 96762-96768 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1659 96549-96556 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1660 96965-96970 Chemical denotes Ag(s) MESH:D012834
1661 97032-97035 Chemical denotes DPV
1666 100175-100189 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1667 100207-100242 Chemical denotes poly(pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole)
1668 100422-100431 Chemical denotes copolymer
1669 100524-100533 Chemical denotes copolymer
1679 101794-101803 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1680 101855-101857 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1681 101695-101697 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1682 101639-101659 Species denotes Shigella dysenteriae Tax:622
1683 101661-101675 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1684 101820-101836 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1685 101963-101970 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1686 101972-101983 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1687 101989-102010 Species denotes Enterococcus faecalis Tax:1351
1696 102567-102576 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1697 102173-102182 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1698 102610-102612 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1699 102973-102982 Chemical denotes ferrocene MESH:C004998
1700 102987-103004 Chemical denotes ferrocenemethanol MESH:C071550
1701 103065-103079 Chemical denotes Ruthenium(III)
1702 103080-103093 Chemical denotes ruthenium(II)
1703 103139-103146 Chemical denotes quinone MESH:C004532
1709 104337-104344 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1710 104462-104469 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1711 104636-104645 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1712 104424-104426 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1713 104539-104541 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1721 105731-105742 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1722 105840-105849 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1723 105854-105873 Species denotes Helicobacter pylori Tax:210
1724 105949-105972 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1725 105974-105978 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1726 105983-105987 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
1727 106016-106023 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1731 109581-109588 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1732 109397-109404 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1733 109423-109440 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
1744 108888-108890 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1745 108563-108565 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1746 108540-108547 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1747 108756-108770 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1748 108671-108685 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1749 108310-108312 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1750 108478-108486 Chemical denotes thionine MESH:C009469
1751 108511-108515 Chemical denotes H2O2 MESH:D006861
1752 108635-108642 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1753 108799-108806 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1756 109855-109862 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1757 109839-109841 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1760 110593-110598 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1761 110636-110645 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1763 110715-110720 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1771 110939-110945 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1772 111264-111278 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1773 111282-111288 Species denotes turkey Tax:9103
1774 110995-111000 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1775 111061-111067 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1776 111139-111145 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1777 111309-111319 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1793 111767-111778 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1794 112344-112353 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1795 112358-112368 Species denotes G. lamblia Tax:5741
1796 112388-112395 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1797 112397-112413 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1798 112415-112429 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1799 112431-112440 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1800 112446-112459 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1801 111475-111480 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1802 111692-111697 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1803 111839-111844 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1804 111988-111993 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1805 112108-112113 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1806 111740-111747 Disease denotes cholera MESH:D002771
1807 111879-111887 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1811 112738-112752 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1812 112802-112811 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1813 112912-112917 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1818 113337-113342 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1819 113548-113553 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1820 113744-113749 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1821 113913-113918 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1823 114132-114141 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1834 114640-114645 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1835 114676-114682 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1836 115628-115649 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1837 115916-115921 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1838 115179-115184 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1839 115300-115305 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1840 114393-114398 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1841 114450-114457 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1842 114501-114507 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1843 115688-115695 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1859 116301-116327 Species denotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tax:1773
1860 116360-116377 Species denotes Naegleria fowleri Tax:5763
1861 116686-116707 Species denotes Clostridium difficile Tax:1496
1862 116835-116844 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1863 116256-116266 Species denotes Legionella Tax:446
1864 116709-116711 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1865 116754-116756 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1866 116813-116824 Chemical denotes methicillin MESH:D008712
1867 116285-116299 Disease denotes Legionnellosis
1868 116342-116354 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
1869 116392-116410 Disease denotes amoebic meningitis MESH:D004404
1870 116602-116612 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1871 116768-116776 Disease denotes diarrhea MESH:D003967
1872 116800-116807 Disease denotes colitis MESH:D003092
1873 116873-116883 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1875 117156-117158 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1889 118890-118898 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1890 119059-119068 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1891 119074-119088 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1892 119255-119260 Species denotes algae Tax:569578
1893 119018-119031 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1894 119033-119045 Species denotes Enterococcus Tax:1351
1895 119047-119057 Species denotes Salmonella Tax:90371
1896 117607-117612 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1897 119408-119413 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1898 118112-118122 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1899 118323-118332 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1900 118717-118727 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1901 118842-118852 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1906 120438-120466 Species denotes human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
1907 120468-120471 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1908 120282-120291 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1909 120739-120747 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1927 121232-121253 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1928 121575-121583 Species denotes children Tax:9606
1929 121706-121721 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
1930 121750-121762 Species denotes rabies virus Tax:11292
1931 121097-121110 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1932 121115-121125 Species denotes Plasmodium Tax:5833
1933 121208-121221 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1934 121223-121226 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1935 121525-121527 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1936 121291-121296 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1937 121302-121321 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
1938 121443-121465 Disease denotes respiratory infections MESH:D012141
1939 121481-121491 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1940 121497-121515 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases MESH:D004403
1941 121723-121731 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1942 121733-121748 Disease denotes hepatitis virus MESH:D006525
1943 121796-121805 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
1946 122056-122065 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1947 122149-122152 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1951 123458-123464 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1952 122903-122908 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1953 123418-123423 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1957 123990-124002 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
1958 124004-124011 Species denotes Anthrax Tax:1392
1959 124044-124058 Species denotes vaccinia virus Tax:10245
1961 124254-124259 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1964 126511-126517 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1965 126568-126576 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1972 125696-125702 Chemical denotes Carbon MESH:D002244
1973 125727-125735 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
1974 125737-125745 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1975 125958-125964 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1976 126078-126085 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1977 126155-126160 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1982 128418-128426 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1983 129091-129098 Chemical denotes lactate MESH:D019344
1984 129100-129107 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1985 129255-129270 Disease denotes skin irritation MESH:D012871
1988 130318-130327 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1989 129961-129976 Disease denotes lamblia oocysts MESH:D005873
1995 130586-130591 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1996 130915-130919 Species denotes rice Tax:4530
1997 130921-130926 Species denotes maize Tax:4577
1998 130928-130934 Species denotes potato Tax:4113
1999 130940-130947 Species denotes soybean Tax:3847
2004 131648-131655 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2005 131665-131676 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
2006 131917-131924 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2007 131934-131943 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
2015 133050-133057 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2016 132689-132696 Chemical denotes glycine MESH:D005998
2017 132702-132706 Chemical denotes urea MESH:D014508
2018 132936-132943 Chemical denotes acetone MESH:D000096
2019 132992-132994 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
2020 133153-133170 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
2021 133110-133117 Disease denotes Johnson MESH:C535882
2023 134331-134339 Disease denotes toxicity MESH:D064420
2025 135003-135008 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
2028 137966-137973 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2029 137365-137374 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
2033 138518-138520 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
2034 138551-138553 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
2035 138626-138628 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 98907-98917 Body_part denotes sinusoidal http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63131
T2 99580-99584 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T3 105877-105882 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T4 105883-105889 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T5 108109-108117 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T6 108391-108399 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T7 108487-108495 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T8 108635-108642 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T9 108799-108806 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T10 109397-109404 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T11 109811-109819 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T12 112652-112656 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T13 112695-112700 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T14 115067-115078 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T15 115067-115071 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T16 115433-115437 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T17 116908-116912 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T18 116928-116941 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T19 119579-119590 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T20 119579-119583 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T21 119608-119613 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T22 119615-119620 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma64183
T23 119622-119627 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T24 119629-119634 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938
T25 119636-119642 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T26 119647-119653 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma312401
T27 119749-119760 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T28 119749-119753 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T29 120468-120471 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T30 120651-120659 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T31 121223-121226 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T32 121467-121480 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T33 121626-121640 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825
T34 122149-122152 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T35 122185-122188 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T36 122454-122459 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T37 122467-122472 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T38 126756-126761 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T39 126762-126768 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T40 127646-127651 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T41 128008-128012 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163
T42 128371-128382 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T43 128371-128375 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T44 128392-128397 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T45 128402-128407 Body_part denotes sweat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12275
T46 129100-129107 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T47 129255-129259 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163
T48 129313-129319 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T49 129391-129401 Body_part denotes body fluid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T50 132689-132696 Body_part denotes glycine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82753
T51 132752-132758 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T52 132949-132955 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T53 134033-134042 Body_part denotes capillary http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63194
T54 137712-137717 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T55 137718-137724 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T22063 263-267 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T33096 876-887 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T10582 876-880 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T19835 1113-1116 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T55984 1162-1165 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T20931 1282-1285 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T41986 1315-1318 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T2928 2087-2095 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T4405 2203-2211 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T32223 2273-2276 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T61707 2313-2316 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T51330 2651-2656 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T19578 5627-5638 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T23928 5627-5631 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T39720 10633-10637 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T27608 14001-14007 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T90985 16089-16091 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T18298 16811-16813 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T15286 16956-16958 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T4025 17570-17577 Body_part denotes cloacae http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma322205
T77924 19182-19187 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T52722 19320-19325 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T45963 19460-19465 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T70200 19617-19624 Body_part denotes mannose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82801
T88391 19625-19637 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T40052 19789-19794 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T71080 19923-19928 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T9432 20473-20482 Body_part denotes galactose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82794
T91083 21181-21183 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T29288 22373-22380 Body_part denotes mannose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82801
T76358 22381-22393 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T33281 25510-25515 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T32869 26230-26238 Body_part denotes cysteine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82751
T4177 26464-26468 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T43124 27480-27482 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T27920 27863-27868 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T74288 28817-28825 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T40635 30055-30061 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T42419 32150-32155 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T59789 34245-34251 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T29077 34487-34492 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T32230 34496-34504 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T78032 34653-34658 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T84107 34662-34670 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T47720 34813-34818 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T7909 34822-34830 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T90211 34987-34995 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T51462 35144-35152 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T76448 35362-35370 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T611 35519-35524 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T76579 35528-35536 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T75461 35780-35788 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T54998 35964-35972 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T64045 36010-36018 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T47334 36190-36198 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T25258 36379-36387 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T99495 36443-36451 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T58 36584-36592 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T59 36620-36628 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T60 36744-36751 Body_part denotes Protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T61 36825-36833 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T62 36834-36841 Body_part denotes Protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T63 37076-37084 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T64 37113-37127 Body_part denotes red blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62845
T65 37123-37127 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T66 37318-37326 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T67 37327-37334 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T68 37553-37561 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T69 37954-37961 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T70 38150-38158 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T71 38197-38205 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T72 38365-38373 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T73 38411-38419 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T74 38570-38578 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T75 38879-38887 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T76 38926-38934 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T77 39123-39131 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T78 39322-39330 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T79 39369-39377 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T80 39753-39761 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T81 39800-39808 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T82 39962-39970 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T83 39984-39991 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T84 40140-40148 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T85 40176-40184 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T86 40185-40192 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T87 40347-40355 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T88 40383-40391 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T89 40392-40399 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T90 40586-40594 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T91 40759-40764 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T92 40779-40787 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T93 40827-40835 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T94 41109-41117 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T95 41145-41153 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T96 41273-41281 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T97 41309-41317 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T98 41323-41333 Body_part denotes nucleotide http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740
T99 41463-41471 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T100 41499-41507 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T101 41513-41523 Body_part denotes nucleotide http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740
T102 41833-41840 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T103 41877-41885 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T104 42094-42102 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T105 42168-42170 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T106 42336-42338 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T107 42495-42497 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T108 42745-42753 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T109 42799-42807 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T110 43694-43701 Body_part denotes fingers http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9666
T111 44678-44680 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T112 49303-49306 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T113 49472-49476 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T114 49694-49698 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T115 49910-49914 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T116 54601-54609 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T117 56923-56931 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T118 57083-57091 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T119 57787-57794 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T120 57800-57807 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T121 58782-58787 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T122 58793-58800 Body_part denotes tissues http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T123 59585-59595 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T124 59600-59608 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T125 59619-59629 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T126 59634-59642 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T127 59792-59800 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T128 60096-60106 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T129 60257-60267 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T130 60545-60553 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T131 61633-61647 Body_part denotes immunoglobulin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T132 61648-61656 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T133 61666-61671 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T134 62024-62032 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T135 63390-63395 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T136 63463-63471 Body_part denotes Antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T137 63728-63736 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T138 64149-64161 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T139 64170-64178 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T140 64179-64191 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T141 64200-64208 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T142 64686-64694 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T143 64726-64731 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T144 65162-65168 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9601
T145 65176-65181 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T146 65213-65229 Body_part denotes Oligosaccharides http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82742
T147 65249-65262 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T148 65289-65301 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T149 65655-65668 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T150 65743-65755 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T151 65756-65763 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T152 65920-65923 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T153 66060-66063 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T154 67023-67026 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T155 67711-67719 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T156 68686-68699 Body_part denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82783
T157 68779-68783 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T158 69034-69038 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T159 69564-69568 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T160 72242-72250 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T161 72695-72703 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T162 74373-74376 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T163 74826-74832 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T164 76188-76207 Body_part denotes lipopolysaccharides http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82785
T165 76233-76246 Body_part denotes cell membrane http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63841
T166 76233-76237 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T167 76362-76366 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T168 76857-76862 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T169 77181-77189 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T170 77320-77331 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T171 77320-77324 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T172 77531-77536 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T173 78079-78083 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T174 78356-78361 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T175 79190-79198 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T176 81552-81557 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T177 81558-81565 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T178 82941-82952 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T179 82941-82945 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T180 83768-83773 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T181 84130-84135 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T182 84384-84389 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T183 84646-84651 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T184 87182-87187 Body_part denotes teeth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma314001
T185 91630-91632 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T186 91817-91819 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T187 96724-96726 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T188 96965-96967 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T189 96990-96992 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T190 97196-97201 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T191 97210-97215 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T192 97228-97233 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T193 97293-97301 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 152-157 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T2 14001-14007 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T3 26464-26468 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T4 30055-30061 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T5 34245-34251 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T6 37117-37122 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T7 43694-43701 Body_part denotes fingers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002389
T8 47174-47179 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T9 49472-49476 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T10 49694-49698 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T11 61666-61671 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T12 65162-65168 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310
T13 67700-67704 Body_part denotes tail http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415
T14 68779-68783 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T15 74826-74832 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T16 76857-76862 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T17 77531-77536 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T18 78079-78083 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T19 81173-81176 Body_part denotes tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2001840
T20 81552-81557 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T21 85690-85695 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T22 105883-105889 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752
T23 119608-119613 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T24 119615-119620 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988
T25 119622-119627 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T26 119629-119634 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912
T27 119636-119642 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T28 119647-119653 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007311
T29 121626-121640 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405
T30 122454-122459 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T31 122467-122472 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T32 126762-126768 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752
T33 127646-127651 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T34 128008-128012 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014
T35 128392-128397 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T36 128402-128407 Body_part denotes sweat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001089
T37 129255-129259 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014
T38 129313-129319 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T39 130804-130808 Body_part denotes crop http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007356
T40 134033-134042 Body_part denotes capillary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001982
T41 137718-137724 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 30-40 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T2 158-168 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T3 293-302 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T4 455-464 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T5 610-620 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T6 708-716 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 748-758 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T8 951-961 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T9 1233-1242 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T10 1611-1620 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T11 2148-2158 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 14016-14026 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T13 16934-16942 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T14 17355-17364 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T15 18239-18254 Disease denotes swine influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005460
T16 18245-18254 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T17 18262-18265 Disease denotes SIV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010029
T18 18317-18320 Disease denotes SIV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010029
T19 18535-18541 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T20 18821-18830 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T21 20401-20410 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T22 20645-20651 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T23 20737-20743 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T24 22901-22922 Disease denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0030602
T25 23361-23367 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T26 23607-23622 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T27 23613-23622 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T28 24458-24473 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T29 24464-24473 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T30 24858-24867 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T31 26349-26370 Disease denotes Japanese encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019209
T32 26358-26370 Disease denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019956
T33 26601-26610 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T34 26769-26778 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T35 26970-26974 Disease denotes HEMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010602
T36 27283-27292 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T37 27588-27592 Disease denotes TEOS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004050
T38 31278-31287 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T39 34260-34270 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T40 36079-36094 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T41 36085-36094 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T42 36244-36268 Disease denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005972
T43 36301-36311 Disease denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T44 36917-36932 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T45 36923-36932 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T46 37800-37815 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T47 37806-37815 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T48 38472-38487 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T49 38478-38487 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T50 39189-39199 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T51 41581-41596 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T52 41587-41596 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T53 41756-41765 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T54 41812-41821 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T55 42237-42240 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T56 42401-42404 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T57 42561-42564 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T58 46707-46716 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T59 49665-49686 Disease denotes Japanese encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019209
T60 49674-49686 Disease denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019956
T61 49934-49937 Disease denotes CIP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009459|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015364
T63 59997-60007 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T64 63103-63118 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T65 63109-63118 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T66 65162-65175 Disease denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007254
T67 65169-65175 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T68 65600-65609 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T69 80151-80159 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T70 80194-80203 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T71 80713-80722 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T72 80727-80735 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T73 81206-81212 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T74 83509-83519 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T75 86923-86932 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T76 89898-89907 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T77 91930-91939 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T78 95433-95439 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T79 105955-105964 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T80 110636-110645 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T81 111309-111319 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T82 111740-111747 Disease denotes cholera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015766
T83 112547-112557 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T84 112719-112729 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T85 114132-114141 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T86 114450-114457 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T87 115577-115587 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T88 115655-115665 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T89 115688-115695 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T90 116256-116266 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T91 116315-116327 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T92 116342-116354 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T93 116400-116410 Disease denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004796|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021108
T95 116602-116612 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T96 116768-116776 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T97 116800-116807 Disease denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005292
T98 116846-116850 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T99 116873-116886 Disease denotes infections in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T100 116971-116981 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T101 117137-117147 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T102 117197-117201 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T103 118112-118122 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T104 118323-118332 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T105 118717-118727 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T106 118824-118852 Disease denotes Hospital-acquired infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043544
T107 120444-120460 Disease denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021094
T108 120739-120747 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T109 121302-121312 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T110 121443-121465 Disease denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024355
T111 121467-121491 Disease denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001650|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005247
T113 121497-121515 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T114 121532-121536 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T115 121706-121715 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T116 121723-121731 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T117 121733-121742 Disease denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002251
T118 121750-121756 Disease denotes rabies http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019173
T119 121785-121805 Disease denotes Mycoplasma pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005867
T120 121796-121805 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T121 121821-121830 Disease denotes pertussis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005077
T122 121836-121846 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T123 122037-122047 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T124 122056-122065 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T125 122130-122140 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T126 124004-124011 Disease denotes Anthrax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005119
T127 124031-124037 Disease denotes plague http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019095
T128 124044-124052 Disease denotes vaccinia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002595
T129 130522-130532 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T130 137365-137374 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 97870-97871 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 98145-98146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 98171-98172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 98283-98284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 98552-98553 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 98624-98625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 98679-98680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T8 98943-98944 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 99242-99243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 99370-99371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 99580-99584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T12 99705-99706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T13 99847-99848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 100039-100040 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15 100205-100206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 100634-100635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T17 100743-100744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 101142-101143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 101680-101681 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 101712-101716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T21 101802-101808 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T22 101840-101841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 101912-101913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 101914-101917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T25 101972-101973 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T26 102121-102122 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 102181-102187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T28 102202-102205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T29 102306-102307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 102575-102581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T31 103672-103673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 103914-103915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 104047-104048 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 104249-104253 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T35 104300-104301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 104691-104692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 104935-104936 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 105154-105157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T39 105189-105190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 105382-105383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T41 105657-105658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 105689-105692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T43 105731-105732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T44 105782-105783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 105949-105954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T46 105965-105966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T47 105967-105972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T48 106014-106015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 106042-106043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 106054-106061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T51 106339-106344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T52 106487-106493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T53 106608-106616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T54 106628-106634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T55 107048-107055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T56 107138-107139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T57 107169-107170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T58 107307-107313 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Labels
T59 107328-107329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T60 107437-107443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T61 107585-107586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62 107638-107644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T63 107840-107845 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T64 107989-107990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T65 108014-108015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T66 108148-108149 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T67 108195-108202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T68 108263-108264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 108278-108279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70 108572-108573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T71 108717-108723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T72 108847-108848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T73 108873-108876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054060 denotes 102
T74 108952-108958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T75 109048-109049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 109129-109136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T77 109160-109161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T78 109193-109194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T79 109331-109332 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 109495-109496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T81 109498-109504 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes Signal
T82 109668-109671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T83 109892-109893 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T84 110216-110217 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T85 110430-110431 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 110884-110885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 110939-110945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T88 111282-111288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9005 denotes turkey
T89 111407-111410 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000990 denotes CDC
T90 111738-111739 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 111795-111798 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T92 112002-112003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 112161-112165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T94 112370-112378 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T95 112465-112472 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T96 112643-112644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 112652-112656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T98 112695-112700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T99 113030-113031 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T100 113460-113465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T101 113710-113711 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T102 114594-114595 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 114640-114645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T104 114676-114682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T105 115067-115078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T106 115298-115299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 115537-115546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T108 115537-115546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T109 115603-115612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7157 denotes mosquitos
T110 115799-115806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T111 115843-115850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T112 115854-115861 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T113 115916-115921 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T114 116225-116226 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T115 116427-116435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T116 116928-116941 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T117 117226-117235 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T118 117226-117235 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T119 118024-118025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T120 118458-118465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T121 118470-118477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T122 118655-118658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T123 118676-118677 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 118729-118730 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 118932-118935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T126 119306-119314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T127 119472-119477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T128 119579-119590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T129 119602-119613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes whole blood
T130 119602-119613 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes whole blood
T131 119749-119760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T132 119903-119904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 120165-120172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T134 120438-120443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T135 120461-120466 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T136 120501-120502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T137 120670-120673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T138 120951-120953 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes da
T139 121467-121480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T140 121626-121640 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405 denotes immune systems
T141 121716-121721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T142 121743-121748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T143 121757-121762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T144 121768-121776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T145 122376-122377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 122442-122450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T147 122454-122459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T148 122454-122459 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T149 123458-123464 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T150 123935-123942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T151 123990-123991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T152 124053-124058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T153 124566-124567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T154 125051-125056 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T155 125411-125416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T156 125570-125571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T157 125601-125606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T158 125688-125694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T159 125784-125785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T160 126235-126236 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 126266-126267 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T162 126462-126463 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T163 126551-126552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T164 126814-126820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T165 126836-126841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T166 126940-126946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T167 127197-127200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T168 127351-127357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T169 127396-127399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T170 127411-127412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T171 127541-127544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T172 127646-127651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organ
T173 127756-127760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T174 127993-128000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T175 128008-128012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014 denotes skin
T176 128008-128012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003 denotes skin
T177 128008-128012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097 denotes skin
T178 128008-128012 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199 denotes skin
T179 128008-128012 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962 denotes skin
T180 128051-128052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T181 128089-128094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T182 128116-128123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T183 128255-128262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T184 128326-128333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T185 128371-128382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T186 128392-128397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T187 128392-128397 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T188 128576-128577 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T189 128598-128605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T190 128708-128709 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 128837-128840 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T192 128947-128950 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T193 129255-129259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014 denotes skin
T194 129255-129259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003 denotes skin
T195 129255-129259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097 denotes skin
T196 129255-129259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199 denotes skin
T197 129255-129259 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962 denotes skin
T198 129273-129279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T199 129391-129401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluid
T200 129646-129647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T201 129670-129671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T202 129905-129907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T203 130231-130232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T204 130586-130591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T205 131002-131009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T206 131020-131028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T207 131094-131095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T208 131285-131288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T209 131300-131301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 131561-131562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T211 131611-131613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T212 131611-131613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T213 131707-131709 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T214 131707-131709 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T215 131773-131774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T216 131870-131871 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 131951-131952 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T218 132014-132016 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4c
T219 132131-132132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T220 132264-132265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T221 132343-132346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T222 132752-132758 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T223 132910-132911 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T224 132927-132934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T225 132927-132934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T226 132949-132955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T227 133065-133072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T228 133138-133139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T229 133545-133546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T230 133750-133751 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T231 134197-134204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T232 134496-134497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T233 134625-134631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T234 134697-134701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T235 134725-134732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T236 134928-134929 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T237 135078-135081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T238 135208-135213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T239 135390-135396 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T240 135484-135490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T241 135650-135651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T242 136058-136059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T243 136485-136488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T244 136505-136506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T245 136569-136570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T246 136787-136788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T247 137229-137232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T248 137664-137665 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T249 137690-137698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T250 137734-137735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T251 137931-137937 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T252 138053-138054 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T253 138239-138247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T254 138350-138357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T255 138483-138484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T256 138732-138733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T257 138884-138889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T258 138916-138917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14476 128-136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T80625 187-194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T63352 424-431 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T73125 465-470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T61249 476-484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T28402 663-669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes facing
T8155 670-671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36574 717-722 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3431 876-887 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T91690 1336-1341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T24843 1384-1389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T36131 1555-1563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T85202 1555-1563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T8720 2180-2181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80278 2230-2238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T41563 2230-2238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T50996 2487-2492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T38879 2642-2649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T82236 2651-2656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T65256 2674-2675 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92248 3207-3214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T37566 3227-3232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T50432 3474-3475 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51725 3516-3524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001898 denotes called a
T3158 3592-3593 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T61528 3662-3663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42866 3745-3752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T73209 4374-4375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T71756 4589-4590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88152 4628-4629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43393 4836-4837 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T67322 4861-4862 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62612 4917-4918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45685 4977-4978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T64650 5151-5152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47476 5178-5179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30180 5207-5213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T64360 5627-5638 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T67174 5644-5650 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes object
T57506 5742-5747 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T64576 5854-5860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Labels
T5259 5925-5932 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T67349 5925-5932 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T43939 6042-6043 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68512 6074-6075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34652 6192-6197 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T93702 6205-6210 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T95045 6244-6245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20027 6328-6333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Label
T56574 6448-6456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T61655 6477-6482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T74784 7041-7045 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T91038 7055-7057 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes da
T60304 7077-7081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T27628 7490-7491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93259 7887-7888 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T17235 8088-8092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T5167 8135-8139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T39108 8180-8184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T17345 8352-8357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T36712 8888-8889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10370 9049-9050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T9299 9070-9071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46782 9072-9078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T96285 9146-9147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53563 9234-9240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T29584 9304-9305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50926 9444-9450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T32116 9505-9506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68385 9628-9629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92162 9828-9831 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2 a
T72453 9895-9900 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focus
T79414 10003-10010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T63279 10327-10330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2 a
T73130 10446-10447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T88794 10633-10637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T76961 10675-10676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T89102 10696-10697 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T31736 10781-10782 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69777 10812-10813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76379 11483-11484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T84675 12632-12635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008418 denotes PEK
T40732 12840-12844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T12670 13002-13006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T9405 13097-13098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37286 13178-13179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T74627 13275-13283 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T54414 13394-13399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T86432 13810-13813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T89993 13831-13833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T42492 13850-13852 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T32160 14565-14567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T23426 14565-14567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T40751 15614-15619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T59427 15710-15717 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T86592 16076-16077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T82180 16133-16134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T49326 16629-16630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70625 16716-16724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T95329 16943-16948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T34812 17123-17130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T82818 17206-17207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T12214 17349-17354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T35353 17365-17366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T13742 17367-17372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3302 17540-17542 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T3341 17540-17542 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T69260 17604-17605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T90256 17668-17672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T34365 17737-17738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T53246 17832-17833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T66145 17870-17871 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T34618 17898-17902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T18080 18117-18125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T17500 18211-18213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T62294 18255-18260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T79221 18277-18280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T98205 18549-18554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T68867 18815-18820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T66260 18831-18832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T73785 18833-18840 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T58914 18933-18940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T57124 18985-18988 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T53033 19007-19009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T49665 19074-19076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T62982 19074-19076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T26580 19099-19102 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T56540 19182-19187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T13546 19231-19234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T37006 19320-19325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T77666 19370-19373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T21555 19460-19465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T19706 19505-19508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T99160 19756-19758 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003797 denotes HP
T9943 19756-19758 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000008725 denotes HP
T39015 19759-19766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T10284 19789-19794 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T44367 19894-19896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003797 denotes HP
T11657 19894-19896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000008725 denotes HP
T27391 19897-19904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T59473 19923-19928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T75305 20353-20357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T91658 20395-20400 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T65183 20411-20412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T13995 20413-20418 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3397 20652-20657 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T79686 20702-20710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T60478 20795-20797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T46120 20795-20797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T6501 20821-20826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T62337 21373-21380 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T95930 21562-21565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T75255 21757-21761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 4- 5
T31636 22000-22003 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T7492 22191-22196 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0037183 denotes mL Ma
T84695 22512-22513 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T39748 22528-22535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T65083 22840-22841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T79094 22842-22849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T45854 22953-22954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T83921 22955-22962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T35795 23066-23067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T90845 23068-23075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T70610 23127-23128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T77360 23169-23170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T1479 23171-23178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T1603 23242-23245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T61737 23368-23373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T18896 23560-23564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T67508 23623-23628 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T56214 23866-23869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T14542 23988-23991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T19729 24312-24316 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 4- 5
T13637 24474-24479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T72842 24852-24857 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T35806 24868-24869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T83506 24870-24875 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T82652 24957-24964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T62555 25003-25006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T69012 25238-25241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T5836 25480-25481 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T57627 25510-25515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T69916 25691-25692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T26809 25766-25767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T89116 26154-26161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T90309 26371-26376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T61069 26595-26600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T29165 26611-26612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T12570 26613-26618 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T99559 26763-26768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T9704 26779-26780 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T23479 26781-26786 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T33135 27057-27060 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T2729 27245-27249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T52046 27271-27275 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T53667 27277-27282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T60516 27293-27294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T98637 27295-27300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T69288 27409-27413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T20109 27626-27630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T84169 27701-27708 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T48578 27863-27868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T84580 27949-27950 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T24893 28024-28025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T52448 28085-28086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T3745 28683-28684 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93634 28888-28889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T95133 29192-29194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T38522 29192-29194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T84213 29411-29415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T39174 29886-29887 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T94228 30457-30460 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T59034 30612-30620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T32955 30671-30672 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29306 30995-30996 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T44633 31049-31050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79204 31068-31071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054060 denotes 102
T84788 31141-31148 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T20399 31141-31148 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T38172 31272-31277 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T32764 31288-31289 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T45756 31290-31295 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T23162 31341-31345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T98338 31415-31416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37315 31451-31452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T83753 31718-31720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T36883 31718-31720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T97824 31967-31968 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15456 31984-31987 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T84390 32150-32155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T43633 32186-32187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T4523 32803-32806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T52535 33450-33451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T61450 33637-33643 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T76112 33802-33807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T43120 34054-34057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T47607 34075-34077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T15582 34094-34096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T3815 34487-34492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T71989 34519-34524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T92671 34552-34554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T58513 34552-34554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T93285 34653-34658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T58258 34685-34690 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T35821 34813-34818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T96822 35010-35015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T19841 35210-35212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T91972 35210-35212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T51925 35385-35390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T25600 35519-35524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T97859 35551-35556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T68559 35803-35808 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T99458 36033-36038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T23029 36095-36100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T28696 36171-36173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T15886 36418-36426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T86580 36466-36471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T62829 36641-36646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T49164 36752-36753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T87746 36842-36843 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T261 36933-36938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T262 37009-37011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T263 37062-37064 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T264 37113-37127 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000232 denotes red blood cell
T265 37128-37133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T266 37366-37371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T267 37390-37392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T268 37390-37392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T269 37576-37581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T270 37662-37670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T271 37758-37763 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T272 37816-37821 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T273 37952-37953 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T274 37980-37986 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T275 38218-38223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T276 38346-38349 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001079 denotes 148
T277 38488-38493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T278 38564-38566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008426 denotes pg
T279 38773-38775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T280 38773-38775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T281 38947-38952 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T282 39052-39053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T283 39110-39112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T284 39146-39151 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T285 39392-39397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T286 39572-39577 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T287 39821-39826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T288 39952-39954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T289 40418-40423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T290 40477-40480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T291 40609-40614 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T292 40759-40764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T293 40849-40854 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T294 40962-40967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T295 41166-41171 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T296 41350-41355 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T297 41374-41376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T298 41374-41376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T299 41540-41545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T300 41564-41566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T301 41564-41566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T302 41597-41602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T303 41654-41655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T304 41692-41693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T305 41702-41704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T306 41705-41711 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T307 41750-41755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T308 41766-41767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T309 41768-41773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T310 41822-41823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T311 41824-41829 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T312 41849-41850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T313 41920-41921 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T314 41934-41939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T315 41972-41976 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T316 41978-41983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T317 41996-41998 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T318 42088-42090 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008426 denotes pg
T319 42114-42116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T320 42117-42123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T321 42154-42158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T322 42216-42223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T323 42276-42284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T324 42379-42386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T325 42440-42448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T326 42538-42545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T327 42600-42608 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T328 42685-42690 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T329 43180-43184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T330 43702-43714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized in
T331 43799-43805 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T332 43835-43837 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T333 43835-43837 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T334 44271-44273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T335 44271-44273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T336 44862-44863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T337 45204-45206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T338 45204-45206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T339 45304-45305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T340 45391-45394 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T341 45602-45603 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T342 45725-45726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T343 45867-45868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T344 46458-46459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T345 46638-46639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T346 46701-46706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T347 46717-46718 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T348 46719-46724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T349 47198-47199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T350 47229-47230 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T351 47474-47479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T352 47631-47634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T353 48127-48128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T354 48359-48362 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T355 48741-48742 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T356 49201-49202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T357 49329-49330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T358 49414-49415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T359 49461-49462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T360 49687-49692 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T361 49820-49824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001627 denotes a) A
T362 49907-49914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes b) Cell
T363 50220-50221 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T364 50236-50242 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T365 50359-50360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T366 50504-50506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T367 50504-50506 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T368 50537-50538 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T369 50552-50558 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T370 50577-50592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 denotes spatial regions
T371 51005-51006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T372 51254-51255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T373 51497-51502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T374 52104-52105 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T375 52125-52131 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T376 52135-52141 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T377 53377-53379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T378 53406-53411 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T379 53482-53484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T380 53612-53614 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T381 53620-53623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T382 53659-53667 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T383 53802-53804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T384 54025-54028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T385 54551-54552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T386 54583-54585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T387 54583-54585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T388 54791-54793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T389 54791-54793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T390 54826-54827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T391 55292-55296 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T392 55742-55743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T393 56156-56157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T394 56403-56404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T395 56509-56511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T396 56565-56566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T397 56665-56666 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T398 56821-56827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T399 56848-56852 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T400 56887-56889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T401 56910-56911 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T402 56984-56991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T403 57028-57033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T404 57046-57048 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T405 57061-57065 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T406 57126-57133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T407 57172-57173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T408 57591-57597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T409 57598-57604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T410 57672-57678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T411 57808-57815 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T412 57808-57815 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T413 58276-58277 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T414 58291-58292 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T415 58293-58299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T416 58727-58728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T417 58782-58787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T418 58977-58983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T419 59218-59227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized
T420 59292-59300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptides
T421 59981-59982 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T422 60175-60176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T423 60275-60282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T424 60369-60374 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T425 60388-60393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T426 60554-60562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T427 60663-60664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T428 60688-60693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T429 60745-60748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T430 60846-60850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T431 60874-60875 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T432 60891-60896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T433 61232-61241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0036932 denotes hybridoma
T434 61362-61363 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T435 61470-61471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T436 61666-61671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T437 61666-61671 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T438 61769-61770 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T439 62521-62529 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T440 62761-62762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T441 62823-62824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T442 62869-62870 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T443 63006-63007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T444 63119-63124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T445 63133-63140 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9031 denotes chicken
T446 63154-63155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T447 63265-63271 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T448 63284-63285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T449 63378-63379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T450 63390-63395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T451 63435-63441 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T452 64367-64374 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes Peptide
T453 64714-64721 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T454 64726-64731 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T455 64766-64767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T456 64782-64785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T457 65162-65168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310 denotes breast
T458 65176-65181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T459 65491-65492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T460 65594-65599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T461 65610-65611 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T462 65612-65617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T463 65935-65936 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T464 66031-66032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T465 66359-66360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T466 66396-66397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T467 66584-66585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T468 66787-66788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T469 66955-66956 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T470 67014-67015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T471 67049-67050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T472 67312-67315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T473 67624-67631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T474 67661-67669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T475 67700-67704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415 denotes tail
T476 67983-67984 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T477 68498-68499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T478 68789-68790 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T479 69034-69038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes Cell
T480 69457-69460 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T481 69468-69472 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T482 69564-69568 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T483 69647-69651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T484 69721-69729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T485 69817-69820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T486 69828-69832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T487 70249-70250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T488 71091-71098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T489 71368-71369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T490 71707-71708 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T491 71957-71958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T492 72186-72187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T493 72294-72295 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T494 72331-72334 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T495 72396-72397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T496 72885-72886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T497 72994-72995 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T498 73054-73057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002781 denotes d/k
T499 73058-73059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T500 73249-73250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T501 73284-73285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T502 73356-73357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T503 73608-73609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T504 73619-73625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T505 74531-74532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T506 74533-74538 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T507 74622-74630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T508 75606-75615 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes Membranes
T509 75954-75955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T510 76086-76094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T511 76113-76114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T512 76233-76237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T513 76238-76246 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T514 76262-76270 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T515 76289-76297 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T516 76362-76366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T517 76857-76862 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T518 76857-76862 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T519 76962-76963 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T520 77050-77051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T521 77320-77331 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T522 77523-77524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T523 77525-77536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes whole blood
T524 77525-77536 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes whole blood
T525 77758-77759 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T526 78265-78272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9031 denotes chicken
T527 78314-78316 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T528 78356-78361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T529 78449-78450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T530 78590-78599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T531 78590-78599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T532 78725-78733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T533 78965-78966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T534 78995-78998 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T535 79006-79007 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T536 79354-79360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T537 79973-79974 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T538 80007-80015 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T539 80077-80078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T540 80121-80128 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T541 80160-80165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T542 80188-80193 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T543 80204-80205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T544 80206-80211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T545 80258-80259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T546 80307-80313 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T547 80569-80576 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T548 80631-80632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T549 80866-80867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T550 80997-80998 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T551 81043-81044 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T552 81142-81143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T553 81213-81218 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T554 81552-81557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T555 81552-81557 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T556 81577-81578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T557 81803-81804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T558 82431-82434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T559 82518-82519 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T560 82520-82525 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T561 82527-82528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T562 82641-82642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T563 82702-82703 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T564 82737-82738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T565 82760-82761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T566 82941-82952 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T567 83355-83356 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T568 83658-83664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T569 83768-83773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T570 83884-83885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T571 84130-84135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T572 84283-84284 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T573 84384-84389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T574 84445-84452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T575 84473-84480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T576 84646-84651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T577 84921-84928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T578 85215-85222 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes valving
T579 85294-85295 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T580 85453-85459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T581 85840-85849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membranes
T582 85909-85916 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T583 85955-85956 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T584 86005-86011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T585 86116-86119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T586 86684-86691 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T587 86849-86855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes object
T588 86868-86869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T589 87194-87195 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T590 88120-88121 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T591 88567-88574 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T592 88585-88592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T593 88713-88717 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T594 88867-88872 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T595 88914-88920 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T596 88957-88964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T597 89074-89082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal's
T598 89130-89131 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T599 89153-89154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T600 89221-89224 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T601 89734-89749 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes instrumentation
T602 89845-89846 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T603 89892-89897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T604 89908-89909 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T605 89910-89915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T606 89926-89927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T607 90005-90006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T608 90098-90099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T609 90197-90198 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T610 90441-90442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T611 90847-90848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T612 91063-91068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T613 91331-91336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T614 91467-91473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T615 91521-91528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T616 91521-91528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T617 91687-91688 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T618 91815-91816 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T619 91924-91929 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T620 91940-91941 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T621 91942-91947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T622 91970-91971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T623 92047-92053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T624 92058-92059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T625 92238-92239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T626 92458-92459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T627 92544-92545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T628 92567-92568 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T629 92654-92655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T630 92811-92812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T631 92968-92969 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T632 92999-93005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T633 93050-93051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T634 93086-93092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T635 93148-93149 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T636 93199-93200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T637 93250-93251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T638 93450-93451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T639 93560-93561 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T640 93777-93778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T641 94000-94001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T642 94080-94081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T643 94172-94175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T644 94390-94391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T645 94533-94539 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T646 94574-94575 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T647 94619-94620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T648 94665-94666 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T649 94848-94849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T650 94903-94904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T651 95312-95313 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T652 95381-95382 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T653 95447-95452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T654 95458-95459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T655 95548-95549 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T656 95842-95843 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T657 96061-96062 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T658 96301-96304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T659 96382-96388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T660 96547-96548 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T661 96557-96560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T662 96608-96609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T663 96822-96823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T664 96853-96861 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T665 97183-97184 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T666 97196-97201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T667 97210-97215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T668 97228-97233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T669 97388-97396 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T670 97495-97496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T4 1113-1116 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T5 1162-1165 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T6 1282-1285 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T7 1315-1318 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T8 1320-1325 Chemical denotes toxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T9 1819-1821 Chemical denotes H7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_83438
T10 2273-2276 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T11 2313-2316 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T12 2471-2476 Chemical denotes toxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T13 2554-2560 Chemical denotes toxins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T14 2619-2625 Chemical denotes toxins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T15 2627-2640 Chemical denotes nucleic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T16 2635-2640 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T17 2743-2751 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T18 2767-2775 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T19 3141-3145 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T21 3227-3232 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T22 3535-3540 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T23 3789-3797 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T24 5135-5143 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T25 5742-5747 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T26 5933-5937 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T27 6192-6197 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T28 6205-6210 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T29 6477-6482 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T30 7524-7532 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T31 7986-7991 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T32 8969-8980 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T33 10935-10938 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T34 11266-11272 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T35 11282-11286 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T37 11288-11290 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T38 11297-11306 Chemical denotes nonmetals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25585
T39 11316-11322 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T41 12090-12092 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T42 12097-12105 Chemical denotes platinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33400
T44 12107-12109 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T46 12316-12322 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T47 12565-12572 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T49 12606-12612 Chemical denotes Teflon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53251
T50 13110-13116 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T51 13394-13399 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T52 13587-13592 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T53 13609-13615 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T54 13684-13687 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T55 13769-13775 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T56 13776-13785 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T57 13776-13779 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T59 13780-13785 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T61 13793-13808 Chemical denotes carbon nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T62 13793-13799 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T64 13800-13808 Chemical denotes nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796
T65 13810-13813 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T66 13836-13848 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T67 13850-13852 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T70 14167-14169 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T71 14229-14232 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T72 14320-14323 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T73 14325-14327 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T74 14381-14389 Chemical denotes chromium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28073
T75 14439-14442 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T76 14542-14545 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T77 14565-14567 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T78 14587-14593 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T80 14682-14684 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T82 14781-14783 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T83 14822-14825 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T84 14875-14879 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T85 14893-14895 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T86 14939-14942 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T87 14981-14983 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T88 15022-15025 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T89 15027-15029 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T90 15084-15086 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T91 15128-15131 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T92 15133-15135 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T93 15195-15197 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T94 15233-15236 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T95 15238-15240 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T96 15295-15303 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T98 15372-15375 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T99 15424-15426 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T100 15468-15471 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T101 15533-15540 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T102 15571-15574 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T103 15641-15648 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T104 15652-15654 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T106 15757-15759 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T107 15801-15804 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T108 15806-15808 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T109 15830-15832 Chemical denotes La http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33336
T110 15868-15872 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T111 15876-15882 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T113 15917-15924 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T114 15987-15989 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T115 16017-16020 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T116 16022-16024 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T117 16089-16091 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T119 16278-16281 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T120 16326-16328 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T121 16397-16400 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T122 16440-16444 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T123 16448-16454 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T125 16482-16489 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T126 16569-16582 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T127 16586-16592 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T129 16631-16634 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T130 16636-16638 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T131 16698-16706 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T132 16740-16746 Chemical denotes nickel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28112
T133 16771-16774 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T134 16811-16813 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T136 16814-16823 Chemical denotes nanofiber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52518
T137 16956-16958 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T139 16959-16968 Chemical denotes nanofiber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52518
T140 17073-17075 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T141 17123-17130 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T142 17131-17134 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T143 17176-17178 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T144 17267-17275 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T145 17378-17380 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T146 17412-17415 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T147 17453-17455 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T148 17507-17510 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T149 17516-17518 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T150 17540-17542 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T151 17578-17580 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T152 17653-17656 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T153 17658-17660 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T154 17711-17713 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T155 17786-17789 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T156 17791-17793 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T157 17844-17846 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T158 17883-17886 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T159 17888-17890 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T160 17941-17943 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T162 17972-17975 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T163 18015-18017 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T165 18048-18051 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T166 18099-18107 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T167 18132-18140 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T168 18141-18149 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T170 18163-18169 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T172 18193-18196 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T173 18198-18200 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T174 18272-18276 Chemical denotes PDDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53355|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60595
T176 18277-18280 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T177 18294-18296 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T178 18375-18383 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T179 18579-18586 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T180 18590-18592 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T182 18645-18653 Chemical denotes methanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17790
T183 18705-18712 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T184 18716-18718 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T186 18761-18764 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T187 18776-18784 Chemical denotes methanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17790
T188 18855-18862 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T189 18863-18871 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T190 18971-18975 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T191 18976-18984 Chemical denotes Chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261
T192 18985-18988 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T193 18993-18997 Chemical denotes SiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T194 18998-19006 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T195 19007-19009 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T198 19023-19025 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T199 19074-19076 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T200 19099-19102 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T201 19131-19139 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T203 19231-19234 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T204 19263-19271 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T206 19370-19373 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T207 19402-19410 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T209 19505-19508 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T210 19534-19541 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T211 19604-19606 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T212 19617-19624 Chemical denotes mannose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37684
T213 19625-19637 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T214 19638-19644 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T215 19645-19648 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T216 19650-19652 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T217 19674-19677 Chemical denotes Guo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16750
T218 19702-19710 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T219 19756-19758 Chemical denotes HP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74055
T220 19759-19766 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T221 19840-19848 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T222 19894-19896 Chemical denotes HP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74055
T223 19897-19904 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T224 19962-19964 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T225 20009-20012 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T226 20014-20016 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T227 20072-20083 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T230 20087-20089 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T231 20124-20127 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T232 20172-20174 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T233 20224-20227 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T234 20296-20303 Chemical denotes diamond http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33417
T235 20338-20341 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T236 20343-20345 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T237 20424-20426 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T238 20461-20472 Chemical denotes sialic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26667
T239 20468-20472 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T240 20473-20482 Chemical denotes galactose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28260
T241 20492-20495 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T242 20497-20499 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T243 20543-20545 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T244 20588-20591 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T245 20593-20595 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T246 20669-20671 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T248 20694-20701 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T249 20744-20747 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T250 20749-20751 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T251 20795-20797 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T252 20833-20844 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T254 20860-20862 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T255 20961-20963 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T256 20998-21001 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T257 21003-21005 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T258 21082-21096 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T259 21082-21090 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T260 21091-21096 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T262 21125-21128 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T263 21130-21132 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T264 21181-21183 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T266 21184-21188 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T267 21217-21220 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T268 21283-21289 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T270 21321-21328 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T271 21348-21350 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T272 21358-21360 Chemical denotes Ru http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T273 21361-21364 Chemical denotes NH3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16134
T274 21427-21441 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T275 21427-21435 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T276 21436-21441 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T278 21525-21529 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T279 21545-21561 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53199
T280 21562-21565 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T281 21566-21574 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T283 21588-21594 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T285 21630-21633 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T286 21635-21637 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T287 21686-21688 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T288 21689-21697 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T289 21742-21745 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T290 21747-21749 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T291 21769-21771 Chemical denotes Lu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33382
T292 21794-21796 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T294 21825-21828 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T295 21876-21890 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T296 21876-21884 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T297 21885-21890 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T299 21894-21900 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T301 21930-21937 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T302 21993-21996 Chemical denotes PAA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51133|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61372
T304 21997-21999 Chemical denotes PD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74756
T305 22000-22003 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T306 22017-22023 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T308 22104-22118 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T309 22104-22112 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T310 22113-22118 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T312 22122-22128 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T314 22159-22166 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T315 22167-22170 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T316 22172-22174 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T317 22238-22252 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T318 22238-22246 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T319 22247-22252 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T321 22256-22262 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T323 22298-22305 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T324 22306-22309 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T325 22311-22313 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T326 22360-22362 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T327 22373-22380 Chemical denotes mannose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37684
T328 22381-22393 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T329 22394-22400 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T330 22464-22466 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T331 22514-22527 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T332 22528-22535 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T333 22536-22539 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T334 22588-22590 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T335 22658-22661 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T336 22710-22712 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T337 22754-22757 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T338 22759-22761 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T339 22810-22814 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T340 22818-22820 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T341 22842-22849 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T342 22850-22853 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T343 22855-22857 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T344 22923-22927 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T345 22931-22933 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T346 22955-22962 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T347 22963-22966 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T348 22968-22970 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T349 23036-23040 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T350 23044-23046 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T351 23068-23075 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T352 23076-23079 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T353 23081-23083 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T354 23139-23143 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T355 23147-23149 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T356 23171-23178 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T357 23179-23182 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T358 23184-23186 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T359 23238-23241 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T361 23242-23245 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T362 23259-23265 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T364 23308-23311 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T365 23313-23315 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T366 23387-23389 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T367 23455-23458 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T368 23460-23462 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T369 23545-23548 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T370 23550-23552 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T371 23640-23642 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T372 23704-23707 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T373 23709-23711 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T374 23731-23734 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T375 23768-23774 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T377 23800-23807 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T378 23813-23815 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T379 23866-23869 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T380 23877-23879 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T381 23880-23888 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T382 23988-23991 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T383 23999-24001 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T384 24002-24010 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T385 24112-24114 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T386 24166-24169 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T387 24171-24173 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T388 24236-24238 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T389 24297-24300 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T390 24302-24304 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T391 24358-24360 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T392 24391-24398 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T393 24404-24406 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T394 24414-24416 Chemical denotes Ru http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T395 24417-24420 Chemical denotes NH3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16134
T396 24491-24493 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T397 24544-24551 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T398 24552-24555 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T399 24557-24559 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T400 24624-24631 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T402 24646-24653 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T404 24655-24664 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T406 24695-24702 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T407 24703-24706 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T408 24817-24820 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T409 24881-24883 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T410 24927-24933 Chemical denotes glycol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_13643
T411 24943-24946 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T412 24999-25002 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T414 25003-25006 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T415 25020-25022 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T416 25121-25125 Chemical denotes CeO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_79089
T417 25139-25141 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T419 25174-25177 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T420 25179-25181 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T421 25234-25237 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T423 25238-25241 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T424 25255-25257 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T425 25354-25362 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T426 25454-25456 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T427 25489-25492 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T428 25494-25496 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T429 25547-25549 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T431 25579-25582 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T432 25623-25625 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T434 25657-25660 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T435 25703-25707 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T436 25711-25713 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T437 25836-25838 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T438 25905-25909 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T439 25911-25918 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T441 25924-25927 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T442 25929-25931 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T443 25984-25992 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T444 25993-25997 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T445 26011-26017 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T447 26043-26050 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T448 26112-26114 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T449 26154-26161 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T450 26166-26169 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T451 26171-26173 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T452 26230-26238 Chemical denotes cysteine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15356
T453 26247-26255 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T454 26256-26258 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T455 26259-26264 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T457 26299-26302 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T458 26304-26306 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T459 26383-26389 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T461 26397-26403 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T463 26438-26441 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T464 26443-26445 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T465 26493-26497 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T466 26501-26507 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T468 26549-26551 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T469 26624-26629 Chemical denotes PEDOT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T471 26668-26681 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T472 26682-26688 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T473 26689-26692 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T474 26722-26724 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T475 26800-26814 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T476 26800-26808 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T477 26809-26814 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T479 26818-26820 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T480 26877-26879 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T481 26930-26932 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T482 26970-26974 Chemical denotes HEMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34288
T483 26975-26982 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T485 27036-27044 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T487 27045-27056 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T489 27057-27060 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T490 27061-27065 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T491 27079-27087 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T493 27118-27120 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T494 27185-27191 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T496 27222-27229 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T497 27230-27233 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T498 27235-27237 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T499 27354-27367 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T500 27368-27374 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T501 27425-27433 Chemical denotes fluoride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17051
T502 27440-27449 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T503 27440-27443 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T505 27444-27449 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T507 27480-27482 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T509 27483-27487 Chemical denotes MnO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_136511
T510 27498-27500 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T511 27552-27554 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T512 27611-27614 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T513 27616-27618 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T514 27669-27671 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T515 27701-27708 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T516 27709-27712 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T517 27714-27716 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T518 27770-27772 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T519 27847-27849 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T520 27921-27925 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T521 27983-27986 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T522 28057-28061 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T523 28119-28122 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T524 28168-28174 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T525 28182-28197 Chemical denotes polyelectrolyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53369|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61446
T527 28212-28214 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T528 28253-28255 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T529 28320-28326 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T530 28334-28349 Chemical denotes polyelectrolyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53369|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61446
T532 28364-28366 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T533 28405-28407 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T534 28541-28547 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T535 28548-28557 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T536 28548-28551 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T538 28552-28557 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T540 28582-28598 Chemical denotes titanium dioxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T541 28582-28590 Chemical denotes titanium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33341
T542 28600-28604 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T543 28685-28692 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T544 29192-29194 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T545 29418-29424 Chemical denotes Carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594
T546 29467-29473 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T548 29483-29491 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T550 29507-29513 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T552 29623-29630 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T553 29842-29849 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T554 30164-30171 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T555 30216-30234 Chemical denotes conjugated polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T556 30227-30234 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T558 30242-30249 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T560 30277-30288 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T562 30322-30341 Chemical denotes conjugated polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T563 30333-30341 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T564 30445-30456 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T566 30528-30541 Chemical denotes nucleic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T567 30536-30541 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T568 30573-30584 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T571 30758-30765 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T573 30997-31008 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T576 31182-31214 Chemical denotes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T578 31215-31236 Chemical denotes polystyrene sulfonate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53277
T579 31215-31226 Chemical denotes polystyrene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53276
T580 31227-31236 Chemical denotes sulfonate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33543
T581 31364-31371 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T582 31432-31439 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T584 31542-31550 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T586 31552-31554 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T587 31555-31568 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T588 31578-31586 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T589 31592-31608 Chemical denotes carbon nanotubes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T590 31592-31598 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T592 31610-31614 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T593 31718-31720 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T594 31787-31795 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T595 31807-31815 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T597 31855-31858 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T599 31984-31987 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T600 31988-31995 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T602 32203-32210 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T604 32234-32250 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53199
T605 32252-32256 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T606 32262-32270 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T608 32387-32394 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T610 32447-32454 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T612 32518-32525 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T614 32618-32625 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T616 32773-32780 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T617 32913-32920 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T619 33046-33065 Chemical denotes conjugated polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T620 33057-33065 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T621 33070-33077 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T623 33151-33158 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T625 33275-33282 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T627 33791-33796 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T628 33802-33807 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T629 33853-33859 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T630 33928-33931 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T631 34013-34019 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T632 34020-34029 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T633 34020-34023 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T635 34024-34029 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T637 34037-34052 Chemical denotes carbon nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T638 34037-34043 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T640 34044-34052 Chemical denotes nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796
T641 34054-34057 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T642 34080-34092 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T643 34094-34096 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T646 34461-34464 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T647 34466-34468 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T648 34519-34524 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T649 34552-34554 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T650 34574-34580 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T652 34581-34592 Chemical denotes polystyrene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53276
T653 34685-34690 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T654 34735-34737 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T655 34798-34801 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T656 34898-34904 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T658 34942-34950 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T659 34951-34968 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T660 34951-34959 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T661 34960-34968 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T662 35010-35015 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T663 35060-35062 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T664 35123-35126 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T665 35210-35212 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T666 35237-35243 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T668 35319-35323 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T669 35324-35341 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T670 35324-35332 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T671 35333-35341 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T672 35385-35390 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T673 35409-35412 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T674 35437-35439 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T675 35478-35496 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T676 35497-35514 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T677 35497-35505 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T678 35506-35514 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T679 35551-35556 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T680 35620-35622 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T681 35721-35738 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T682 35721-35729 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T683 35730-35738 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T684 35803-35808 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T685 35867-35875 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T687 35876-35881 Chemical denotes epoxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30721
T688 36033-36038 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T689 36112-36114 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T690 36174-36177 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T691 36269-36271 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T692 36325-36343 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T693 36344-36361 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T694 36344-36352 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T695 36353-36361 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T696 36466-36471 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T697 36522-36528 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T699 36529-36537 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T701 36629-36640 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T704 36641-36646 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T705 36715-36717 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T706 36744-36751 Chemical denotes Protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16541
T707 36779-36797 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T708 36798-36815 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T709 36798-36806 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T710 36807-36815 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T711 36834-36841 Chemical denotes Protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16541
T712 36950-36952 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T713 37036-37039 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T714 37128-37133 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T715 37184-37188 Chemical denotes SiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T716 37217-37225 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T718 37226-37228 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T719 37253-37259 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T721 37298-37307 Chemical denotes ferrocene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30672
T722 37327-37334 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T724 37343-37345 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T726 37366-37371 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T727 37390-37392 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T728 37417-37428 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T730 37436-37442 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T732 37503-37519 Chemical denotes phenylenediamine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51402
T733 37520-37537 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T734 37520-37528 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T735 37529-37537 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T736 37576-37581 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T737 37648-37651 Chemical denotes ion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T738 37708-37715 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T739 37740-37747 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T740 37758-37763 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T741 37833-37835 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T742 37880-37887 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T743 37888-37891 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T744 37904-37911 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T745 37954-37961 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T747 37962-37967 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T749 37975-37979 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T750 38124-38127 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T751 38213-38217 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T752 38218-38223 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T753 38287-38293 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T755 38653-38655 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T756 38704-38707 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T757 38709-38711 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T758 38773-38775 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T759 38798-38804 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T761 38942-38946 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T762 38947-38952 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T763 39021-39023 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T764 39092-39095 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T765 39097-39099 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T766 39146-39151 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T767 39212-39218 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T769 39273-39285 Chemical denotes hydroquinone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17594
T770 39286-39303 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T771 39286-39294 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T772 39295-39303 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T773 39392-39397 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T774 39447-39453 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T776 39478-39485 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T777 39507-39514 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T778 39552-39559 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T779 39567-39571 Chemical denotes AgNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50826
T780 39572-39577 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T781 39640-39642 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T782 39727-39730 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T783 39816-39820 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T784 39821-39826 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T785 39873-39875 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T786 39979-39983 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T787 39984-39991 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T789 40072-40074 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T790 40125-40128 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T791 40185-40192 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T793 40262-40264 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T794 40332-40335 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T795 40392-40399 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T797 40418-40423 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T798 40468-40476 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T800 40477-40480 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T801 40494-40500 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T803 40539-40547 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T804 40548-40565 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T805 40548-40556 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T806 40557-40565 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T807 40609-40614 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T808 40688-40694 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T810 40844-40848 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T811 40849-40854 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T812 40902-40904 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T813 40928-40931 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T814 40933-40935 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T815 40957-40961 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T816 40962-40967 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T817 41021-41023 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T818 41088-41091 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T819 41161-41165 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T820 41166-41171 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T821 41217-41219 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T822 41318-41322 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T823 41323-41333 Chemical denotes nucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976
T824 41350-41355 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T825 41374-41376 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T826 41403-41405 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T827 41508-41512 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T828 41513-41523 Chemical denotes nucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976
T829 41540-41545 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T830 41564-41566 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T831 41614-41616 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T832 41779-41785 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T834 41830-41832 Chemical denotes M2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34827|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51112
T836 41833-41840 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T837 41929-41933 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T838 41934-41939 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T839 42054-42057 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T840 42072-42074 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T841 42168-42170 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T843 42207-42215 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T844 42216-42223 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T845 42224-42227 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T846 42336-42338 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T848 42370-42378 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T849 42379-42386 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T850 42387-42390 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T851 42495-42497 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T853 42529-42537 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T854 42538-42545 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T855 42546-42549 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T856 42678-42684 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T857 42711-42717 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T859 42737-42744 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T860 42767-42769 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T861 42906-42908 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T862 43835-43837 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T863 43867-43869 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T864 44031-44033 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T865 44092-44095 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T866 44271-44273 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T867 44326-44332 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T869 44670-44676 Chemical denotes silver http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T871 44678-44680 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T873 45204-45206 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T874 45920-45928 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T875 46065-46073 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T876 46308-46316 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T877 46407-46415 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T878 46424-46428 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T879 46598-46605 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T880 46606-46614 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T881 46779-46786 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T883 46943-46954 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T884 46978-46985 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T885 47385-47387 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T886 47424-47435 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T888 48049-48054 Chemical denotes PEDOT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T890 48058-48065 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T8928 48333-48341 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T10559 48631-48644 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T35760 49172-49174 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53769 49303-49306 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T37781 49514-49520 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T56418 49537-49543 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T32697 49544-49557 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T26618 49571-49579 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T5809 49840-49842 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T47439 49925-49932 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T81022 50052-50055 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T16800 50065-50067 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T75529 50084-50089 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T57023 50266-50268 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53521 50373-50386 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T23103 50490-50492 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T20 50504-50506 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T45528 51022-51024 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T67953 51069-51088 Chemical denotes gold (III) chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30076
T82273 51069-51073 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T60058 51080-51088 Chemical denotes chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17996
T11281 51089-51097 Chemical denotes hydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35505
T16339 51437-51444 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T78755 51452-51454 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T97875 54392-54398 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T76024 54583-54585 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T76052 54710-54713 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T22805 54791-54793 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T48981 55188-55196 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T25815 56947-56951 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T36 57787-57794 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T83692 57800-57807 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T27459 57838-57849 Chemical denotes fluorescein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31624
T70320 57869-57882 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T40 58028-58036 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T8714 58751-58765 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T82184 59200-59214 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T43 59292-59300 Chemical denotes peptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T43840 59417-59434 Chemical denotes biomacromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33694
T45 59446-59454 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T62334 60035-60039 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T48 60158-60166 Chemical denotes antigens http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T62779 60200-60207 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T2780 60227-60234 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T5133 60369-60374 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T37986 60388-60393 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T98324 60481-60489 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T33842 60606-60613 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T16181 60688-60693 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T21390 60891-60896 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T9692 61371-61378 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T58 61648-61656 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T18587 61778-61785 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T60 63048-63051 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T82620 63225-63228 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T96787 63243-63255 Chemical denotes ferrocyanide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5032
T63 63257-63259 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T50019 63292-63297 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T26443 63299-63302 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T65271 63427-63429 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T22889 64170-64178 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T68 64200-64208 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T69 64340-64347 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T84319 64367-64374 Chemical denotes Peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T31243 64686-64694 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T64538 65057-65070 Chemical denotes oligopeptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25676
T30093 65249-65262 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T34862 65289-65301 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T13773 65341-65354 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T52864 65355-65362 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T44200 65551-65564 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T70626 65565-65572 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T79 65655-65668 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T58945 65743-65755 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T81 65756-65763 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T83556 65904-65923 Chemical denotes Single-stranded DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T94086 65920-65923 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14585 65925-65930 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T20829 66005-66010 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T89112 66060-66063 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T93354 66078-66083 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T35047 66084-66092 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T63521 66197-66213 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T41981 66241-66250 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T62122 66454-66461 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T9235 66599-66614 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T54261 66671-66679 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T49855 66909-66916 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T32746 67023-67026 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T99337 67154-67161 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T97 67276-67284 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T86290 67429-67436 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T44669 67711-67719 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T56913 68141-68143 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T5510 68418-68423 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T53479 68574-68577 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T8615 68686-68699 Chemical denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8005
T105 68714-68716 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T43880 68927-68932 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T66902 69066-69074 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T37286 69186-69194 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T54658 69596-69604 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T67116 70131-70135 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T50783 70876-70884 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T112 72255-72262 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T14655 72371-72379 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T46634 73468-73476 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T29332 74336-74347 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T38008 74373-74376 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T62170 74533-74538 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T118 75962-75967 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T49236 76188-76207 Chemical denotes lipopolysaccharides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16412
T48646 76211-76225 Chemical denotes teichoic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30049
T63903 76220-76225 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T55219 76798-76804 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T96613 78295-78301 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T124 79314-79322 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T8062 80410-80421 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T81389 81155-81162 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T11335 81558-81565 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T62243 81820-81828 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T12883 82329-82340 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T8969 82564-82569 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27706 83313-83318 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T49798 84221-84227 Chemical denotes Teflon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53251
T135 84231-84240 Chemical denotes Plexiglas http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T88077 84700-84708 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T138 84755-84775 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48137|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61466|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T4858 84777-84781 Chemical denotes PDMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T18099 84787-84810 Chemical denotes polymethyl methacrylate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T67637 84798-84810 Chemical denotes methacrylate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25218
T7670 84812-84816 Chemical denotes PMMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60759|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T83685 86288-86297 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T10412 87205-87213 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T40814 87817-87822 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T32737 88856-88859 Chemical denotes ion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T16041 89858-89865 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T97823 90007-90013 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T14841 90060-90074 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T49351 90060-90068 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T72527 90069-90074 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T81663 90199-90201 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T164 90603-90611 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T52473 91437-91444 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T11372 91603-91606 Chemical denotes KCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32588
T72146 91623-91625 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T59306 91630-91632 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T87943 91633-91637 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T52525 91689-91697 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T86894 91729-91737 Chemical denotes nutrient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33284
T175 91757-91766 Chemical denotes phosphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18367|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26020|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35780|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_43474
T15115 91783-91791 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T45998 91817-91819 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T87052 91820-91824 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T90850 91980-91994 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T43328 91980-91988 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T185 91989-91994 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T8294 92039-92041 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T70449 92977-92985 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T85200 92991-92993 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T43448 93078-93080 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T96091 93201-93208 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T82540 93488-93490 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T38279 93611-93613 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T58192 93731-93734 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T196 93753-93761 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T197 94914-94918 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T43582 94971-94982 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T16502 95127-95131 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T14779 95141-95147 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T202 95270-95272 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T27284 95398-95405 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T73919 95550-95556 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T39056 95982-95993 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T72019 96115-96119 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T208 96154-96158 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T98783 96281-96287 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T24327 96549-96556 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T59459 96557-96560 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T48374 96717-96740 Chemical denotes coated Ag nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_82776
T64821 96724-96740 Chemical denotes Ag nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50826
T71115 96724-96726 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T33477 96727-96740 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T62254 96870-96883 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T83615 96933-96937 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T49406 96965-96967 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T6395 96990-96992 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T99406 96999-97007 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T15447 97333-97346 Chemical denotes bioconjugates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64985
T79726 97451-97455 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T41307 97465-97469 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T99195 98488-98491 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T78349 98617-98620 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T79190 98853-98856 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T24405 99772-99775 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T65446 100196-100199 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T51139 100212-100219 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T47305 100234-100241 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T99055 100243-100252 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T92711 100263-100270 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T55108 100367-100375 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T49199 100422-100431 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T57991 100432-100439 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T97641 100524-100533 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T52161 100534-100541 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T89239 101442-101445 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T23648 101562-101565 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T88037 101574-101576 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T77992 101577-101589 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T47636 101599-101605 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T73966 101741-101744 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T32510 101750-101752 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T83327 101794-101796 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T28606 101903-101906 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T62240 101914-101917 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T52930 102129-102134 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T38249 102173-102175 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T79887 102253-102258 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T5958 102567-102569 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T97878 102583-102588 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T75360 102610-102612 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T79432 102651-102655 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T58756 102688-102691 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T44559 102973-102982 Chemical denotes ferrocene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30672
T77152 103065-103074 Chemical denotes Ruthenium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T36016 103080-103089 Chemical denotes ruthenium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T31115 103090-103092 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T79524 103139-103146 Chemical denotes quinone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36141
T12076 103987-103991 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T90455 104424-104426 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T14420 104539-104541 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T65887 104907-104915 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T44330 105689-105692 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T30608 106016-106023 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T32459 106024-106032 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T47003 106339-106344 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T85992 107364-107376 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T79871 107840-107845 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T38535 108246-108249 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T3489 108310-108312 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53259 108478-108486 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T27782 108511-108515 Chemical denotes H2O2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T3704 108635-108642 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T88418 108777-108779 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T37293 108791-108794 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T37013 108799-108806 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T63449 109163-109171 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T53377 109397-109404 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T87981 109423-109440 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T8061 109423-109431 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T99997 109432-109440 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T8111 109654-109667 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T11677 109792-109795 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T77112 109839-109841 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T75675 109947-109960 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T19344 110204-110212 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T92124 110347-110358 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T96048 110593-110598 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T12924 110715-110720 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T52222 110995-111000 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T73925 111475-111480 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T85708 111692-111697 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T10450 111839-111844 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T63967 111988-111993 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T69887 112108-112113 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T65191 112912-112917 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T72173 113337-113342 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T74873 113548-113553 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27335 113744-113749 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T36987 113913-113918 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T33481 115179-115184 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T62506 115300-115305 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T37111 116621-116625 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T33883 116646-116650 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T9618 116662-116665 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T89888 116709-116711 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T97800 116754-116756 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T69352 116781-116791 Chemical denotes antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T94262 116813-116824 Chemical denotes methicillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6827
T56532 117156-117158 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T32162 117607-117612 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T55132 118786-118789 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T57539 118973-118976 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T79399 118977-118979 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T26656 118992-118996 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T24591 119288-119296 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T38968 119408-119413 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T6251 119769-119773 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T84608 120259-120272 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T88200 121525-121527 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T77528 122903-122908 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T20211 123418-123423 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T67910 124254-124259 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T14051 125696-125702 Chemical denotes Carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594
T27933 125727-125735 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T17305 125737-125745 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T32717 125958-125964 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T41390 126078-126085 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T52285 126337-126343 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T92009 126511-126517 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T88468 126568-126576 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T7407 128219-128230 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T69404 129072-129081 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T128 129091-129098 Chemical denotes lactate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24996
T15076 129100-129107 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T5183 129164-129175 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T47187 131096-131107 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T50736 131108-131118 Chemical denotes nanoribbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52530
T41560 131611-131613 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T85681 131707-131709 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T97738 132644-132648 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T30089 132649-132653 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T2572 132689-132696 Chemical denotes glycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15428|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29947|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57305
T93186 132702-132706 Chemical denotes urea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16199
T90680 132936-132943 Chemical denotes acetone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15347
T48726 132992-132994 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T27352 133153-133170 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T67965 133153-133161 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T44570 133162-133170 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T50607 135003-135008 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27038 137752-137754 Chemical denotes RF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73818
T43035 138626-138628 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T16582 138778-138786 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 99603-99612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T2 107507-107516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T3 109163-109180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer
T4 113603-113610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T5 116646-116660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042493 denotes drug resistant
T6 122429-122450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016045 denotes detection of bacteria
T7 124852-124864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T8 126814-126831 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052 denotes signal processing
T9 129391-129412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007589 denotes body fluid secretions
T10 129429-129438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T11 129577-129598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes Detection of protozoa
T12 130036-130057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes detection of protozoa
T13 130360-130377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes detected protozoa
T14 132282-132294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T15 132425-132437 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T16 132663-132675 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T17 132738-132750 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T18 133210-133222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T19 133423-133435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T20 134295-134306 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T21 135882-135894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T22 137138-137150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T23 137190-137202 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T24 137816-137828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T25 137931-137948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052 denotes signal processing
T26 138135-138147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T27 138337-138357 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009597 denotes detection of viruses
T24194 557-566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T43287 557-566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T54619 734-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T91958 734-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T8583 2203-2222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002377 denotes antibody production
T1220 4919-4931 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T3511 10074-10086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T97588 10532-10544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes Transduction
T22883 10558-10570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T46653 11101-11112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transported
T22472 35020-35032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T17220 37768-37780 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T47165 47180-47189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes synthesis
T48052 49571-49588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer
T32260 49729-49741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T40139 52573-52585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T58482 53521-53527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T78061 53649-53655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T67886 55845-55857 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T91001 56706-56718 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T47840 57097-57125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004601 denotes horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
T13152 58179-58191 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T34150 62118-62125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T85365 64472-64481 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes synthesis
T28 67448-67459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T29 70553-70565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T30 70593-70605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T31 73652-73664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T32 75212-75218 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T33 77845-77851 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T34 78710-78716 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T35 82230-82239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T36 86268-86277 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T37 87655-87667 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T38 88599-88608 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T39 90603-90620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 2119-2135 Phenotype denotes highly sensitive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0041092
T2 3695-3711 Phenotype denotes highly sensitive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0041092
T3 16934-16942 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T4 22912-22922 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T5 26358-26370 Phenotype denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002383
T6 36258-36268 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T7 36301-36311 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T8 49674-49686 Phenotype denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002383
T9 65162-65175 Phenotype denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003002
T10 80151-80159 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T11 116400-116410 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T12 116646-116660 Phenotype denotes drug resistant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020174
T13 116768-116776 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T14 116800-116807 Phenotype denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002583
T15 116866-116883 Phenotype denotes severe infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0032169
T16 120444-120460 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T17 121443-121465 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T18 121467-121491 Phenotype denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000010
T19 121733-121742 Phenotype denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T20 121796-121805 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T16 0-15 Sentence denotes 1 Introduction
T17 16-67 Sentence denotes Pathogens are infectious agents that cause disease.
T18 68-206 Sentence denotes They include microorganisms, such as fungi, protozoans, and bacteria, and molecular-scale infectious agents, including viruses and prions.
T19 207-381 Sentence denotes Foodborne, waterborne, and airborne pathogens enter the body through various modes of infection and are responsible for over 15 million deaths annually worldwide (Dye, 2014).
T20 382-516 Sentence denotes Some of the most common pathogens include viruses, such as norovirus and influenza virus, and bacteria, such as E. coli and S. aureus.
T21 517-626 Sentence denotes Pathogens vary in many regards, such as virulence, contagiousness, mode of transmission, and infectious dose.
T22 627-788 Sentence denotes For example, the world is currently facing a global pandemic associated with the COVID-19 virus, for which virulence and infectious dose data are still emerging.
T23 789-1009 Sentence denotes Techniques for sensitive and rapid detection of pathogens in complex matrices, such as body fluids and aerosols, and on surfaces are critical to the treatment of infectious diseases and controlling the spread of disease.
T24 1010-1130 Sentence denotes The techniques used to identify and quantify pathogens can be broadly distinguished as immunoassays or DNA-based assays.
T25 1131-1390 Sentence denotes The use of immunoassays versus DNA-based assays depends on various factors, including the stage of an infection and the availability of antibodies and DNA sequence data, such as viral DNA, toxin-producing genes, as well as species- and strain-selective genes.
T26 1391-1475 Sentence denotes Immunoassays are ubiquitous across medical diagnostics and food safety applications.
T27 1476-1669 Sentence denotes Pathogens can be identified through the presence of generated antibodies in an organism, which may be present both during and after an infection (i.e., after the pathogen is no longer present).
T28 1670-1748 Sentence denotes In such assays, both the biorecognition element and the target are antibodies.
T29 1749-1885 Sentence denotes If antibodies are available for the pathogen (e.g., anti-E. coli O157:H7), one can also directly detect the pathogen using immunoassays.
T30 1886-2066 Sentence denotes The ability to indirectly and directly detect pathogens via generated antibodies and pathogen epitopes, respectively, makes immunoassays flexible techniques for pathogen detection.
T31 2067-2312 Sentence denotes In cases of limited antibody availability, need for highly sensitive results, or infections that do not generate a significant level of antibody production in the organism although the pathogen is present, DNA-based assays are commonly employed.
T32 2313-2412 Sentence denotes DNA-based assays require the pathogen to be present in the sample or to have been recently present.
T33 2413-2561 Sentence denotes In addition to detection of pathogens using antibodies or toxin-producing genes, pathogens can also be detected based on their expression of toxins.
T34 2562-2670 Sentence denotes Thus, targets associated with pathogen detection include toxins, nucleic acids, viruses, cells, and oocysts.
T35 2671-2776 Sentence denotes As a result, biorecognition elements widely vary, including antibodies, aptamers, and imprinted polymers.
T36 2777-2956 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been written on pathogen detection using high-throughput, well plate-based bioanalytical techniques (Alahi and Mukhopadhyay, 2017; Lazcka et al.
T37 2957-2976 Sentence denotes 2007; Zourob et al.
T38 2977-3045 Sentence denotes 2008), such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Law et al.
T39 3046-3116 Sentence denotes 2015) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Klein, 2002; Malorny et al.
T40 3117-3179 Sentence denotes 2003), which remain the gold standards for pathogen detection.
T41 3180-3440 Sentence denotes Few reviews, however, have focused on emerging label-free biosensors for pathogen detection, which provide useful characteristics for applications in process monitoring (e.g., of biomanufacturing processes), environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
T42 3441-3671 Sentence denotes Bioanalytical techniques utilize a selective biorecognition element, often called a molecular probe, in combination with an analytical system, such as a plate reader or PCR analyzer, to quantify one or more components of a sample.
T43 3672-3893 Sentence denotes While capable of being highly sensitive and robust, they are destructive testing methods and require the addition of reagents to the sample and extensive sample preparation steps, which increase the time-to-results (TTR).
T44 3894-4029 Sentence denotes Bioanalytical techniques, such as PCR, may also encounter inhibition effects caused by background species in the sample (Justino et al.
T45 4030-4055 Sentence denotes 2017; Scognamiglio et al.
T46 4056-4072 Sentence denotes 2016; Sin et al.
T47 4073-4163 Sentence denotes 2014), which introduce measurement bias and increase measurement uncertainty (Clark et al.
T48 4164-4186 Sentence denotes 2016; Silverman et al.
T49 4187-4193 Sentence denotes 2019).
T50 4194-4429 Sentence denotes Considering such limitations of traditional plate-based bioanalytical techniques and the need for real-time continuous monitoring capabilities among various applications, there is a need to examine alternative bioanalytical techniques.
T51 4430-4538 Sentence denotes Over the past twenty-five years, biosensors have emerged to complement PCR and ELISA for pathogen detection.
T52 4539-4759 Sentence denotes Biosensors are based on the direct integration of a selective biorecognition element and a sensitive transducer element and provide complementary platforms to PCR and ELISA for pathogen identification and quantification.
T53 4760-4956 Sentence denotes According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), a biosensor must contain a biorecognition element in direct spatial contact with a transduction element (Thévenot et al.
T54 4957-4963 Sentence denotes 2001).
T55 4964-5144 Sentence denotes In addition, a biosensor should provide quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information and measurement without the requirement of additional processing steps or reagents.
T56 5145-5344 Sentence denotes While a biosensor should also be a self-contained, integrated device, the measurement approach can vary from droplet formats to continuous flow formats that require associated fluid handling systems.
T57 5345-5491 Sentence denotes Biosensors have achieved sensitive and selective real-time detection of pathogens in various environments without the need for sample preparation.
T58 5492-5660 Sentence denotes For example, biosensors have enabled the detection of an abundance of pathogens in various matrices and environments, including foods, body fluids, and object surfaces.
T59 5661-5803 Sentence denotes In addition to sample preparation-free protocols, biosensors are compatible with label-free protocols (Daniels and Pourmand, 2007; Rapp et al.
T60 5804-5821 Sentence denotes 2010; Sang et al.
T61 5822-5846 Sentence denotes 2016; Vestergaard et al.
T62 5847-5853 Sentence denotes 2007).
T63 5854-5974 Sentence denotes Labels, often referred to as reporters, are molecular species, such as organic dyes or quantum dots (Resch-Genger et al.
T64 5975-6198 Sentence denotes 2008), that are attached to the target, either directly or through a biorecognition element, using a series of sample preparation steps or secondary binding steps to facilitate detection through the properties of the label.
T65 6199-6320 Sentence denotes Thus, label-free biosensors avoid the use of a reporter species to detect the target species (Cooper, 2009; Syahir et al.
T66 6321-6327 Sentence denotes 2015).
T67 6328-6664 Sentence denotes Label-free assays often have fewer sample preparation steps due to the elimination of procedures associated with target labeling and lower cost than label-based assays, which are important considerations for applications in which preparation facilities or trained personnel are either limited or unavailable (Cooper, 2009; Syahir et al.
T68 6665-6671 Sentence denotes 2015).
T69 6672-6768 Sentence denotes While various types of transducers have been investigated for pathogen biosensing (Lazcka et al.
T70 6769-6787 Sentence denotes 2007; Singh et al.
T71 6788-7076 Sentence denotes 2014; Yoo and Lee, 2016), including mechanical and optical transducers, such as cantilever biosensors or surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors, electrochemical biosensors have been extensively applied to pathogen detection (Felix and Angnes, 2018; Pereira da Silva Neves et al.
T72 7077-7097 Sentence denotes 2018; Saucedo et al.
T73 7098-7104 Sentence denotes 2019).
T74 7105-7268 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection utilize conducting and semiconducting materials as the transducer, which is commonly referred to as an electrode.
T75 7269-7533 Sentence denotes The chemical energy associated with binding between target pathogens and electrode-immobilized biorecognition elements is converted into electrical energy through an electrochemical method that involves the electrode and a pathogen-containing electrolyte solution.
T76 7534-7883 Sentence denotes To date, electrochemical biosensors have enabled sample preparation-free detection of pathogens in various matrices, in situ detection of pathogens on surfaces, rapid pathogen detection using low-cost platforms, multiplexed detection of pathogens in practical matrices, and detection of pathogens via wireless actuation and data acquisition formats.
T77 7884-8087 Sentence denotes As a result, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have been widely examined for food and water safety, medical diagnostic, environmental monitoring, and bio-threat applications (Amiri et al.
T78 8088-8179 Sentence denotes 2018; Duffy and Moore, 2017; Felix and Angnes, 2018; Furst and Francis, 2019; Mishra et al.
T79 8180-8198 Sentence denotes 2018; Monzó et al.
T80 8199-8230 Sentence denotes 2015; Rastogi and Singh, 2019).
T81 8231-8308 Sentence denotes Here, we critically review electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T82 8309-8550 Sentence denotes To gain insight into the trajectory of the field, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection reported since 2005 are critically reviewed and classified with respect to IUPAC-recommended definitions and classifications (Thévenot et al.
T83 8551-8557 Sentence denotes 2001).
T84 8558-8784 Sentence denotes Applications of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are critically reviewed with respect to the target pathogen, sample matrix, biosensor design, fabrication method, measurement format, and biosensor performance.
T85 8785-8987 Sentence denotes We also discuss future directions of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection, which includes a discussion of present technological and methodological challenges and emerging application areas.
T86 8989-9048 Sentence denotes 2 Electrochemical biosensor designs for pathogen detection
T87 9049-9257 Sentence denotes A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, such as the concentration of a specific sample component or total compositional analysis into an analytically useful signal (Thévenot et al.
T88 9258-9264 Sentence denotes 2001).
T89 9265-9360 Sentence denotes The electrochemical method utilized is a distinguishing aspect of an electrochemical biosensor.
T90 9361-9555 Sentence denotes In addition to the electrochemical method, the sample handling approach and sensor signal readout format also provide distinguishing aspects of a biosensor-based approach for pathogen detection.
T91 9556-9721 Sentence denotes Thus, we review electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection using a framework built upon transducer elements, biorecognition elements, and measurement formats.
T92 9722-9810 Sentence denotes An overview of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection is provided in Fig. 1 .
T93 9811-9968 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 2 a, while the detection of bacterial pathogens remains an area of focus, the detection of viral pathogens and protozoa is an emerging area.
T94 9969-10053 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 2b, studies have focused on pathogen detection in various matrices.
T95 10054-10212 Sentence denotes We next discuss the transduction elements, biorecognition elements, and measurement formats associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T96 10213-10321 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Components and measurement formats associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T97 10322-10525 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 a) Trend in pathogens detected by electrochemical biosensors since 2005 based on the data shown in Table 1, Table 2. b) Common matrices associated with the various pathogen detection applications.
T98 10527-10553 Sentence denotes 2.1 Transduction elements
T99 10554-10695 Sentence denotes The transduction element of an electrochemical biosensor is an electrochemical cell where the main component is commonly a working electrode.
T100 10696-10940 Sentence denotes A three electrode format (working, auxiliary, and reference) is commonly employed in a potentiostatic system, while a two electrode format (working and auxiliary) is often used for conductometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
T101 10941-11036 Sentence denotes Electrodes can be fabricated from multiple materials and using various manufacturing processes.
T102 11037-11178 Sentence denotes An electrode is an electronic conductor through which charge is transported by the movement of electrons and holes (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T103 11179-11323 Sentence denotes Electrodes are thus fabricated from conducting and semiconducting materials, including metals, such as gold (Au), and nonmetals, such as carbon.
T104 11324-11479 Sentence denotes Manufacturing processes can be used to fabricate electrodes of various sizes, including bulk structures (greater than 1 mm) and micro- and nano-structures.
T105 11480-11586 Sentence denotes As a result, electrodes can be classified by type and form of material, manufacturing process, and design.
T106 11587-11699 Sentence denotes Electrode designs can be classified by form factor, which includes planar, wire, nanostructured, or array-based.
T107 11700-11932 Sentence denotes The material, fabrication approach, and design affect the electrode's structure and properties, which ultimately determine the biosensor's performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), and dynamic range.
T108 11933-12038 Sentence denotes They also influence the biosensor's cost, manufacturability, disposability, and measurement capabilities.
T109 12040-12063 Sentence denotes 2.1.1 Metal electrodes
T110 12064-12159 Sentence denotes Metal electrodes, such as Au and platinum (Pt), have been commonly used for pathogen detection.
T111 12160-12250 Sentence denotes Thick metal electrodes are commonly fabricated from bulk structures via cutting processes.
T112 12251-12451 Sentence denotes Thin-film metal electrodes are often fabricated by deposition of metals on insulating substrates through traditional microfabrication approaches, including physical vapor deposition (Hierlemann et al.
T113 12452-12492 Sentence denotes 2003) and screen printing (Taleat et al.
T114 12493-12499 Sentence denotes 2014).
T115 12500-12699 Sentence denotes Resultant conductive components are often embedded in insulating polymer or ceramic substrates, including Teflon, polyetherkeytone (PEK), and glass, to complete fabrication of the transducer element.
T116 12700-12839 Sentence denotes While not yet applied to pathogen detection applications, three-dimensional (3D) printing processes, including inkjet printing (Bhat et al.
T117 12840-12867 Sentence denotes 2018; Medina-Sánchez et al.
T118 12868-12890 Sentence denotes 2014; Pavinatto et al.
T119 12891-12937 Sentence denotes 2015), selective laser melting (Ambrosi et al.
T120 12938-12954 Sentence denotes 2016; Loo et al.
T121 12955-13001 Sentence denotes 2017), and microextrusion printing (Foo et al.
T122 13002-13117 Sentence denotes 2018), have also been used for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and electrodes using a variety of metals.
T123 13118-13206 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1 , unstructured metal electrodes exhibit a range of detection limits.
T124 13207-13367 Sentence denotes For example, the detection limits of electrochemical biosensors for bacteria that employ unstructured metal electrodes range from 1 to 104 CFU/mL (see Table 1).
T125 13368-13593 Sentence denotes Table 1 Classification of label-free electrochemical biosensors for detection of pathogens in terms of: target, working electrode, biorecognition element, electrochemical method, limit of detection, and electrochemical probe.
T126 13594-14041 Sentence denotes Abbreviations: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), plaque-forming unit (PFU), colony-forming unit (CFU), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), magnetic bead (MB), nanoparticle (NP), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), hemagglutination units (HAU), and median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50).
T127 14042-14158 Sentence denotes Target Pathogen Working Electrode Biorecognition Element Electrochemical Method & Probe Limit of Detection Reference
T128 14159-14269 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E.coli EIS 104 CFU/mL Radke and Alocilja (2005)
T129 14270-14372 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4 × 103 CFU/mL Zhang et al. (2005)
T130 14373-14466 Sentence denotes E. coli chromium interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS – Suehiro et al. (2006)
T131 14467-14574 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium ITO interdigitated microelectrode array anti-S. typhimurium EIS 10 CFU/mL Yang and Li (2006)
T132 14575-14673 Sentence denotes V. cholerae carbon electrode polyclonal anti-V. cholerae amperometry 8 CFU/mL Sharma et al. (2006)
T133 14674-14772 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli potentiometry 9 × 105 CFU/mL Boehm et al. (2007)
T134 14773-14857 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-E.coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Maalouf et al. (2007)
T135 14858-14972 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes TiO2 nanowires on Au electrode monoclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 470 CFU/mL Wang et al. (2008)
T136 14973-15068 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 50 CFU/mL Geng et al. (2008)
T137 15069-15179 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Pournaras et al. (2008)
T138 15180-15286 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au microelectrode anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 500 CFU/mL Nandakumar et al. (2008)
T139 15287-15408 Sentence denotes E. coli graphite interdigitated microelectrode array E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS 104 CFU/mL Shabani et al. (2008)
T140 15409-15505 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 100 CFU/mL Mantzila et al. (2008)
T141 15506-15603 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium macroporous silicon electrode anti-S. typhimurium EIS 103 CFU/mL Das et al. (2009)
T142 15604-15741 Sentence denotes West Nile virus (WNV) nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-WNV AC voltammetry 0.02 viruses/mL Nguyen et al. (2009)
T143 15742-15852 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL La Belle et al. (2009)
T144 15853-15978 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium CNTs on carbon rod electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer potentiometry 0.2 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2009)
T145 15979-16075 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3.3 CFU/mL Escamilla-Gomez et al. (2009)
T146 16076-16197 Sentence denotes B. anthracis Ag electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-B. anthracis conductometry 420 spores/mL Pal and Alocilja (2009)
T147 16198-16317 Sentence denotes E. coli polysilicon interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 300 CFU/mL de la Rica et al. (2009)
T148 16318-16431 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS 104 CFU/mL Mejri et al. (2010)
T149 16432-16541 Sentence denotes E. coli CNTs on carbon rod electrode anti-E. coli aptamer potentiometry 6 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2010)
T150 16542-16679 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni Fe3O4 nanoparticles on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-Flagellin A EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Huang et al. (2010)
T151 16680-16802 Sentence denotes marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) AuNPs on nickel foam electrode anti-SRB EIS 21 CFU/mL Wan et al. (2010)
T152 16803-16920 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag nanofiber array electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli conductometry 61 CFU/mL Luo et al. (2010)
T153 16921-17064 Sentence denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Ag nanofiber array electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-BVDV conductometry 103 CCID/mL Luo et al. (2010)
T154 17065-17167 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array magainin I peptide EIS 103 CFU/mL Mannoor et al. (2010)
T155 17168-17256 Sentence denotes E. coli Au rod electrode concanavalin A lectin capacitive 12 CFU/mL Jantra et al. (2011)
T156 17257-17348 Sentence denotes rotavirus graphene microelectrode monoclonal anti-rotavirus CV 103 PFU/mL Liu et al. (2011)
T157 17349-17444 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H3N2 Au electrode polyclonal anti-H3N2 EIS 8 ng/mL Hassen et al. (2011)
T158 17445-17556 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-E. coli capacitive, EIS, CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 220 CFU/mL Li et al. (2011)
T159 17557-17702 Sentence denotes Enterobacter cloacae Au electrode concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 103 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T160 17703-17831 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T161 17832-17932 Sentence denotes B. subtilis Au electrode concanavalin A lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 104 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T162 17933-18004 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Tan et al. (2011)
T163 18005-18080 Sentence denotes S. aureus Pt wire electrode anti-S. aureus EIS 100 CFU/mL Tan et al. (2011)
T164 18081-18238 Sentence denotes marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) graphene/chitosan composite on carbon electrode anti-SRB CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 18 CFU/mL Wan et al. (2011)
T165 18239-18366 Sentence denotes swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 PDDA/CNT composite on Au microelectrode anti-SIV conductometry 180 TCID50/mL Lee et al. (2011)
T166 18367-18453 Sentence denotes E. coli graphene microelectrode anti-E. coli amperometry 10 CFU/mL Huang et al. (2011)
T167 18454-18534 Sentence denotes E. coli PEDOT:PSS electrode anti-E. coli amperometry 103 CFU/mL He et al. (2012)
T168 18535-18682 Sentence denotes dengue type 2 virus (DENV-2) nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-DENV-2 DPV;Ferrocene methanol 1 PFU/mL Cheng et al. (2012)
T169 18683-18814 Sentence denotes DENV-2 nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-DENV-2 CV, EIS; Ferrocene methanol 1 PFU/mL Nguyen et al. (2012)
T170 18815-18962 Sentence denotes human influenza A viruses H1N1 and H3N2 silicon nanowire electrode array anti-H1N1, anti-H3N2 conductometry 2.9 × 104 viruses/mL Shen et al. (2012)
T171 18963-19090 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNP/Chitosan/CNT and SiO2/thionine NP composite on Au electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV 250 CFU/mL Li et al. (2012)
T172 19091-19216 Sentence denotes E. coli CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli ASV 800 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T173 19217-19354 Sentence denotes Campylobacter CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-Campylobacter ASV 400 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T174 19355-19494 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium ASV 400 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T175 19495-19595 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNT electrode anti-S. aureus aptamer potentiometry 800 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2012)
T176 19596-19691 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode mannose carbohydrate ligand EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Guo et al. (2012)
T177 19692-19819 Sentence denotes S. aureus graphene interdigitated microelectrode array odoranin-HP peptide conductometry 1 × 104 cells/mL Mannoor et al. (2012)
T178 19820-19950 Sentence denotes Helicobacter pylori graphene interdigitated microelectrode array odoranin-HP peptide conductometry 100 cells Mannoor et al. (2012)
T179 19951-20063 Sentence denotes L. innocua Au electrode L. innocua-specific bacteriophage EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.1 × 104 CFU/mL Tolba et al. (2012)
T180 20064-20163 Sentence denotes E. coli polyaniline on Au electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Chowdhury et al. (2012).
T181 20164-20265 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS 2.5 × 104 CFU/mL Dweik et al. (2012).
T182 20266-20394 Sentence denotes E. coli ultra-nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 103 CFU/mL Siddiqui et al. (2012).
T183 20395-20534 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 Au microelectrode phenotype-specific sialic acid-galactose moieties EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- – Wicklein et al. (2013)
T184 20535-20636 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 800 CFU/mL Tlili et al. (2013)
T185 20637-20804 Sentence denotes DENV-2, dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode monoclonal anti-dengue EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.23 PFU/mL, 0.71 PFU/mL Peh and Li (2013)
T186 20805-20952 Sentence denotes cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) polypyrrole nanoribbons on Au microelectrode array polyclonal anti-CMV amperometry 10 ng/mL Chartuprayoon et al. (2013)
T187 20953-21056 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63- 2 CFU/mL Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2013)
T188 21057-21172 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide microelectrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 150 CFU/mL Wang et al. (2013)
T189 21173-21250 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag/AgCl wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Joung et al. (2013)
T190 21251-21408 Sentence denotes murine norovirus (MNV) AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-norovirus (MNV) aptamer SWV, fluorescence; Fe(CN)63-/Ru(NH3)63+ 180 viruses Giamberardino et al. (2013)
T191 21409-21509 Sentence denotes rotavirus reduced graphene oxide microelectrode anti-rotavirus amperometry 100 PFU Liu et al. (2013)
T192 21510-21677 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium AuNP-functionalized poly(amidoamine)-CNT-chitosan composite on carbon electrode anti- S. typhimurium CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 500 CFU/mL Dong et al. (2013)
T193 21678-21785 Sentence denotes E. coli Au-tungsten microwire electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 5 CFU/mL Lu et al. (2013)
T194 21786-21857 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Chan et al. (2013)
T195 21858-21984 Sentence denotes S. aureus reduced graphene oxide on carbon rod electrode anti-S. aureus aptamer potentiometry 1 CFU/mL Hernandez et al. (2014)
T196 21985-22079 Sentence denotes E. coli PAA/PD/CNT composite on carbon electrode anti-E. coli ASV 13 CFU/mL Chen et al. (2014)
T197 22080-22210 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium AuNPs on graphene oxide on carbon electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3 CFU/mL Ma et al. (2014)
T198 22211-22351 Sentence denotes S. aureus AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide on carbon electrode anti-S. aureus synthetic aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Jia et al. (2014)
T199 22352-22446 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode mannose carbohydrate ligand CV, mass change 1 CFU/mL Yazgan et al. (2014)
T200 22447-22572 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array leucocin A antimicrobial peptide EIS 103 CFU/mL Etayash et al. (2014)
T201 22573-22699 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 3 × 103 CFU/mL Dastider et al. (2015)
T202 22700-22801 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Bekir et al. (2015)
T203 22802-22900 Sentence denotes E. coli CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T204 22901-23013 Sentence denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T205 23014-23126 Sentence denotes Enterococcus faecalis CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T206 23127-23229 Sentence denotes B. subtilis CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T207 23230-23360 Sentence denotes E. coli PEI/CNT composite on carbon electrode E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 50 CFU/mL Zhou and Ramasamy (2015)
T208 23361-23493 Sentence denotes dengue virus 1–4 AuNPs on Au electrode anti-DENV-1, anti-DENV-2, anti-DENV-3, anti-DENV-4 CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- – Luna et al. (2015)
T209 23494-23606 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO microelectrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2015)
T210 23607-23748 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5N1 EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4 HAU/mL Lin et al. (2015)
T211 23749-23857 Sentence denotes C. parvum AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-C. parvum aptamer SWV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 oocysts Iqbal et al. (2015)
T212 23858-23977 Sentence denotes E. coli CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 100 CFU/mL Yamada et al. (2016)
T213 23978-24101 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes polyclonal anti-S. aureus amperometry 100 CFU/mL Yamada et al. (2016)
T214 24102-24218 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-S. aureus EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.3 CFU/mL Primiceri et al. (2016)
T215 24219-24347 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-L. monocytogenes EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 5 CFU/mL Primiceri et al. (2016)
T216 24348-24457 Sentence denotes norovirus Au microelectrode anti-norovirus aptamer SWV; Fe(CN)63-/Ru(NH3)63+ 10 PFU/mL Kitajima et al. (2016)
T217 24458-24603 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-AIV-H5N1 aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4.2 HAU/mL Callaway et al. (2016)
T218 24604-24741 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium poly[pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole] copolymer electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer EIS 3 CFU/mL Sheikhzadeh et al. (2016)
T219 24742-24851 Sentence denotes E. coli polysilicon interdigitated microelectrodes polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS – Mallén-Alberdi et al. (2016)
T220 24852-24990 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H3N2 Au electrode phenotype-specific oligoethylene glycol moieties EIS 1.3 × 104 viruses/mL Hushegyi et al. (2016)
T221 24991-25108 Sentence denotes E. coli PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 100 CFU/mL Lee and Jun (2016)
T222 25109-25223 Sentence denotes V. cholerae CeO2 nanowires on Pt microelectrode anti-V. cholerae EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Tam and Thang (2016)
T223 25224-25345 Sentence denotes S. aureus PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode polyclonal anti-S. aureus amperometry 100 CFU/mL Lee and Jun (2016)
T224 25346-25445 Sentence denotes E. coli graphene microelectrode polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 5 × 103 CFU/mL Wu et al. (2016)
T225 25446-25538 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode concanavalin A lectin EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 75 cells/mL Yang et al. (2016b)
T226 25539-25612 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrodes anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Tian et al. (2016)
T227 25613-25690 Sentence denotes S. aureus Pt wire electrodes anti-S. aureus EIS 100 CFU/mL Tian et al. (2016)
T228 25691-25820 Sentence denotes B. subtilis CNTs on Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-B. subtilis conductometry 100 CFU/mL Yoo et al. (2017)
T229 25821-25973 Sentence denotes S. epidermidis Au microelectrode S. epidermidis-imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) polymer film EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Golabi et al. (2017)
T230 25974-26101 Sentence denotes norovirus graphene/AuNP composite on carbon electrode anti-norovirus aptamer DPV; Ferrocene 100 pM Chand and Neethirajan (2017)
T231 26102-26217 Sentence denotes norovirus Au electrode synthetic norovirus-specific peptide CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 7.8 copies/mL Hwang et al. (2017)
T232 26218-26348 Sentence denotes E. coli CuO/cysteine/reduced graphene/Au oxide electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3.8 CFU/mL Pandey et al. (2017)
T233 26349-26482 Sentence denotes Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) carbon NPs on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-JEV CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 ng/mL Chin et al. (2017)
T234 26483-26594 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNTs on carbon electrode polyclonal anti-S. aureus DPV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 13 CFU/mL Bhardwaj et al. (2017)
T235 26595-26762 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 PEDOT film electrode hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand EIS, potentiometry, mass change; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.013 HAU Hai et al. (2017)
T236 26763-26921 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 reduced graphene oxide on Au microelectrode monoclonal anti-H1N1 chrono-amperometry; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.5 PFU/mL Singh et al. (2017b)
T237 26922-27027 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode E. coli-imprinted MAH/HEMA polymer film capacitive 70 CFU/mL Idil et al. (2017)
T238 27028-27160 Sentence denotes E. coli chitosan/polypyrrole/CNT/AuNP composite on graphite electrode monoclonal coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 30 CFU/mL Güner et al. (2017)
T239 27161-27276 Sentence denotes S. dysenteriae AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-S. dysenteriae aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Zarei et al. (2018)
T240 27277-27414 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 PEDOT:PSS film electrode hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand amperometry 0.015 HAU Hai et al. (2018)
T241 27415-27543 Sentence denotes S. aureus fluoride-doped tin oxide electrode S. aureus-imprinted Ag–MnO2 film DPV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Divagar et al. (2019)
T242 27544-27658 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode E. coli-imprinted TEOS/MTMS sol-gel film EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Jafari et al. (2019)
T243 27659-27759 Sentence denotes norovirus Au electrode norovirus-specific peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.7 copies/mL Baek et al. (2019)
T244 27760-27891 Sentence denotes C. parvum Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-C. parvum Capacitive; Fe(CN)63-/4- 40 cells/mm2 Luka et al. (2019)
T245 27892-28023 Sentence denotes E. coli 4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin EIS 6 × 103 CFU/mL Saucedo et al. (2019)
T246 28024-28159 Sentence denotes B. subtilis 4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin EIS 6 × 103 CFU/mL Saucedo et al. (2019)
T247 28160-28311 Sentence denotes E. coli silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 × 103 CFU/mL Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)
T248 28312-28463 Sentence denotes E. coli silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 × 103 CFU/mL Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)
T249 28465-28490 Sentence denotes 2.1.2 Ceramic electrodes
T250 28491-28653 Sentence denotes Conducting and semiconducting ceramics, including indium tin oxide (ITO), polysilicon, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have also been examined for pathogen detection.
T251 28654-28768 Sentence denotes For example, Das et al. used a silicon electrode for Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) detection (Das et al.
T252 28769-28775 Sentence denotes 2009).
T253 28776-28949 Sentence denotes Barreiros dos Santos et al. developed an antibody-functionalized ITO electrode for the detection of E. coliwith a dynamic range of 10–106 CFU/mL (Barreiros dos Santos et al.
T254 28950-28956 Sentence denotes 2015).
T255 28957-29202 Sentence denotes In addition to high conductivity, ITO is transparent, which presents various measurement advantages, including the ability to accurately correlate biosensor response with pathogen surface coverage (Aydın and Sezgintürk, 2017; Yang and Li, 2005).
T256 29203-29410 Sentence denotes Transparent electrodes also enable in situ verification of target binding via microscopic techniques and offer compatibility with optical approaches, such as those based on optical stimulation (Wenzel et al.
T257 29411-29417 Sentence denotes 2018).
T258 29418-29614 Sentence denotes Carbon electrodes based on various allotropes of carbon, such as graphite and glass-like carbon, can also be classified as ceramic materials due to their mechanical properties (e.g., brittleness).
T259 29616-29641 Sentence denotes 2.1.3 Polymer electrodes
T260 29642-29716 Sentence denotes Polymers have also been investigated as electrodes for pathogen detection.
T261 29717-29841 Sentence denotes Polymers have various advantages, including tunable electrical conductivity, biocompatiblity, and environmentally stability.
T262 29842-29960 Sentence denotes Polymer electrodes are also compatible with a range of biorecognition element immobilization techniques (Arshak et al.
T263 29961-29981 Sentence denotes 2009; Guimard et al.
T264 29982-29988 Sentence denotes 2007).
T265 29989-30163 Sentence denotes Polymers also exhibit mechanical properties that enable electrode-tissue mechanical matching, an important consideration in the design of implantable and wearable biosensors.
T266 30164-30260 Sentence denotes Polymer electrodes can be broadly classified as (1) conjugated polymer or (2) polymer composite.
T267 30261-30427 Sentence denotes Polyaniline and polypyrrole have been the most commonly used conjugated polymers for pathogen detection due to their high conductivity in the doped state (Kaur et al.
T268 30428-30434 Sentence denotes 2015).
T269 30435-30556 Sentence denotes Moreover, polypyrrole has been shown to be biocompatible and exhibit affinity for methylated nucleic acids (Arshak et al.
T270 30557-30563 Sentence denotes 2009).
T271 30564-30746 Sentence denotes However, polyaniline films lose electrochemical activity in solutions of pH greater than 4, which presents a measurement challenge when considering samples of varying pH (Wan, 2008).
T272 30747-30952 Sentence denotes Conjugated polymer electrodes commonly exhibit thin-film form factors and are deposited onto insulating substrates via layer-by-layer approaches, spin coating, or electrochemical polymerization (Xia et al.
T273 30953-30959 Sentence denotes 2010).
T274 30960-31103 Sentence denotes For example, Chowdhury et al. used a polyaniline electrode for detection of E. coli over a dynamic range of 102 to 107 CFU/mL (Chowdhury et al.
T275 31104-31110 Sentence denotes 2012).
T276 31111-31340 Sentence denotes Hai et al. and He et al. used organic transistors based on spin-coated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films for detection of human influenza A virus (H1N1) and E. coli, respectively (Hai et al.
T277 31341-31356 Sentence denotes 2018; He et al.
T278 31357-31363 Sentence denotes 2012).
T279 31364-31498 Sentence denotes Polymer composite electrodes are often composed of a non-conducting polymer mixed with a conducting or semiconducting dispersed phase.
T280 31499-31676 Sentence denotes Micro-particles and nanomaterials, such as graphite, Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been commonly used as the dispersed phase (Dong et al.
T281 31677-31693 Sentence denotes 2013; Lee et al.
T282 31694-31727 Sentence denotes 2011; Lee and Jun 2016; Li et al.
T283 31728-31752 Sentence denotes 2012; Viswanathan et al.
T284 31753-31829 Sentence denotes 2012) in combination with various polymers, including chitosan (Güner et al.
T285 31830-31917 Sentence denotes 2017), polyethylenimine (PEI) (Lee and Jun 2016), and polyallyamine (Viswanathan et al.
T286 31918-31924 Sentence denotes 2012).
T287 31925-32178 Sentence denotes For example, Viswanathan et al. developed a polyallylamine/CNT polymer composite electrode for the detection of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Campylobacter via anodic stripping voltammetry over the dynamic range of 103 to 105 cells/mL (Viswanathan et al.
T288 32179-32185 Sentence denotes 2012).
T289 32186-32342 Sentence denotes A multicomponent polymer composite electrode of poly(amidoamine), CNTs, and chitosan layered with AuNPs enabled the detection of S. typhimurium (Dong et al.
T290 32343-32349 Sentence denotes 2013).
T291 32350-32511 Sentence denotes The detection limits associated with polymer composite electrodes are comparable to metallic and polymer electrodes and range from 1 to 103 CFU/mL (see Table 1).
T292 32512-32772 Sentence denotes While polymer composite electrodes often contain nanomaterials, they are dispersed throughout the bulk of polymer, which is in contrast to the electrode nanostructuring techniques that occur at the electrode surface and are discussed in the following sections.
T293 32773-32865 Sentence denotes Polymer electrode development has been, in part, driven by the need for flexible biosensors.
T294 32866-33032 Sentence denotes For example, free-standing film electrodes and polymer electrodes on flexible substrates, such as paper, are now being examined for biosensing applications (Xu et al.
T295 33033-33039 Sentence denotes 2019).
T296 33040-33143 Sentence denotes Given conjugated polymers and polymer composites are compatible with 3D printing processes (Kong et al.
T297 33144-33268 Sentence denotes 2014), polymer electrodes are also emerging as attractive candidates for wearable conformal (i.e., form-fitting) biosensors.
T298 33269-33449 Sentence denotes While polymer electrodes typically exhibit planar form factors, such as thin films, they can also be constructed as nanowires and nanofibers, as discussed in the following section.
T299 33450-33573 Sentence denotes A comprehensive discussion of biosensor LOD and dynamic range for all electrode materials is provided in Table 1, Table 2 .
T300 33574-33837 Sentence denotes Table 2 Classification of electrochemical biosensors employing labels for pathogen detection in terms of: target, working electrode, biorecognition element, electrochemical method, limit of detection, electrochemical probe, and label or secondary processing step.
T301 33838-34285 Sentence denotes Abbreviations: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltommetry (CV), plaque-forming unit (PFU), colony-forming unit (CFU), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), magnetic bead (MB), nanoparticle (NP), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), hemagglutination units (HAU), and median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50).
T302 34286-34425 Sentence denotes Target Pathogen Working Electrode Biorecognition Element Electrochemical Method & Probe Limit of Detection Secondary Binding Step Reference
T303 34426-34561 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO electrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 6 × 105 cells/mL antibody/ALP conjugate label for amplification Yang and Li (2005)
T304 34562-34726 Sentence denotes V. cholerae carbon/polystyrene electrode polyclonal anti-V.cholerae chrono-amperometry 105 cells/mL antibody-ALP conjugate label for amplification Rao et al. (2006)
T305 34727-34879 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 2.67 × 106 cells/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation Varshney et al. (2007)
T306 34880-35051 Sentence denotes V. parahaemolytic carbon electrode anti-V. parahaemolytic CV; thionine/hydrogen peroxide 7.37 × 104 CFU/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for transduction Zhao et al. (2007)
T307 35052-35219 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 7.4 × 104 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and amplification Varshney and Li (2007)
T308 35220-35426 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs on carbon electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; ferrocenedicarboxylic acid/hydrogen peroxide 6 CFU/mL polyclonal antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Lin et al. (2008)
T309 35427-35604 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au electrode anti-S. aureus amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 370 cells/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Escamilla-Gomez et al. (2008)
T310 35605-35851 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium chrono-amperometry; tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride/hydrogen peroxide 21 CFU/mL anti-S. typhimurium polyclonal antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Salam and Tothill (2009)
T311 35852-36078 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium graphite-epoxy composite electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium amperometry 0.1 CFU/mL primary antibody-coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Liebana et al. (2009)
T312 36079-36243 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5 EIS 0.26 HAU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation Wang et al. (2010)
T313 36244-36513 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. pneumoniae amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 1.5 × 104 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and bacteria immobilization, antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Campuzano et al. (2010)
T314 36514-36697 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon-graphite electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV 7 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/polyaniline label for amplification Setterington and Alocilja (2011)
T315 36698-36916 Sentence denotes S. aureus MBs on Au electrode polyclonal anti-Protein A (S. aureus) amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 1 CFU/mL antibody/Protein A/HRP conjugate for amplification Esteban-Fernandez de Avila et al. (2012)
T316 36917-37169 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5, polyclonal anti-AIV-N1 EIS 103 EDI50/mL anti-AIV-H5 monoclonal antibody- coated MBs for separation, red blood cell label for amplification Lum et al. (2012)
T317 37170-37406 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs/SiO2 nanocomposite on sulfhydryl chitosan/Fe(C2H5)2/C60 composite on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV; ferrocene 15 CFU/mL antibody/glucose oxidase/Pt nanochain conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2013)
T318 37407-37620 Sentence denotes C. parvum polypyrrole-coated carbon electrode polyclonal anti-C. parvum chrono-potentiometry; o-phenylenediamine/hydrogen peroxide 500 oocysts/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Laczka et al. (2013)
T319 37621-37799 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes polymeric ion-selective membrane electrode anti-L. monocytogenes InlA aptamer potentiometry 10 CFU/mL aptamer/protamine label for transduction Ding et al. (2014)
T320 37800-38022 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated electrode array anti-AIVH5N1 aptamer EIS 0.04 HAU/mL aptamer-coated MBs for separation, Concanavalin A/glucose oxide-coated AuNP labels for amplification Fu et al. (2014).
T321 38023-38278 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal and polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 300 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for secondary binding amplification Chen et al. (2015)
T322 38279-38471 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon electrode polyclonal anti-E.coli chrono-amperometry 148 CFU/mL primary antibody-coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody-coated AuNPs for amplification Hassan et al. (2015)
T323 38472-38644 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 AuNPs on ITO microelectrode polyclonal anti-AIVH5N1 ASV 10 pg/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and anodic stripping Zhou et al. (2015)
T324 38645-38789 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E.coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL wheat germ agglutinin for amplification Li et al. (2015)
T325 38790-38995 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli DPV 10 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Wang and Alocilja (2015)
T326 38996-39188 Sentence denotes norovirus nanostructured Au microelectrode concanavalin A lectin, polyclonal anti-norovirus CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 35 copies/mL antibody-ALP conjugate label for amplification Hong et al. (2015)
T327 39189-39436 Sentence denotes Legionella pneumophila carbon electrode polyclonal anti-L. pneumophila amperometry; hydroquinone/hydrogen peroxide 10 CFU/mL primary antibody- coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Martin et al. (2015)
T328 39437-39622 Sentence denotes S. aureus carbon electrode anti-S.aureus aptamer ASV 1 CFU/mL primary aptamer-coated MBs for separation, secondary aptamer-coated AgNP label for anodic stripping Abbaspour et al. (2015)
T329 39623-39864 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal and polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 160 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Chen et al. (2016b)
T330 39865-40063 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli CV, amperometry 52 CFU/mL antibody-coated, AuNP/glucose oxidase-modified MBs for separation and amplification Xu et al. (2016a)
T331 40064-40246 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti- E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/glucose oxidase conjugate for amplification Xu et al. (2016b)
T332 40247-40459 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 100 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/glucose oxidase conjugate label for amplification Xu et al. (2016b)
T333 40460-40672 Sentence denotes E. coli chitosan/CNT composite on carbon electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; thionine/hydrogen peroxide 50 CFU/mL secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label enzyme-assisted reduction reaction Gayathri et al. (2016)
T334 40673-40893 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium carbon electrode polyclonal and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium DPV 100 cells/mL polyclonal antibody- coated MBs for separation, monoclonal antibody- coated AuNP label for amplification Afonso et al. (2016)
T335 40894-41003 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL AuNP label for amplification Wan et al. (2016)
T336 41004-41208 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated electrode array polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 1.6 × 103 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Wang et al. (2017)
T337 41209-41390 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode monoclonal anti-E. coli LSV 39 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/AuNP/nucleotide/CdSNP conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2017)
T338 41391-41580 Sentence denotes V. cholerae Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-V. cholerae LSV 32 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/AuNP/nucleotide/PbSNP conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2017)
T339 41581-41749 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au electrode anti-AIVH5N1, concanavalin A lectin CV 0.367 HAU/mL Concanavalin A- coated MB labels for amplification Zhang et al. (2017)
T340 41750-41977 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H9N2 carbon electrode polyclonal anti-influenza A virus M2 protein, fetuin A chrono-amperometry 16 HAU antibody-coated MBs for separation, fetuin A-coated AuNP label for amplification Sayhi et al. (2018)
T341 41978-42159 Sentence denotes human enterovirus 71 (EV71) AuNPs on ITO electrode monoclonal anti-EV71 CV, EIS, colorimetry; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 pg/mL antibody/HRP-coated MB labels for amplification Hou et al. (2018)
T342 42160-42320 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag interdigitated microelectrode array melittin peptide EIS 1 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T343 42321-42484 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Ag interdigitated electrode array melittin peptide EIS 10 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T344 42485-42644 Sentence denotes S. aureus Ag interdigitated electrode array melittin peptide EIS 110 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T345 42645-42839 Sentence denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) AuNPs on carbon electrode MERS-CoV antigen-antibody complex SWV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 400 fg/mL MERS CoV-antibody complex Layqah and Eissa (2019)
T346 42841-42884 Sentence denotes 2.1.4 Electrode form factor and patterning
T347 42885-42990 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Au electrodes of various size and form factor have been used for pathogen detection.
T348 42991-43179 Sentence denotes The use of complex masks and programmable tool paths with lithographic and 3D printing processes, respectively, also enable the fabrication of complex electrode geometries (Cesewski et al.
T349 43180-43195 Sentence denotes 2018; Xu et al.
T350 43196-43202 Sentence denotes 2017).
T351 43203-43403 Sentence denotes In addition to complex form factor, lithographic processes, 3D printing processes, and assembly operations also enable the fabrication of electrode arrays through electrode patterning (Hintsche et al.
T352 43404-43410 Sentence denotes 1994).
T353 43411-43605 Sentence denotes Electrode arrays, including interdigitated microelectrodes and other patterned electrodes, have been developed in an attempt to enhance the sensitivity and multiplexing capability of biosensors.
T354 43606-43741 Sentence denotes Interdigitated array microelectrodes (IDAMs) consist of alternating, parallel-electrode fingers organized in an interdigitated pattern.
T355 43742-43845 Sentence denotes IDAMs have been shown to exhibit rapid response and high signal-to-noise ratio (Varshney and Li, 2009).
T356 43846-43982 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Au interdigitated microelectrode arrays are one of the most common electrode configurations for pathogen detection.
T357 43983-44126 Sentence denotes For example, Dastider et al. usedinterdigitated Au microelectrode arrays for detection of S. typhimurium via EIS (see Fig. 4a) (Dastider et al.
T358 44127-44133 Sentence denotes 2015).
T359 44134-44281 Sentence denotes Ceramic electrodes, such as ITO, with interdigitated array designs have also been examined for the detection of S. typhimurium (Yang and Li, 2006).
T360 44282-44388 Sentence denotes Mannoor et al. also examined interdigitated carbon-based electrodes for pathogen detection (Mannoor et al.
T361 44389-44395 Sentence denotes 2012).
T362 44396-44591 Sentence denotes The aforementioned emerging manufacturing processes are also used to construct electrode arrays that exhibit geometries other than interdigitated designs for electrochemical sensing applications.
T363 44592-44716 Sentence denotes For example, Yang et al. used aerosol jet additive manufacturing to fabricate silver (Ag) microelectrode arrays (Yang et al.
T364 44717-44724 Sentence denotes 2016a).
T365 44726-44758 Sentence denotes 2.1.5 Electrode nanostructuring
T366 44759-44916 Sentence denotes Transducers with physical dimensions comparable to the target species have been widely investigated as a means of creating sensitive biosensors (Gupta et al.
T367 44917-44936 Sentence denotes 2004; Pumera et al.
T368 44937-44955 Sentence denotes 2007; Singh et al.
T369 44956-44972 Sentence denotes 2010; Wei et al.
T370 44973-44979 Sentence denotes 2009).
T371 44980-45082 Sentence denotes Thus, electrodes ranging from micrometers to nanometers have been investigated for pathogen detection.
T372 45083-45189 Sentence denotes While nanoscale planar electrodes are among the most commonly examined for pathogen detection (Hong et al.
T373 45190-45500 Sentence denotes 2015; Peh and Li, 2013), the fabrication of nanoscale structures of conducting and semiconducting materials using a wide range of bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, such as nanowires, has led to the investigation of nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection (Patolsky and Lieber, 2005).
T374 45501-45671 Sentence denotes Nanostructuring can be performed simultaneously with bottom-up electrode fabrication processes or as a post-processing step with top-down electrode fabrication processes.
T375 45672-45832 Sentence denotes Nanowire-based electrodes have been fabricated using a variety of engineering materials using both bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes (Hu et al.
T376 45833-45866 Sentence denotes 1999; Yogeswaran and Chen, 2008).
T377 45867-45974 Sentence denotes A detailed review of nanomanufacturing processes for nanowire fabrication can be found elsewhere (Hu et al.
T378 45975-45981 Sentence denotes 1999).
T379 45982-46060 Sentence denotes Nanowires can exhibit circular, hexagonal, and even triangular cross-sections.
T380 46061-46182 Sentence denotes The nanowire aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the length to width, often ranges from 1 to greater than 10 (Hu et al.
T381 46183-46243 Sentence denotes 1999; Vaseashta and Dimova-Malinovska, 2005; Wanekaya et al.
T382 46244-46250 Sentence denotes 2006).
T383 46251-46376 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, metallic and ceramic microwire- and nanowire-based electrodes have been examined for pathogen detection.
T384 46377-46567 Sentence denotes For example, Wang et al. used nanowire-bundled TiO2 electrodes synthesized using a bottom-up wet chemistry process for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) (Wang et al.
T385 46568-46574 Sentence denotes 2008).
T386 46575-46762 Sentence denotes Shen et al. fabricated silicon nanowire-based electrodes using a chemical vapor deposition process for the rapid detection of human influenza A virus in an array-based format (Shen et al.
T387 46763-46769 Sentence denotes 2012).
T388 46770-46895 Sentence denotes Although polymer nanowires have been relatively more applied to the detection of non-pathogenic species (Travas-Sejdic et al.
T389 46896-46977 Sentence denotes 2014), there appears to be potential for their application to pathogen detection.
T390 46978-47221 Sentence denotes Polymer nanowires are also synthesized via bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, including hard template methods, soft template methods, or physical approaches, but efficient, large-scale synthesis remains a challenge (Xia et al.
T391 47222-47228 Sentence denotes 2010).
T392 47229-47345 Sentence denotes A comprehensive summary of studies using micro- and nano-wire electrodes for pathogen detection is shown in Table 1.
T393 47346-47501 Sentence denotes For example, Chartuprayoon et al. used Au microelectrode arrays modified with polypyrrole nanoribbons to detect cucumber mosaic virus (Chartuprayoon et al.
T394 47502-47508 Sentence denotes 2013).
T395 47509-47681 Sentence denotes The topographical modification of electrode surfaces with micro- and nano-structured features beyond wire-like structures has also been investigated for pathogen detection.
T396 47682-47897 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring increases the electrode surface area without significantly increasing the electrode volume, thereby increasing the ratio of electrode surface area to fluid volume analyzed (Soleymani et al.
T397 47898-47904 Sentence denotes 2009).
T398 47905-48005 Sentence denotes Topographical modification of electrodes can also affect their mechanical and electrical properties.
T399 48006-48250 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical deposition of PEDOT on silicon electrodes reduces the electrode electrical impedance across a wide frequency range, which offers measurement advantages for neural monitoring and recording applications (Ludwig et al.
T400 48251-48257 Sentence denotes 2006).
T401 48258-48460 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring for pathogen detection beyond the fabrication of nanowire-based electrodes has been accomplished primarily using bottom-up wet chemistry approaches and electrochemical methods.
T402 48461-48543 Sentence denotes Among the wet chemistry approaches for electrode nanostructuring (Eftekhari et al.
T403 48544-48666 Sentence denotes 2008), nanostructured electrodes are often fabricated by the deposition or coupling of nanoparticles to planar electrodes.
T404 48667-48808 Sentence denotes For example, AuNPs are commonly deposited on planar electrodes to provide a nanostructured surface for biorecognition element immobilization.
T405 48809-48921 Sentence denotes In such studies, the particles are bound to the planar electrode via physical adsorption processes (Attar et al.
T406 48922-48960 Sentence denotes 2016) or chemical methods (Wang et al.
T407 48961-48967 Sentence denotes 2013).
T408 48968-49115 Sentence denotes In addition to AuNPs, CNTs have also been extensively investigated as potentially useful nanomaterials for electrode nanostructuring (see Table 1).
T409 49116-49432 Sentence denotes De Luna et al. found that high-curvature nanostructured Au microelectrodes exhibited a reduced extent of biorecognition element aggregation relative to that found on planar electrodes in DNA sensing studies using a combination of experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations (see Fig. 3 a) (De Luna et al.
T410 49433-49453 Sentence denotes 2017; Mahshid et al.
T411 49454-49460 Sentence denotes 2016).
T412 49461-49705 Sentence denotes A study by Chin et al. found that nanostructuring of carbon electrodes with carbon nanoparticles enhanced the electron transfer kinetics and current intensity of the electrode by 63% for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (Chin et al.
T413 49706-49712 Sentence denotes 2017).
T414 49713-49899 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 Emerging transduction approaches associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. a) A nanostructured Au microelectrode array with high curvature (De Luna et al.
T415 49900-50104 Sentence denotes 2017). b) Cell-imprinted polymer (CIP) with ‘artificial’ biorecognition elements for detection of E. coli using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox probe (Jafari et al.
T416 50105-50111 Sentence denotes 2019).
T417 50112-50351 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Measurement settings associated with electrochemical biosensor-based multiplexed pathogen detection. a) Microfluidic device with an interdigitated Au microelectrode array for continuous measurement of S. typhimurium (Dastider et al.
T418 50352-50513 Sentence denotes 2015). b) Conjugated nanoparticles with two different biorecognition elements for E. coli and V. cholerae detection via voltammetry using Fe(CN)63-/4- (Li et al.
T419 50514-50658 Sentence denotes 2017). c) Schematic of a microfluidic device with two separate spatial regions of biorecognition elements for E. coli and S. aureus (Tian et al.
T420 50659-50665 Sentence denotes 2016).
T421 50666-50968 Sentence denotes In addition to fabricating nanostructured electrodes by coupling already processed nanomaterials to planar electrodes, electrochemical methods are also commonly used for bottom-up electrode nanostructuring processes and have been leveraged to fabricate nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection.
T422 50969-51161 Sentence denotes For example, Hong et al. fabricated a nanostructured Au electrode via electrochemical deposition of gold (III) chloride hydrates for the detection of norovirus in lettuce extracts (Hong et al.
T423 51162-51168 Sentence denotes 2015).
T424 51169-51389 Sentence denotes While the physical or chemical deposition of materials on planar electrodes provides a useful nanostructuring approach, introducing porosity to the electrode, such as nanoporosity, also enables electrode nanostructuring.
T425 51390-51517 Sentence denotes For example, Nguyen et al. utilized nanoporous alumina-coated Pt microwires for the detection of West Nile virus (Nguyen et al.
T426 51518-51524 Sentence denotes 2009).
T427 51525-51771 Sentence denotes While studies have reported improved biosensor performance using electrode nanostructuring, such as improved sensitivity and LOD, it is prudent to consider the effect of nanostructuring on biorecognition element immobilization and target binding.
T428 51772-52039 Sentence denotes For example, nanostructured electrodes that exhibit high-aspect-ratio structures and other three-dimensional structures have also been shown to enhance biomolecular steric hindrance effects, which may have implications for pathogen detection applications (Hong et al.
T429 52040-52056 Sentence denotes 2015; Lam et al.
T430 52057-52077 Sentence denotes 2012; Mahshid et al.
T431 52078-52084 Sentence denotes 2017).
T432 52085-52208 Sentence denotes There also remains a need to understand device-to-device and batch-to-batch variation in electrode nanostructuring quality.
T433 52209-52419 Sentence denotes For example, it is presently unclear how the structure (e.g., topography, crystal structure) and material properties (e.g., electrical properties) of nanostructured surfaces vary among mass-produced electrodes.
T434 52420-52535 Sentence denotes It is also unclear how such variance in nanostructuring quality affects the repeatability of biosensor performance.
T435 52537-52594 Sentence denotes 2.1.6 Integration of complementary transduction elements
T436 52595-52783 Sentence denotes Given the need for rapid and reliable measurements, biosensors that contain integrated electrodes and complementary transducers have also been examined for pathogen detection applications.
T437 52784-52939 Sentence denotes For example, electrodes have been integrated with transducers that enable simultaneous fluid mixing and monitoring of molecular binding events (Choi et al.
T438 52940-52946 Sentence denotes 2011).
T439 52947-53173 Sentence denotes Biosensors composed of multiple transducers, referred to as hybrid biosensors, also offer unique opportunities for in situ verification of target binding as well as complementary analytical measurements (i.e., dual detection).
T440 53174-53317 Sentence denotes Hybrid electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have been developed by integrating electrodes with optical and mechanical transducers.
T441 53318-53474 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy (EC-OWLS) combines evanescent-field optical sensing with electrochemical sensing (Bearinger et al.
T442 53475-53481 Sentence denotes 2003).
T443 53482-53611 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS optically monitors changes and growth at the electrode surface to provide complementary information on surface reactions.
T444 53612-53682 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS has been used to monitor the growth of bacteria (Nemeth et al.
T445 53683-53758 Sentence denotes 2007) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T446 53759-54003 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) combines SPR sensing capability based on binding-induced refractive index changes at the electrode-electrolyte interface with electrochemical sensing capability on the same electrode (Hu et al.
T447 54004-54010 Sentence denotes 2008).
T448 54011-54097 Sentence denotes This approach has been used for monitoring molecular binding events (Juan-Colas et al.
T449 54098-54173 Sentence denotes 2017) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T450 54174-54319 Sentence denotes In addition to their combination with optical transducers, hybrid electrochemical biosensors have also been combined with mechanical transducers.
T451 54320-54452 Sentence denotes Mechanical transducers have included shear-mode resonators, such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cantilever biosensors.
T452 54453-54569 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-QCMs (E-QCMs) integrate mass-change and electrochemical sensing capabilities into a single platform.
T453 54570-54800 Sentence denotes For example, Li et al. used an antibody-functionalized E-QCM for the detection of E. coli, which provided complementary cyclic voltammetry, EIS, and capacitive sensing measurements associated with the detection response (Li et al.
T454 54801-54807 Sentence denotes 2011).
T455 54808-54924 Sentence denotes Serra et al. used a lectin-modified E-QCM to detect E. coli using the biosensor's mass-change response (Serra et al.
T456 54925-54931 Sentence denotes 2008).
T457 54932-55291 Sentence denotes Besides providing complementary responses for verification of binding events (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012, 2013a), hybrid biosensors for pathogen detection can also generate fluid and particle mixing at the electrode-electrolyte interface and in the bulk solution via acoustic streaming or primary radiation effects of mechanical transducers (Cesewski et al.
T458 55292-55298 Sentence denotes 2018).
T459 55299-55440 Sentence denotes Thus, secondary transducers can apply force to bound species, such as nonspecifically adsorbed background species or captured target species.
T460 55441-55652 Sentence denotes For example, various studies have reported the removal of surface-bound biomolecules using mechanical transducers, such as shear-mode resonators or cantilever biosensors (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2014; Yeh et al.
T461 55653-55659 Sentence denotes 2007).
T462 55660-56086 Sentence denotes While the impediment or removal of nonspecifically adsorbed background species is a vital biosensor characteristic in pathogen detection applications that involve complex matrices, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces that contain specifically bound target species is essential for applications involving high-throughput characterization or process monitoring (e.g., bioprocesses or biomanufacturing processes) (Goode et al.
T463 56087-56093 Sentence denotes 2015).
T464 56094-56184 Sentence denotes Hybrid designs may also be useful for electrodes that exhibit a high extent of biofouling.
T465 56185-56465 Sentence denotes In addition to hybrid biosensor designs composed of combinations of electrodes with other transducers, hybrid biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection based on the combination of an electrochemical biosensor with a traditional bioanalytical technique have also been utilized.
T466 56466-56626 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical-colorimetric (EC-C) biosensing combines an electrochemical method and a colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent detection method.
T467 56627-56847 Sentence denotes The electrode detects the presence of a target species, while the colorimetric transduction pathway enables quantification of the products associated with the reaction between the target and an active species (Hou et al.
T468 56848-56854 Sentence denotes 2018).
T469 56855-57060 Sentence denotes For example, Hou et al. used an EC-C approach based on a monoclonal antibody-functionalized AuNP-modified ITO electrode and dual-labeled magnetic beads for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (Hou et al.
T470 57061-57067 Sentence denotes 2018).
T471 57068-57267 Sentence denotes In that study, antibody- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled magnetic nanobeads were introduced as a secondary binding step following exposure of the electrode to enterovirus-containing samples.
T472 57268-57536 Sentence denotes Following the secondary binding step, the HRP-nanobead conjugates enabled colorimetric detection via monitoring of oxidative products produced by HRP-catalyzed redox reactions, while the functionalized electrode enabled electrochemical detection via chronoamperometry.
T473 57537-57659 Sentence denotes Various techniques often rely on the use of optically-active labels for colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent sensing.
T474 57660-57993 Sentence denotes The optical labels used in pathogen detection applications commonly include biological fluorophores, such as green fluorescent protein, non-protein organic fluorophores, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, including CdS, CdSe, and GaAs, among others (Mungroo and Neethirajan 2016; Pires et al.
T475 57994-58000 Sentence denotes 2014).
T476 58001-58113 Sentence denotes The use of such additional reagents to detect the target species is discussed further in the following sections.
T477 58115-58143 Sentence denotes 2.2 Biorecognition elements
T478 58144-58269 Sentence denotes The previous section discussed the transduction elements associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T479 58270-58526 Sentence denotes Given a biosensor is a device composed of integrated transducer and biorecognition elements, we next discuss the biorecognition elements used for selective detection of pathogens and corresponding immobilization techniques for their coupling to electrodes.
T480 58527-58638 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements for electrochemical biosensors can be defined as (1) biocatalytic or (2) biocomplexing.
T481 58639-58766 Sentence denotes In the case of biocatalytic biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on a reaction catalyzed by macromolecules.
T482 58767-58864 Sentence denotes Enzymes, whole cells, and tissues are the most commonly used biocatalytic biorecognition element.
T483 58865-59077 Sentence denotes While enzyzmes provide biorecognition elements in various chemical sensing applications, they are often used as labels for pathogen detection applications and most commonly introduced via secondary binding steps.
T484 59078-59249 Sentence denotes In the case of biocomplexing biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on the interaction of analytes with macromolecules or organized molecular assemblies.
T485 59250-59401 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, antibodies, peptides, and phages are the most commonly used biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T486 59402-59576 Sentence denotes In addition to biomacromolecules, imprinted polymers have also been examined as biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T487 59578-59618 Sentence denotes 2.2.1 Antibodies and antibody fragments
T488 59619-59770 Sentence denotes Antibodies and antibody fragments are among the most commonly utilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T489 59771-59873 Sentence denotes Biosensors employing antibody-based biorecognition elements are commonly referred to as immunosensors.
T490 59874-60095 Sentence denotes Given antibodies exhibit high selectivity and binding affinity for target species and can be generated for a wide range of infectious agents, antibodies are the gold-standard biorecognition element for pathogen detection.
T491 60096-60249 Sentence denotes Antibodies contain recognition sites that selectively bind to antigens through a specific region of the antigen, referred to as an epitope (Patris et al.
T492 60250-60256 Sentence denotes 2016).
T493 60257-60381 Sentence denotes Antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent or enzymatic tags, which leads to the designation of the approach as label-based.
T494 60382-60537 Sentence denotes While label-based approaches present measurement constraints associated with the use of additional reagents and processing steps (Cooper, 2009; Sang et al.
T495 60538-60662 Sentence denotes 2016), antibody labeling may also alter the binding affinity to the antigen, which could affect the biosensor's selectivity.
T496 60663-60786 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of label-based biosensing approaches for pathogen detection has been reported elsewhere (Ahmed et al.
T497 60787-60845 Sentence denotes 2014; Alahi and Mukhopadhyay, 2017; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T498 60846-60866 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T499 60867-60873 Sentence denotes 2003).
T500 60874-61003 Sentence denotes A list of recent label-based approaches for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, however, is provided in Table 2.
T501 61004-61110 Sentence denotes While both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies enable the selective detection of pathogens (Patris et al.
T502 61111-61193 Sentence denotes 2016), they vary in terms of production method, selectivity, and binding affinity.
T503 61194-61300 Sentence denotes Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma technology (Birch and Racher, 2006; James and Bell, 1987).
T504 61301-61428 Sentence denotes Thus, monoclonal antibodies are highly selective and bind to a single epitope, making them less vulnerable to cross-reactivity.
T505 61429-61580 Sentence denotes While monoclonal antibodies tend to have a higher degree of selectivity, they are more expensive and take longer to develop than polyclonal antibodies.
T506 61581-61717 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies are produced by separation of immunoglobulin proteins from the blood of an infected host (Birch and Racher, 2006).
T507 61718-61786 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies target different epitopes on a single antigen.
T508 61787-62003 Sentence denotes While polyclonal antibodies exhibit increased variability between batches, they are relatively less expensive to produce than monoclonal antibodies and facilitate robust measurements in various settings (Byrne et al.
T509 62004-62010 Sentence denotes 2009).
T510 62011-62126 Sentence denotes Drawbacks to antibody use include high cost and stability challenges, such as the need for low-temperature storage.
T511 62127-62258 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T512 62259-62530 Sentence denotes For assays involving secondary binding steps, monoclonal antibodies typically serve as the primary biorecognition element and are immobilized on the electrode, while polyclonal antibodies serve as the secondary biorecognition element and often facilitate target labeling.
T513 62531-62694 Sentence denotes For assays that do not require secondary binding steps, polyclonal antibodies are also commonly used as immobilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T514 62695-62903 Sentence denotes For example, Pandey et al. immobilized monoclonal anti-E. coli on a composite nanostructured electrode to detect E. coli across a wide dynamic range of 10 to 108 CFU/mL with a LOD of 3.8 CFU/mL (Pandey et al.
T515 62904-62910 Sentence denotes 2017).
T516 62911-63040 Sentence denotes Wu et al. used polyclonal anti-E. coli for detection of E. coli via amperometry that exhibited a LOD of 5 × 103 CFU/mL (Wu et al.
T517 63041-63047 Sentence denotes 2016).
T518 63048-63309 Sentence denotes Lin et al. used monoclonal antibodies for detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 in chicken swabs across a dynamic range of 2- 1 to 24 hemagglutination units (HAU)/50 μL using EIS and the ferri/ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6 3 - /4-) couple as a redox probe (Lin et al.
T519 63310-63316 Sentence denotes 2015).
T520 63317-63455 Sentence denotes Luka et al. detected Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) with a LOD of 40 cells/mm2 via capacitive sensing and Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- (Luka et al.
T521 63456-63462 Sentence denotes 2019).
T522 63463-63709 Sentence denotes Antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), offer selectivity similar to antibodies, but they have the advantage of achieving relatively higher packing densities on electrode surfaces due to their relatively smaller size.
T523 63710-63981 Sentence denotes For example, half-antibody fragments have been shown to improve biosensor sensitivity without the loss of selectivity, which warrants further investigation of reduced antibodies as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection applications (Sharma and Mutharasan, 2013).
T524 63982-64133 Sentence denotes In addition to scFvs, Fabs, re-engineered IgGs, and dimers can also potentially be used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection (Byrne et al.
T525 64134-64140 Sentence denotes 2009).
T526 64142-64178 Sentence denotes 2.2.2 Carbohydrate-binding proteins
T527 64179-64366 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins, also provide selective biorecognition elements for pathogen detection based on their ability to selectively bind ligands on target species.
T528 64367-64536 Sentence denotes Peptide-based biorecognition elements are relatively low-cost, can be produced with high yield automated synthesis processes, and are modifiable (Pavan and Berti, 2012).
T529 64537-64745 Sentence denotes For example, lectins have been investigated as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection through their ability to selectively bind glycosylated proteins on the surfaces of viruses and cells (Reina et al.
T530 64746-64752 Sentence denotes 2008).
T531 64753-64866 Sentence denotes Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin has been extensively investigated for E. coli detection (see Table 1) (Jantra et al.
T532 64867-64887 Sentence denotes 2011; Saucedo et al.
T533 64888-64903 Sentence denotes 2019; Xi et al.
T534 64904-64921 Sentence denotes 2011; Yang et al.
T535 64922-64929 Sentence denotes 2016b).
T536 64930-65197 Sentence denotes While not yet widely investigated for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, Etayash et al. recently showed that oligopeptides also provide attractive biorecognition elements for real-time biosensor-based detection of breast cancer cells (Etayash et al.
T537 65198-65204 Sentence denotes 2015).
T538 65206-65229 Sentence denotes 2.2.3 Oligosaccharides
T539 65230-65334 Sentence denotes Trisaccharides are carbohydrates that can selectively bind carbohydrate-specific receptors on pathogens.
T540 65335-65461 Sentence denotes Thus, trisaccharide ligands have been used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T541 65462-65636 Sentence denotes For example, Hai et al. used a hybrid E-QCM biosensor coated with hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligands for the detection of human influenza A virus (H1N1) (Hai et al.
T542 65637-65643 Sentence denotes 2017).
T543 65644-65871 Sentence denotes The use of carbohydrates as biorecognition elements is limited in part due to the weak affinity of carbohydrate-protein interactions and low selectivity, which are currently mitigated through secondary interactions (Zeng et al.
T544 65872-65878 Sentence denotes 2012).
T545 65880-65903 Sentence denotes 2.2.4 Oligonucleotides
T546 65904-65998 Sentence denotes Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is a useful biorecognition element for the detection of pathogens.
T547 65999-66167 Sentence denotes While ssDNA is commonly used as a biorecognition element for DNA-based assays, ssDNA aptamers are commonly used for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T548 66168-66300 Sentence denotes Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and selectivity (Lakhin et al.
T549 66301-66324 Sentence denotes 2013; Reverdatto et al.
T550 66325-66331 Sentence denotes 2015).
T551 66332-66528 Sentence denotes Aptamers are isolated from a large random sequence pool through a selection process that utilizes systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, also known as SELEX (Stoltenburg et al.
T552 66529-66535 Sentence denotes 2007).
T553 66536-66664 Sentence denotes Suitable binding sequences can be isolated from a large random oligonucleotide sequence pool and subsequently amplified for use.
T554 66665-66746 Sentence denotes Thus, aptamers can exhibit high selectivity to target species (Stoltenburg et al.
T555 66747-66753 Sentence denotes 2007).
T556 66754-66861 Sentence denotes Aptamers can also be produced at a lower cost than alternative biorecognition elements, such as antibodies.
T557 66862-67089 Sentence denotes Giamberardino et al. used SELEX to discover an aptamer for norovirus detection, which showed a million-fold higher binding affinity for the target than a random DNA strand that served as a negative control (Giamberardino et al.
T558 67090-67096 Sentence denotes 2013).
T559 67097-67248 Sentence denotes Iqbal et al. performed 10 rounds of SELEX to discover 14 aptamer clones with high affinities for C. parvum for detection in fruit samples (Iqbal et al.
T560 67249-67255 Sentence denotes 2015).
T561 67256-67553 Sentence denotes However, the use of aptamers as biorecognition elements has not yet replaced traditional biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, because of several challenges, such as aptamer stability, degradation, cross-reactivity, and reproducibility using alternative processing approaches (Lakhin et al.
T562 67554-67560 Sentence denotes 2013).
T563 67562-67575 Sentence denotes 2.2.5 Phages
T564 67576-67731 Sentence denotes Phages, also referred to as bacteriophages, are viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria through selective binding via tail-spike proteins (Haq et al.
T565 67732-67738 Sentence denotes 2012).
T566 67739-67884 Sentence denotes Thus, they have been examined as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors (Kutter and Sulakvelidze, 2004).
T567 67885-67982 Sentence denotes Bacteriophages exhibit varying morphologies and are thus classified by selectivity and structure.
T568 67983-68090 Sentence denotes A variety of bacteriophage-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection can be found in Table 1.
T569 68091-68219 Sentence denotes For example, Shabani et al. used E. coli-specific T4 bacteriophages for selective impedimetric detection studies (Shabani et al.
T570 68220-68226 Sentence denotes 2008).
T571 68227-68351 Sentence denotes Mejri et al. compared the use of bacteriophages to antibodies as biorecognition elements for E. coli detection (Mejri et al.
T572 68352-68358 Sentence denotes 2010).
T573 68359-68604 Sentence denotes In that study, they found that bacteriophages improved the water stability of the biosensor and increased the sensitivity by approximately a factor of four relative to the response obtained with antibodies based on EIS measurements (Mejri et al.
T574 68605-68611 Sentence denotes 2010).
T575 68612-68822 Sentence denotes In another study, Tolba et al. utilized immobilized bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases on Au screen-printed electrodes for detection of L. innocua in pure milk with a LOD of 105 CFU/mL (Tolba et al.
T576 68823-68829 Sentence denotes 2012).
T577 68830-69025 Sentence denotes These results suggest that bacteriophages are potentially attractive biorecognition elements for water safety and environmental monitoring applications that require chronic monitoring of liquids.
T578 69027-69074 Sentence denotes 2.2.6 Cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers
T579 69075-69467 Sentence denotes Given traditional biorecognition elements used in biosensing exhibit stability concerns, such as antibodies or aptamers, as discussed in Sections 2.2.1–2.2.4, there have been efforts to create engineered molecular biorecognition elements, such as scFvs. In contrast, materials-based biorecognition elements exploit the principle of target-specific morphology for selective capture (Pan et al.
T580 69468-69485 Sentence denotes 2018; Zhou et al.
T581 69486-69492 Sentence denotes 2019).
T582 69493-69646 Sentence denotes The most common approach in materials-based biorecognition is based on cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers (CIPs and MIPs, respectively) (Gui et al.
T583 69647-69653 Sentence denotes 2018).
T584 69654-69809 Sentence denotes CIPs and MIPs have been created using various processes, including bacteria-mediated lithography, micro-contact stamping, and colloid imprints (Chen et al.
T585 69810-69827 Sentence denotes 2016a; Pan et al.
T586 69828-69834 Sentence denotes 2018).
T587 69835-70057 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 3b, Jafari et al. used imprinted organosilica sol-gel films of tetraethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) for selective detection of E. coli using an impedimetric method (Jafari et al.
T588 70058-70064 Sentence denotes 2019).
T589 70065-70218 Sentence denotes Similarly, Golabi et al. used imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) films for detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (Golabi et al.
T590 70219-70225 Sentence denotes 2017).
T591 70226-70432 Sentence denotes Despite the absence of a highly selective molecular biorecognition element, CIPs and MIPs exhibit selectivity when exposed to samples that contain multiple analytes (i.e., non-target species) (Golabi et al.
T592 70433-70452 Sentence denotes 2017; Jafari et al.
T593 70453-70468 Sentence denotes 2019; Qi et al.
T594 70469-70475 Sentence denotes 2013).
T595 70476-70566 Sentence denotes MIPs and CIPs are also of interest with regard to opportunities in biosensor regeneration.
T596 70567-70750 Sentence denotes Common adverse effects of regeneration on biosensors that employ molecular biorecognition elements, such as irreversible changes in structure, are less likely to affect MIPs and CIPs.
T597 70751-70950 Sentence denotes However, it is generally accepted that current CIPs and MIPs exhibit lower selectivity to target species than antibodies and aptamers due to reduction of available chemical selectivity (Cheong et al.
T598 70951-71002 Sentence denotes 2013; Kryscio and Peppas, 2012; Yáñez-Sedeño et al.
T599 71003-71009 Sentence denotes 2017).
T600 71011-71054 Sentence denotes 2.3 Immobilization and surface passivation
T601 71055-71326 Sentence denotes Given biosensors are self-contained devices composed of integrated transducer-biorecognition elements, the immobilization of biorecognition elements on electrodes is central to the design, fabrication, and performance of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T602 71327-71568 Sentence denotes The goal of immobilization is to achieve a stable, irreversible bond between the biorecognition element and the electrode with suitable packing density and orientation that maintains high accessibility and binding affinity to target species.
T603 71569-71706 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have typically used established techniques for preparation of the biorecognition layer.
T604 71707-71820 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of immobilization and surface passivation techniques is provided in Supporting Information.
T605 71822-71894 Sentence denotes 2.4 Thermodynamics of pathogen-biorecognition element binding reactions
T606 71895-72156 Sentence denotes While the rate of biosensor response is typically governed by a mass transfer-limited heterogeneous reaction between the immobilized biorecognition element and target species, the net change in the biosensor response is dependent on the reaction thermodynamics.
T607 72157-72346 Sentence denotes The binding affinity between a biorecognition element and target species, such as an antibody and antigen, is often reported in terms of a dissociation constant (K D), which has units of M.
T608 72347-72557 Sentence denotes While the value of K D, solution = 1 nM provides a reasonable estimate for biosensor design considerations, such as understanding the mass transfer limitations associated with biosensor response (Squires et al.
T609 72558-72704 Sentence denotes 2008), the binding affinity of antibodies can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen of interest and the clonality of the antibody.
T610 72705-72848 Sentence denotes One important consideration when immobilizing biorecognition elements is potential effects of immobilization on binding affinity to the target.
T611 72849-72921 Sentence denotes Traditionally, K D is obtained from a kinetic or thermodynamic analysis.
T612 72922-73060 Sentence denotes Kinetic analyses measure association and dissociation rate constants (k a and k d, respectively) and enable calculation of K D as k d/k a.
T613 73061-73355 Sentence denotes Thermodynamic analyses, such as calorimetric techniques, measure the binding enthalpy and entropy, which in turn provides the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction (ΔG°), and thus, K A = K D −1 though the expression K A = exp(-ΔG°/RT), where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature.
T614 73356-73545 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of the kinetics and thermodynamics of biorecognition element-target binding reactions for solution- and surface-based biosensors is provided in Supporting Information.
T615 73547-73592 Sentence denotes 3 Measurement formats for pathogen detection
T616 73593-73915 Sentence denotes In addition to a physical device composed of an integrated transduction element and biorecognition element, an electrochemical biosensor-based assay for pathogen detection potentially involves processing steps associated with sample preparation and complementary physical systems for biosensor housing and sample handling.
T617 73916-74032 Sentence denotes The associated protocols for sample preparation and sample handling are often referred to as the measurement format.
T618 74033-74348 Sentence denotes Several important considerations regarding the measurement format for pathogen detection applications can be considered and vary based on the assay design, the biosensor performance (e.g., sensitivity and LOD), the volume, material properties, and composition of the pathogen-containing sample, and the application.
T619 74349-74508 Sentence denotes For example, the use of DNA-based assays for pathogen detection typically requires sample preparation steps associated with the extraction of genetic material.
T620 74509-74631 Sentence denotes Similarly, the use of a label-based biosensing approach requires sample preparation steps associated with target labeling.
T621 74632-74767 Sentence denotes In cases where the concentration of target species in the sample is below the biosensor's LOD, pre-concentration steps may be required.
T622 74768-74897 Sentence denotes Applications to process monitoring, such in bioreactor or tissue-chip monitoring, may require flow-based sample handling formats.
T623 74898-75024 Sentence denotes We next discuss the measurement formats associated with pathogen detection in terms of sample preparation and sample handling.
T624 75026-75050 Sentence denotes 3.1 Sample preparation:
T625 75051-75083 Sentence denotes Filtration and pre-concentration
T626 75084-75379 Sentence denotes Sample preparation steps have various purposes, including concentrating or amplifying the target species through separation and growth processes, reducing the concentration of background inhibitory species, and reducing the heterogeneity of the sample's composition and properties (Zourob et al.
T627 75380-75386 Sentence denotes 2008).
T628 75387-75454 Sentence denotes We next discuss sample filtration and pre-concentration techniques.
T629 75456-75480 Sentence denotes 3.1.1 Sample filtration
T630 75481-75605 Sentence denotes Generally, sample filtration relies on the principle of size discrepancy between the target pathogen and background species.
T631 75606-75727 Sentence denotes Membranes, fibers, and channels have been used in size-selective sample filtration processes for biosensing applications.
T632 75728-75891 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements are commonly used to assist the separation process when the target species exhibits similar properties to background species or the matrix.
T633 75892-76078 Sentence denotes For example, biorecognition elements that exhibit affinity to a broad group of pathogens, such as lectins, have been used in pre-concentration steps for pathogen detection (Zourob et al.
T634 76079-76085 Sentence denotes 2008).
T635 76086-76328 Sentence denotes Bacteria typically exhibit a net negative charge at physiological pH (7.4) because of an abundance of lipopolysaccharides or teichoic acids on the cell membrane (Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) (Silhavy et al.
T636 76329-76335 Sentence denotes 2010).
T637 76336-76483 Sentence denotes This physical property of cell-based pathogens is leveraged in biofiltration processes, for example, using electropositive filters (Altintas et al.
T638 76484-76490 Sentence denotes 2015).
T639 76491-76694 Sentence denotes While the majority of the aforementioned separation processes involve manual handling steps, sample filtration processes are now being integrated with microfluidic-based biosensing platforms (Song et al.
T640 76695-76701 Sentence denotes 2013).
T641 76702-76900 Sentence denotes For example, Chand and Neethirajan incorporated an integrated sample filtration technique using silica microbeads for the detection of norovirus in spiked blood samples (Chand and Neethirajan 2017).
T642 76902-76931 Sentence denotes 3.1.2 Centrifugal separation
T643 76932-77059 Sentence denotes Centrifugation can be used as a density gradient-based separation principle for concentrating target pathogens within a sample.
T644 77060-77211 Sentence denotes In cases where the target species exhibits similar density to background species, the approach is often implemented with antibody-functionalized beads.
T645 77212-77333 Sentence denotes This technique is commonly employed in applications requiring pathogen detection in complex matrices (e.g., body fluids).
T646 77334-77452 Sentence denotes Centrifugation-based separation techniques can also potentially be applied to microfluidic-based biosensing platforms.
T647 77453-77591 Sentence denotes For example, Lee et al. utilized centrifugal microfluidics to process a whole blood sample for subsequent analysis using ELISA (Lee et al.
T648 77592-77712 Sentence denotes 2009), suggesting that this approach could be extended to electrochemical biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection.
T649 77714-77737 Sentence denotes 3.1.3 Broth enrichment
T650 77738-77959 Sentence denotes Broth enrichment is a technique used to increase the concentration of target species in the sample through growth or replication of target species prior to measurement, thereby increasing the number present for detection.
T651 77960-78019 Sentence denotes The technique is commonly used in food safety applications.
T652 78020-78229 Sentence denotes For example, Liebana et al. enriched S. typhimurium-spiked milk samples in Luria broth (LB) for 8 h to improve the assay LOD from 7.5 × 103 CFU/mL for the 50-min enriched sample to 0.108 CFU/mL (Liebana et al.
T653 78230-78236 Sentence denotes 2009).
T654 78237-78424 Sentence denotes Salam et al. enriched fresh chicken samples in enrichment buffer peptone for 18–24 h to recover injured S. typhimurium cells for detection via chronoamperometry (Salam and Tothill, 2009).
T655 78425-78600 Sentence denotes While enrichment can be a useful sample preparation step when the target concentration is below the biosensor's LOD, it is inherently limited to viable and cultural organisms.
T656 78601-78759 Sentence denotes Further, analysis of the results obtained from multiple samples should consider potential differences in the growth rate of bacteria across different samples.
T657 78760-78894 Sentence denotes It is important to note that the need for sample enrichment significantly increases the TTR and impedes rapid and real-time detection.
T658 78896-78922 Sentence denotes 3.1.4 Magnetic separation
T659 78923-79085 Sentence denotes The separation of the target species from a sample using magnetic beads has become a commonly used sample preparation approach in pathogen detection applications.
T660 79086-79251 Sentence denotes Target pre-concentration via magnetic bead-based separation processes typically involves the binding of antibody-functionalized magnetic beads to the target species.
T661 79252-79361 Sentence denotes The bead-target complexes are subsequently separated from the solution by externally-applied magnetic fields.
T662 79362-79596 Sentence denotes Magnetic-assisted separation processes are useful when the target species exhibits similar properties to other analytes or background species in the sample, such as those with similar size, density, or chemical properties (Chen et al.
T663 79597-79603 Sentence denotes 2017).
T664 79604-79763 Sentence denotes The bead-target complexes are then introduced directly to the biosensor to enable quantification of the target pathogen that was present in the initial sample.
T665 79764-79935 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 2, magnetic bead-based separation processes have been extensively used for pathogen detection as well as general substrates for traditional immunoassays.
T666 79936-80045 Sentence denotes Such assays have been used to detect a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, such as E. coli (Chan et al.
T667 80046-80177 Sentence denotes 2013 ) and Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) (Pal and Alocilja, 2009), and viruses, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (Luo et al.
T668 80178-80224 Sentence denotes 2010) and human influenza A virus (Shen et al.
T669 80225-80231 Sentence denotes 2012).
T670 80232-80314 Sentence denotes In addition to serving as a separation agent, magnetic beads also serve as labels.
T671 80316-80344 Sentence denotes 3.2 Sample handling formats
T672 80345-80422 Sentence denotes The sample handling format is highly influenced by the biosensor application.
T673 80423-80578 Sentence denotes As discussed in further detail in the following sections, pathogens are present in liquid and solid matrices and on surfaces (e.g., of biomedical devices).
T674 80579-80737 Sentence denotes In addition, pathogens can be aerosolized, which is a significant mode of disease transmission associated with viral pathogens (e.g., influenza and COVID-19).
T675 80738-80827 Sentence denotes Sample handling formats can be generally classified as droplet-, flow-, or surface-based.
T676 80828-80935 Sentence denotes Droplet formats involve sampling from a larger volume of potentially pathogen-containing material or fluid.
T677 80936-81069 Sentence denotes The sample droplet is subsequently analyzed by deposition on a functionalized transducer or transferred to a fluidic delivery system.
T678 81070-81253 Sentence denotes For example, Cheng et al. created an electrochemical biosensor based on a nanoporous alumina electrode tip capable of analyzing 5 μL of dengue virus-containing solutions (Cheng et al.
T679 81254-81260 Sentence denotes 2012).
T680 81261-81377 Sentence denotes Droplet formats are simplistic sample handling formats and have the advantage of being performed by unskilled users.
T681 81378-81515 Sentence denotes While dropletformats have been extensively used with colorimetric biosensors, they have also been adapted for electrochemical biosensors.
T682 81516-81609 Sentence denotes For example, commercially-available blood glucose meters use a droplet format (Vashist et al.
T683 81610-81616 Sentence denotes 2011).
T684 81617-81769 Sentence denotes Examples of low-cost, paper-based, or disposable electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that utilize droplet formats are provided in Table 1.
T685 81770-81958 Sentence denotes For example, Zhao et al. created a screen-printed graphite-based electrode for electrochemical detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) based on 5 μL samples (Zhao et al.
T686 81959-81965 Sentence denotes 2007).
T687 81966-82272 Sentence denotes However, while droplet formats minimize the technical and methodological barriers to measurement, such as eliminating the need for physical systems associated with biosensor housing and sample handling, they can exhibit measurement challenges associated with mass transport and target sampling limitations.
T688 82273-82571 Sentence denotes One of the most critical considerations associated with application of droplet formats to pathogen detection is sampling, specifically if sufficient sampling has been performed on the system for which bioanalytical information is desired (e.g., a human, a food source, or source of drinking water).
T689 82572-82832 Sentence denotes For example, the rationale that the bioanalytical characteristics of a droplet represent that of the bulk system is sound only in a well-mixed system, specifically, a system that exhibits a uniform spatial distribution of species (i.e., concentration profile).
T690 82833-83070 Sentence denotes We note that while this is typically the case for samples acquired from closed, convective systems, such as body fluids, it should be challenged when considering open systems that exhibit complex flow profiles or regions of static fluid.
T691 83071-83212 Sentence denotes For example, groundwater systems (e.g., aquifers), rivers, and lakes have been reported to have complex flow profiles (Ji, 2017; Zhang et al.
T692 83213-83219 Sentence denotes 1996).
T693 83220-83339 Sentence denotes Thus, the sampling approach should be considered when examining droplet formats for food and water safety applications.
T694 83340-83580 Sentence denotes In addition to a consideration of system mixing, one should also consider the potential measurement pitfalls when analyzing samples that contain dilute levels of highly infectious pathogens, such as the potential for false-negative results.
T695 83581-83665 Sentence denotes Flow formats involve the detection of target species in the presence of flow fields.
T696 83666-83793 Sentence denotes Flow formats include continuously-stirred systems (e.g., continuously-stirred tank bioreactors), flow cells, and microfluidics.
T697 83794-84046 Sentence denotes Flow formats have the advantage of exposing the biosensor to target-containing samples in a controlled and repeatable fashion and the benefit of driving exposure of the functionalized biosensor to target species via convective mass transfer mechanisms.
T698 84047-84124 Sentence denotes Flow formatsare also typically compatible with large sample volumes (liters).
T699 84125-84241 Sentence denotes Flow cells are typically fabricated via milling and extrusion processes using materials such as Teflon or Plexiglas.
T700 84242-84363 Sentence denotes They have the advantage of accommodating a variety of biosensor form factors, such as rigid three-dimensional biosensors.
T701 84364-84453 Sentence denotes In addition to flow cells, flow formats are commonly achieved using microfluidic devices.
T702 84454-84633 Sentence denotes While microfluidic devices are typically used with biosensors that exhibit thin two-dimensional form factors, such as planar electrodes, they offer various measurement advantages.
T703 84634-84890 Sentence denotes Unlike flow cells, which are typically fabricated from machinable polymers, microfluidics are typically fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) given their low cost and compatibility with microfabrication approaches.
T704 84891-85084 Sentence denotes One advantage of microfluidic devices is their ability to perform integrated sample preparation steps, which eliminates the need for additional steps in the sample-to-result process (Sin et al.
T705 85085-85091 Sentence denotes 2014).
T706 85092-85272 Sentence denotes For example, microfluidic formats for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated fluid pumping, valving, and mixing of small sample volumes (Rivet et al.
T707 85273-85279 Sentence denotes 2011).
T708 85280-85411 Sentence denotes An example of a microfluidic format created by Dastider et al. for detection of S. typhimurium is shown in Fig. 4a (Dastider et al.
T709 85412-85418 Sentence denotes 2015).
T710 85419-85549 Sentence denotes Detection in the presence of flow fields requires high stability of immobilized biorecognition elements (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T711 85550-85749 Sentence denotes The effect of flow characteristics on biosensor collection rates is an important consideration, especially when considering micro- and nano-scale transducers with microfluidic formats (Squires et al.
T712 85750-85756 Sentence denotes 2008).
T713 85757-85930 Sentence denotes For example, emerging nanostructured electrodes, such as functionalized nanoporous membranes, have been shown to achieve high stability in microfluidic devices (Joung et al.
T714 85931-85947 Sentence denotes 2013; Tan et al.
T715 85948-85954 Sentence denotes 2011).
T716 85955-86159 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion on the relationship between device dimensions, flow characteristics, achievable target collection rates, and equilibrium measurement times has been provided elsewhere (Squires et al.
T717 86160-86166 Sentence denotes 2008).
T718 86167-86452 Sentence denotes It is paramount for interpreting biosensor response that users understand the interplay between mass transport of target molecules (both diffusive and convective mechanisms) and reaction at the biosensor surface (i.e., binding of target species to immobilized biorecognition elements).
T719 86453-86632 Sentence denotes Such fundamental understanding can also be employed in biosensor and experiment design to create improved assay outcomes, such as reducing TTR or improving measurement confidence.
T720 86633-86971 Sentence denotes While the presence of pathogens on the surfaces of objects can be analyzed using droplet- and flow-based sample handling formats using material transfer processes, such as swabbing, in situ pathogen detection on the object surfaces is a vital measurement capability for medical diagnostic, infection control, and food safety applications.
T721 86972-87097 Sentence denotes Surface-based measurement formats typically require biosensors with flexible or conforming (i.e., form-fitting) form factors.
T722 87098-87245 Sentence denotes For example, Mannoor et al. detected the presence of pathogenic species directly on teeth using a flexible graphene-based biosensor (Mannoor et al.
T723 87246-87252 Sentence denotes 2012).
T724 87253-87360 Sentence denotes Further discussion of surface-based pathogen detection applications are provided in the following sections.
T725 87361-87444 Sentence denotes The sample handling format often provides insight into the biosensor's reusability.
T726 87445-87563 Sentence denotes Biosensors within the aforementioned measurement formats can be broadly classified as single- or multi-use biosensors.
T727 87564-87746 Sentence denotes Single-use biosensors are unable to monitor the analyte concentration continuously or upon regeneration, while multiple-use biosensors can be repeatedly recalibrated (Thévenot et al.
T728 87747-87753 Sentence denotes 2001).
T729 87754-87999 Sentence denotes For example, droplet-based low-cost, disposable biosensors for water safety are typically single-use, while biosensors for process monitoring applications can be recalibrated to characterize multiple samples and facilitate continuous monitoring.
T730 88000-88286 Sentence denotes The ability to regenerate biosensor surfaces following pathogen detection (i.e., remove selectively-bound pathogens) is a significant technical barrier limiting progress in multiple-use biosensors, and industrial applications thereof, and is discussed further in the following sections.
T731 88288-88372 Sentence denotes 3.3 Electrochemical methods for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors
T732 88373-88509 Sentence denotes Various electrochemical methods can be performed using functionalized electrodes to enable pathogen detection (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T733 88510-88663 Sentence denotes These methods differ in electrode configuration, applied signals, measured signals, mass transport regimes, binding information provided (Thévenot et al.
T734 88664-88712 Sentence denotes 2001), and target size-selectivity (Amiri et al.
T735 88713-88719 Sentence denotes 2018).
T736 88720-88937 Sentence denotes Electrochemical methods used for pathogen detection can be classified as potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, impedimetric, or ion-charge/field-effect, which often signify the measured signal (Thévenot et al.
T737 88938-88944 Sentence denotes 2001).
T738 88945-88997 Sentence denotes The applied signals may be constant or time-varying.
T739 88998-89152 Sentence denotes The result of the electrochemical method may require analysis of the output signal's transient response, steady-steady response, or a combination of both.
T740 89153-89275 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of the aforementioned electrochemical methods has been provided elsewhere (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T741 89276-89389 Sentence denotes Here, we briefly review the most recent methods employed for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T742 89391-89411 Sentence denotes 3.3.1 Potentiometry
T743 89412-89599 Sentence denotes Potentiometric methods, also referred to as controlled-current methods, are those in which an electrical potential is measured in response to an applied current (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T744 89600-89647 Sentence denotes The applied current is typically low amplitude.
T745 89648-89809 Sentence denotes An advantage of controlled-current methods is the ability to use low-cost measurement instrumentation relative to that required for controlled-potential methods.
T746 89810-89956 Sentence denotes Hai et al. used potentiometry with a conductive polymer-based biosensor to detect human influenza A virus (H1N1) at a LOD of 0.013 HAU (Hai et al.
T747 89957-89963 Sentence denotes 2017).
T748 89964-90131 Sentence denotes Hernandez et al. used potentiometry with a carbon-rod modified electrode that contained reduced graphene oxide to detect S. aureus at a single CFU/mL (Hernandez et al.
T749 90132-90138 Sentence denotes 2014).
T750 90139-90230 Sentence denotes Boehm et al. detected E. coli via potentiometry utilizing a Pt wire electrode (Boehm et al.
T751 90231-90237 Sentence denotes 2007).
T752 90238-90329 Sentence denotes Further studies utilizing potentiometric sensing approaches are listed in Table 1, Table 2.
T753 90331-90349 Sentence denotes 3.3.2 Voltammetry
T754 90350-90564 Sentence denotes Voltammetric methods, also referred to as controlled-potential methods, are those in which a current is measured in response to an applied electrical potential that drives redox reactions (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T755 90565-90712 Sentence denotes The measured current is indicative of electron transfer within the sample and at the electrode surface, and thus, the concentration of the analyte.
T756 90713-90866 Sentence denotes In chronoamperometry, the electrical potential at the working electrode is applied in steps, and the resulting current is measured as a function of time.
T757 90867-90973 Sentence denotes The applied electrical potential can also be held constant or varied with time as the current is measured.
T758 90974-91187 Sentence denotes Although various types of biosensors are compatible with voltammetry-based measurements, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors often utilize amperometric-based methods for pathogen detection (Huang et al.
T759 91188-91204 Sentence denotes 2011; Liu et al.
T760 91205-91211 Sentence denotes 2013).
T761 91212-91363 Sentence denotes FET biosensors detect pathogens via measured changes in source-drain channel conductivity that arise from the electric field of the sample environment.
T762 91364-91474 Sentence denotes This is achieved by immobilizing biorecognition elements on the metal or polymer gate electrode of the device.
T763 91475-91664 Sentence denotes He et al. showed that FETs based on PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistor electrodes enabled the detection of E. coli in KCl solutions using Pt and Ag/AgCl gate electrodes (He et al.
T764 91665-91671 Sentence denotes 2012).
T765 91672-91850 Sentence denotes Wu et al. used a graphene-based FET to detect E. coli in nutrient broth diluted with phosphate buffered saline solution with amperometry using a Ag/AgCl gate electrode (Wu et al.
T766 91851-91857 Sentence denotes 2016).
T767 91858-92114 Sentence denotes Further examples of amperometric sensing include the detection of human influenza A virus by Singh et al. using a reduced graphene oxide-based electrode and chronoamperometry using Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- at a LOD of 0.5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL (Singh et al.
T768 92115-92122 Sentence denotes 2017b).
T769 92123-92237 Sentence denotes Lee and Jun utilized wire-based electrodes for amperometric detection of E. coli and S. aureus (Lee and Jun 2016).
T770 92238-92353 Sentence denotes A detailed list of studies that utilize amperometric methods for pathogen detection is provided in Table 1, Table 2
T771 92355-92399 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.1 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry
T772 92400-92626 Sentence denotes Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) methods are those in which a current is measured in response to an applied electrical potential that is swept at a constant rate across a range of electrical potentials (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T773 92627-92830 Sentence denotes Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a commonly used linear-sweep method in which the electrical potential is swept in both the forward and reverse directions in partial cycles, full cycles, or a series of cycles.
T774 92831-92909 Sentence denotes CV is one of the most widely used voltammetric methods for pathogen detection.
T775 92910-93042 Sentence denotes Hong et al. used sweep voltammetry to detect norovirus in a sample solution with Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- extracted from lettuce (Hong et al.
T776 93043-93049 Sentence denotes 2015).
T777 93050-93242 Sentence denotes A typical CV response using Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- associated with pathogen detection is shown in Fig. 5 a for various concentrations of E. coli binding to a polymer composite electrode (Güner et al.
T778 93243-93249 Sentence denotes 2017).
T779 93250-93344 Sentence denotes A detailed overview of pathogen detection studies based on CV is provided in Table 1, Table 2.
T780 93345-93552 Sentence denotes Fig. 5 Typical responses associated with the common electrochemical methods used for pathogen detection. a) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data using Fe(CN)63-/4- for varying concentrations of E. coli (Güner et al.
T781 93553-93680 Sentence denotes 2017). b) Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) data using Fe(CN)63-/4- for varying concentrations of S. aureus (Bhardwaj et al.
T782 93681-93940 Sentence denotes 2017). c) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 100 mM LiClO4 solution in the form of a Nyquist plot and corresponding equivalent circuit model associated with biorecognition element immobilization and detection of S. typhimurium (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T783 93941-94023 Sentence denotes 2016). d) Conductometry data for varying concentrations of B. subtilis (Yoo et al.
T784 94024-94030 Sentence denotes 2017).
T785 94032-94058 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.2 Pulse voltammetry
T786 94059-94157 Sentence denotes Pulse voltammetry is a type of voltammetry in which the electrical potential is applied in pulses.
T787 94158-94325 Sentence denotes The technique has the advantage of improved speed and sensitivity relative to traditional voltammetric techniques (Bard and Faulkner, 2000; Molina and González, 2016).
T788 94326-94540 Sentence denotes In staircase voltammetry, the electrical potential is pulsed in a series of stair steps and the current is measured following each step change, which reduces the effect of capacitive charging on the current signal.
T789 94541-94696 Sentence denotes Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is a type of staircase voltammetry that applies a symmetric square-wave pulse superimposed on a staircase potential waveform.
T790 94697-94765 Sentence denotes The forward pulse of the waveform coincides with the staircase step.
T791 94766-94929 Sentence denotes In differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the electrical potential is scanned with a series of fixed amplitude pulses and superimposed on a changing base potential.
T792 94930-95086 Sentence denotes The current is measured before the pulse application and again at the end of the pulse, which allows for the decay of the nonfaradaic current (Scott, 2016).
T793 95087-95227 Sentence denotes For example, Iqbal et al. used SWV with AuNP-modified carbon electrodes for detection of C. parvum in samples taken from fruit (Iqbal et al.
T794 95228-95234 Sentence denotes 2015).
T795 95235-95347 Sentence denotes Kitajima et al. also used SWV with Au microelectrodes to detect norovirus at a LOD of 10 PFU/mL (Kitajima et al.
T796 95348-95354 Sentence denotes 2016).
T797 95355-95489 Sentence denotes Cheng et al. used DPV and a nanostructured alumina electrode for detection of dengue type 2 virus with a LOD of 1 PFU/mL (Cheng et al.
T798 95490-95496 Sentence denotes 2012).
T799 95497-95609 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5b, Bhardwaj et al. used DPV with a carbon-based electrode to detect S. aureus (Bhardwaj et al.
T800 95610-95616 Sentence denotes 2017).
T801 95617-95728 Sentence denotes Additional studies that utilize pulse voltammetry methods forpathogen detection are listed in Table 1, Table 2.
T802 95730-95760 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.3 Stripping voltammetry
T803 95761-95907 Sentence denotes Many of the previously described voltammetric methods can be modified to include a step that pre-concentrates the target on the electrode surface.
T804 95908-96021 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the pre-concentrated target is stripped from the surface by application of an electrical potential.
T805 96022-96147 Sentence denotes In anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), a negative potential is used to pre-concentrate metal ions onto the electrode surface.
T806 96148-96225 Sentence denotes These ions are then stripped from the surface by applied positive potentials.
T807 96226-96495 Sentence denotes Although most commonly used to detect trace amounts of metals, this method has been adapted for pathogen detection by electrocatalytically coating metallic labels on bound targets for oxidative stripping and subsequently measuring the current response (Abbaspour et al.
T808 96496-96502 Sentence denotes 2015).
T809 96503-96639 Sentence denotes Chen et al. used stripping voltammetry with a polymer-CNT composite-based electrode to detect E. coli at a LOD of 13 CFU/mL (Chen et al.
T810 96640-96646 Sentence denotes 2014).
T811 96647-96709 Sentence denotes In that study, the biosensor was first incubated with E. coli.
T812 96710-96884 Sentence denotes Silica-coated Ag nanoparticles conjugated with anti-E.coli were subsequently introduced to the system, inducing a binding reaction between the bacteria and the nanoparticles.
T813 96885-97036 Sentence denotes After rinsing non-specifically bound particles, acid was introduced to dissolve Ag(s), and the resulting Ag+-rich solution was characterized using DPV.
T814 97037-97270 Sentence denotes Viswanathan et al. used ASV with screen-printed composite electrodes for multiplexed detection of Campylobacter, S. typhimurium, and E. coli with a LOD of 400 cells/mL, 400 cells/mL, and 800 cells/mL, respectively (Viswanathan et al.
T815 97271-97277 Sentence denotes 2012).
T816 97278-97531 Sentence denotes In that study, antibody-functionalized nanocrystalline bioconjugates were first introduced to biosensor-bound bacteria, the specifically bound particles were dissolved with acid, and the ions were then stripped using a square-wave voltammetric waveform.
T817 97532-97655 Sentence denotes Additional studies using stripping voltammetry for electrochemical detection of pathogens can be found in Table 1, Table 2.
T818 97657-97702 Sentence denotes 3.3.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
T819 97703-97903 Sentence denotes The aforementioned electrochemical methods involved responses based on step changes or continuous sweeps in the applied current or voltage that drove the electrode to a condition far from equilibrium.
T820 97904-98221 Sentence denotes Alternatively, frequency response methods, often referred to as impedance-based or impedimetric methods, are based on frequency response analysis (i.e., the response of the system to periodic applied current or potential waveforms at either a fixed frequency or over a range of frequencies) (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T821 98222-98367 Sentence denotes This provides several advantages, including measurement over a wide range of times and frequencies and high precision in time-averaged responses.
T822 98368-98484 Sentence denotes We next discuss impedance-based electrochemical methods for detection of pathogens using electrochemical biosensors.
T823 98485-98616 Sentence denotes In EIS the impedance and phase angle of the system are measured as a function of the frequency of the applied electrical potential.
T824 98617-98852 Sentence denotes EIS is a diverse electrochemical method, which can be done as a faradaic or non-faradaic process, and enables the study of intrinsic material properties, experiment-specific processes, or biorecognition events at the electrode surface.
T825 98853-98975 Sentence denotes EIS is often performed using an applied low-amplitude sinusoidal electrical potential and a three-electrode configuration.
T826 98976-99178 Sentence denotes Equivalent circuit models are commonly fit to experimental impedance and phase angle data to interpret the electrochemical process in terms of passive circuit elements, such as resistors and capacitors.
T827 99179-99434 Sentence denotes For example, the electric double layer is typically modeled as a capacitive element, while the resistance to faradaic charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface is represented as a resistor, often referred to as the charge transfer resistance.
T828 99435-99683 Sentence denotes Additional circuit elements, such as constant-phase or Warburg elements, can also be included to represent other features of the electrochemical cell and process, such transport characteristics of the species at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
T829 99684-99781 Sentence denotes The Randles model is a commonly used equivalent circuit for interpretation of biosensor EIS data.
T830 99782-99988 Sentence denotes The circuit consists of an electrolyte resistance in series with a parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance with the charge transfer resistance and the Warburg impedance element (Randles, 1947).
T831 99989-100071 Sentence denotes Variations of this model have been formulated for a variety of biosensing studies.
T832 100072-100314 Sentence denotes For example, the equivalent circuit model and associated Nyquist plot for electrochemical detection of S. typhimurium using EIS with a poly(pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole) copolymer supported aptamer can be found in Fig. 5c (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T833 100315-100321 Sentence denotes 2016).
T834 100322-100583 Sentence denotes The equivalent circuit model consists of the solution resistance, charge transfer resistance at the copolymer-aptamer/electrolyte interface, and constant phase element for the charge capacitance at the copolymer-aptamer/electrolyte interface (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T835 100584-100590 Sentence denotes 2016).
T836 100591-100840 Sentence denotes While the impedance can be measured across a range of frequencies and interpreted using equivalent circuit models that describe impedance response over a wide frequency range, fixed-frequency measurements are also useful for biosensing applications.
T837 100841-101037 Sentence denotes Fixed-frequency measurements are typically based on the identification of single frequencies or small frequency ranges in the impedance spectra that are most sensitive to molecular binding events.
T838 101038-101138 Sentence denotes Fixed-frequency approaches have the advantage of increasing the sampling frequency of the biosensor.
T839 101139-101411 Sentence denotes As a result, impedance-based electrochemical methods generate biosensor responses in terms of changes in the measured physical quantities (e.g., changes in impedance) or calculated equivalent circuit elements (e.g., double-layer capacitance or charge-transfer resistance).
T840 101412-101530 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, EIS is one of the most commonly used methods for electrochemical detection of pathogens.
T841 101531-101711 Sentence denotes For example, Zarei et al. used EIS with an Au nanoparticle-modified carbon-based electrode for detection of Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) at a LOD of 1 CFU/mL (Zarei et al.
T842 101712-101718 Sentence denotes 2018).
T843 101719-101875 Sentence denotes Primiceri et al. used EIS with Au interdigitated microelectrode arrays and Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- to detect L. monocytogenes at a LOD of 5 CFU/mL (Primiceri et al.
T844 101876-101882 Sentence denotes 2016).
T845 101883-102026 Sentence denotes Andrade et al. used EIS with a CNT-based electrode for multiplexed detection of E. coli, B. subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrade et al.
T846 102027-102033 Sentence denotes 2015).
T847 102034-102135 Sentence denotes Redox reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface are typically established using a redox probe.
T848 102136-102393 Sentence denotes Owing to its high reversibility, the Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- redox couple has been widely investigated as an electrochemical probe for biosensing applications and is regarded as a standard model for highly reversible electrochemical reactions (Daum and Enke, 1969).
T849 102394-102517 Sentence denotes While useful electrochemical probes, redox reactions may also affect the electrode and immobilized biorecognition elements.
T850 102518-102717 Sentence denotes For example, redox reactions associated with the Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- probe can cause etching of Au electrodes due to the presence of CN− ions when using the redox couple for EIS measurements (Vogt et al.
T851 102718-102724 Sentence denotes 2016).
T852 102725-102873 Sentence denotes This observation warrants further investigation, particularly in the context of establishing the effects on biosensor repeatability and reusability.
T853 102874-102959 Sentence denotes The use of alternative redox probes or electrode materials may mitigate such effects.
T854 102960-103064 Sentence denotes For example, ferrocene and ferrocenemethanol have also been used as redox probes for pathogen detection.
T855 103065-103116 Sentence denotes Ruthenium(III)/ruthenium(II) (Schrattenecker et al.
T856 103117-103165 Sentence denotes 2019) and immobilized quinone pairs (Piro et al.
T857 103166-103213 Sentence denotes 2013) are also potentially useful alternatives.
T858 103214-103404 Sentence denotes Biosensors that use impedance-based methods and whose impedance response can be modeled using equivalent circuit models can be used to calculate the capacitance of the electric double layer.
T859 103405-103668 Sentence denotes The double-layer capacitance is recognized to be sensitive to the structure of the electrode, the characteristics and concentration of analytes at the electrode surface and in the electrolyte, and the characteristics of the electrolyte (Lisdat and Schäfer, 2008).
T860 103669-103798 Sentence denotes As a capacitor, the double-layer is not only dependent on the dielectric material but also the thickness of the dielectric layer.
T861 103799-103895 Sentence denotes Importantly, both characteristics could be affected by molecular binding events on an electrode.
T862 103896-104091 Sentence denotes For example, when a target analyte binds to an immobilized biorecognition element, counter ions around the electrode surface are displaced, leading to a change in the capacitance (Berggren et al.
T863 104092-104098 Sentence denotes 2001).
T864 104099-104255 Sentence denotes The capacitance can be determined from the reactive component of the impedance or by fitting of an equivalent circuit model (Barsoukov and Macdonald, 2018).
T865 104256-104357 Sentence denotes Idil et al. used the capacitive response of a MIP electrode for the detection of E. coli (Idil et al.
T866 104358-104364 Sentence denotes 2017).
T867 104365-104484 Sentence denotes Jantra et al. similarly used the capacitive response of an Au rod electrode for the detection of E. coli (Jantra et al.
T868 104485-104491 Sentence denotes 2011).
T869 104492-104658 Sentence denotes Luka et al. used the capacitive response of an Au interdigitated microelectrode array based on equivalent circuit analysis for the detection of C. parvum (Luka et al.
T870 104659-104665 Sentence denotes 2019).
T871 104666-104812 Sentence denotes See Table 1, Table 2 for a detailed list of studies that have used the capacitive response of an electrochemical biosensor for pathogen detection.
T872 104814-104834 Sentence denotes 3.3.4 Conductometry
T873 104835-105025 Sentence denotes Conductometry methods are those in which the conductivity of the sample solution is monitored using a low-amplitude alternating electrical potential (Dzyadevych and Jaffrezic-Renault, 2014).
T874 105026-105137 Sentence denotes The principle relies on conductivity change in the sample via the production or consumption of charged species.
T875 105138-105341 Sentence denotes The measurement has the advantage of not requiring a reference electrode and can be used to detect both electroactive and electroinactive analytes (Jaffrezic-Renault and Dzyadevych, 2008; Narayan, 2016).
T876 105342-105466 Sentence denotes Given the method can be performed using a two-electrode configuration, conductometric biosensors can be easily miniaturized.
T877 105467-105619 Sentence denotes In addition, they are less vulnerable to many types of interference due to their differential measurement mode (Jaffrezic-Renault and Dzyadevych, 2008).
T878 105620-105754 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5d, Yoo et al. used a conductometric biosensor with CNT-based electrodes for the detection of B. subtilis (Yoo et al.
T879 105755-105761 Sentence denotes 2017).
T880 105762-105905 Sentence denotes Mannoor et al. used a previously described conductometric biosensor to detect S. aureus and Helicobacter pylori on tooth enamel (Mannoor et al.
T881 105906-105912 Sentence denotes 2012).
T882 105913-106077 Sentence denotes Shen et al. detected two strains of human influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2) using conductometry with a silicon nanowire array at a LOD of 29 viruses/μL (Shen et al.
T883 106078-106084 Sentence denotes 2012).
T884 106085-106216 Sentence denotes Additional studies that have examined the use of conductometric biosensors for pathogen detection can be found in Table 1, Table 2.
T885 106218-106251 Sentence denotes 3.4 Secondary binding approaches
T886 106252-106360 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors would ideally produce sensitive and selective results using label-free protocols.
T887 106361-106561 Sentence denotes However, secondary binding reactions are sometimes required to facilitate the robust detection of pathogens that lack initial labels depending on the biosensor characteristics and measurement demands.
T888 106562-106685 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps can facilitate target labeling, biosensor signal amplification, and verification of target binding.
T889 106686-106858 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps provide useful in situ controls and can increase sensitivity, LOD, dynamic range, and measurement confidence (e.g., verification of target binding).
T890 106859-106986 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps also provide opportunities for acquiring additional bioanalytical information about the target species.
T891 106987-107149 Sentence denotes Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response.
T892 107150-107306 Sentence denotes There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed.
T893 107307-107387 Sentence denotes Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate.
T894 107388-107606 Sentence denotes In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction.
T895 107607-107768 Sentence denotes Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis.
T896 107769-107871 Sentence denotes Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection.
T897 107872-108013 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format.
T898 108014-108166 Sentence denotes A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al.
T899 108167-108173 Sentence denotes 2016).
T900 108174-108355 Sentence denotes Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al.
T901 108356-108362 Sentence denotes 2015).
T902 108363-108612 Sentence denotes Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al.
T903 108613-108619 Sentence denotes 2016).
T904 108620-108901 Sentence denotes Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al.
T905 108902-108909 Sentence denotes 2016b).
T906 108910-109487 Sentence denotes Fig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al.
T907 109488-109601 Sentence denotes 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al.
T908 109602-109608 Sentence denotes 2016).
T909 109609-109710 Sentence denotes In addition to enzymes, secondary binding of nanoparticles has also been used for pathogen detection.
T910 109711-109884 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 6b, Wan et al. utilized non-functionalized AuNPs to amplify the EIS response of an antibody-immobilized planar Au electrode to E. coli detection (Wan et al.
T911 109885-109891 Sentence denotes 2016).
T912 109892-109984 Sentence denotes A detailed overview of studies that employ enzymes and nanoparticles is provided in Table 2.
T913 109985-110263 Sentence denotes We remind the reader that while secondary binding steps are useful techniques, assays that avoid secondary binding steps have advantages for bioprocess monitoring and control applications, as they avoid the addition of reagents to a process that may compromise product quality).
T914 110265-110302 Sentence denotes 4 Applications to pathogen detection
T915 110303-110499 Sentence denotes As identified in the previous sections, the application influences the biosensor design and measurement format associated with a given electrochemical biosensor-based assay for pathogen detection.
T916 110500-110699 Sentence denotes We next review applications of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection in food and water safety, environmental monitoring and infection control, medical diagnostics, and bio-threat defense.
T917 110701-110740 Sentence denotes 4.1 Food and water safety applications
T918 110741-110833 Sentence denotes Detection of foodborne and waterborne pathogens is an essential aspect of public healthcare.
T919 110834-111001 Sentence denotes Foodborne and waterborne pathogens originate from a variety of sources and matrices and typically infect humans through the consumption of contaminated food and water.
T920 111002-111101 Sentence denotes Waterborne pathogens are responsible for about 2.2 million deaths annually worldwide (Pandey et al.
T921 111102-111192 Sentence denotes 2014), and contaminated food-related deaths amount to around 420,000 annually (WHO, 2015).
T922 111193-111418 Sentence denotes In 2019, the United States suffered an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium in turkey products caused 358 infections across 42 states, demonstrating the importance of detecting pathogens in food sources (CDC, 2019).
T923 111419-111715 Sentence denotes While biosensors for pathogen detection are critical to water and food safety in developed regions, biosensors are particularly important aspects of public healthcare in remote and under-developed regions due to relatively reduced infrastructure and resources for food and water quality analysis.
T924 111716-111931 Sentence denotes For example, in 2014, a cholera outbreak linked to V. cholerae in Ghana, which has been associated with poor environmental water management and sanitation issues, infected over 20,000 individuals (Ohene-Adjei et al.
T925 111932-111938 Sentence denotes 2017).
T926 111939-112032 Sentence denotes The selective detection of pathogens in food and water remains a global healthcare challenge.
T927 112033-112160 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been written on biosensors for food and water safety (Baeumner, 2003; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T928 112161-112181 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T929 112182-112205 Sentence denotes 2003; Ye et al., 2019).
T930 112206-112275 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T931 112276-112521 Sentence denotes Common foodborne and waterborne pathogens include protozoa, such as C. parvum and G. lamblia, bacteria, such as E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and Campylobacter, and viruses, such as norovirus and rotavirus (Beuchat et al.
T932 112522-112542 Sentence denotes 2013; Cabral, 2010).
T933 112543-112701 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of foodborne and waterborne pathogens can vary by 4–6 orders of magnitude, from a single cell or oocyst to greater than one million cells.
T934 112702-112859 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of S. dysenteriae is 200 CFU (Greig and Todd, 2010), while that of S. aureus is 100,000 CFU (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T935 112860-113083 Sentence denotes Given the extensive use of immunoassays in food and water safety, such as ELISA, it is possible to obtain commercially-available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for a large number of foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T936 113084-113311 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications associated with process monitoring applications may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate high-throughput analysis, continuous monitoring capability, and biosensor reusability.
T937 113312-113513 Sentence denotes Alternatively, those for water safety applications in under-developed regions may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate field use, such as sample preparation-free protocols.
T938 113514-113666 Sentence denotes Pathogens can also enter food and water through processing, packaging, distribution, and storage processes (e.g., via workers and pests) (Beuchat et al.
T939 113667-113706 Sentence denotes 2013; Mehrotra, 2016; Ye et al., 2019).
T940 113707-113853 Sentence denotes As a result, biosensors for food and water safety applications should facilitate pathogen detection at various stages of the processing operation.
T941 113854-114096 Sentence denotes Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for food and water safety applications have established new low-cost biosensor designs, portable measurement formats, and flexible form-factors and are discussed further in the following sections.
T942 114098-114162 Sentence denotes 4.2 Environmental monitoring and infection control applications
T943 114163-114297 Sentence denotes In addition to foodborne and waterborne pathogens, the detection of environmental pathogens is also an important aspect of healthcare.
T944 114298-114436 Sentence denotes For example, diseases associated with environmental pathogens are one of the leading causes of death in low-income economies (WHO, 2018a).
T945 114437-114529 Sentence denotes For example, malaria was reported to cause an estimated 435,000 deaths in 2017 (WHO, 2018b).
T946 114530-114753 Sentence denotes Environmental pathogens are microorganisms that typically spend a substantial part of their lifecycle outside human hosts, but when introduced to humans through contact or inhalation cause disease with measurable frequency.
T947 114754-114838 Sentence denotes Thus, environmental pathogens are often targets in medical diagnostics applications.
T948 114839-115079 Sentence denotes However, here, we choose to distinguish environmental monitoring applications, which require pathogen detection in the environment (e.g., in air or on surfaces), from medical diagnostics applications, which require detection in body fluids.
T949 115080-115158 Sentence denotes Thus, the distinction is based on the matrix in which the pathogen is present.
T950 115159-115388 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, which require biosensors capable of analyzing pathogen-containing complex matrices, such as a water or food matrix, environmental pathogens are present in multiple types of matrices.
T951 115389-115697 Sentence denotes While environmental pathogens can enter the body through direct physical contact, they can also be transmitted through aerosols or interaction with organisms that serve as vectors for the infectious agent, such as mosquitos in the case of Plasmodium falciparum (the infectious agent associated with malaria).
T952 115698-115945 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of environmental pathogens often requires analysis of matrices, such as air, and objects, such as the surfaces of biomedical devices or objects within healthcare facilities, that are present in the human environment (Lai et al.
T953 115946-115952 Sentence denotes 2009).
T954 115953-116077 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been provided on the detection of environmental pathogens (Baeumner, 2003; Justino et al.
T955 116078-116084 Sentence denotes 2017).
T956 116085-116190 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common environmental pathogens found both in and outside of clinical settings.
T957 116191-116411 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in a non-clinical setting include Legionella spp., which cause Legionnellosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Naegleria fowleri, which causes amoebic meningitis.
T958 116412-116513 Sentence denotes In addition to bacteria and protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and insects are also environmental pathogens.
T959 116514-116966 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in clinical settings associated with healthcare-acquired infections include drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile (CD) (Hookman and Barkin, 2009), which causes CD-associated diarrhea and antibiotic-induced colitis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which causes severe infections in various parts of the body, including the urinary tract (Gordon and Lowy, 2008).
T960 116967-117119 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of environmental pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen as well as age and health of the individual.
T961 117120-117268 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of CD is less than 10 spores, while that of MRSA is greater than 100,000 organisms (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T962 117269-117464 Sentence denotes While it is possible to obtain antibodies for foodborne and waterborne pathogens, it can be challenging to obtain antibodies for various environmental pathogens, including protozoa and nematodes.
T963 117465-117586 Sentence denotes Thus, traditional bioanalytical techniques, such as PCR, are often utilized for the detection of environmental pathogens.
T964 117587-117780 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, biosensor-based assays for environmental pathogen detection applications also utilize measurement formats that facilitate the analysis of liquids.
T965 117781-117871 Sentence denotes However, they also require measurement formats for the detection of aerosolized pathogens.
T966 117872-118124 Sentence denotes In addition to airborne transmission, environmental pathogens are transmitted by direct surface contact (similar to many foodborne pathogens), which is a significant mode of transmission in healthcare settings (e.g., of healthcare-acquired infections).
T967 118125-118387 Sentence denotes Standardized guidelines for disinfecting and sterilizing the surfaces of medical equipment, assistive technologies, counters, and doors, among other surfaces, have emerged as an important aspect of infection control in modern healthcare facilities (Fraise et al.
T968 118388-118394 Sentence denotes 2008).
T969 118395-118555 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of pathogens on the surfaces of biomedical devices and objects present in healthcare facilities is an important research area (Kramer et al.
T970 118556-118574 Sentence denotes 2006; Weber et al.
T971 118575-118581 Sentence denotes 2010).
T972 118582-118816 Sentence denotes For example, bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment has been examined as a source of intensive care unit-acquired infections, a global healthcare challenge, especially when caused by MDR pathogens (Russotto et al.
T973 118817-118823 Sentence denotes 2015).
T974 118824-118911 Sentence denotes Hospital-acquired infections are prevalent causes of morbidity in patients (Orsi et al.
T975 118912-118918 Sentence denotes 2002).
T976 118919-119105 Sentence denotes This problem has only been exasperated by the rise of MDR CD, as well as drug-resistant strains of Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Salmonella, S. aureus, and S. dysenteriae (Ventola, 2015).
T977 119106-119238 Sentence denotes In addition to clinical pathogens, it is also of interest to detect pathogens in non-clinical settings (Faucher and Charette, 2015).
T978 119239-119429 Sentence denotes Toxin-producing algae, such as cyanobacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria, are also important targets for electrochemical biosensors associated with the prevention of water-based diseases.
T979 119431-119467 Sentence denotes 4.3 Medical diagnostic applications
T980 119468-119654 Sentence denotes The field of medical diagnostics heavily relies on the identification and quantification of pathogens found in body fluids, including whole blood, stool, urine, mucus, saliva, or sputum.
T981 119655-119885 Sentence denotes Diagnostic assays based on traditional bioanalytical techniques for detection of pathogens in body fluids are the gold standard and serve an essential role in healthcare by enabling the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
T982 119886-120126 Sentence denotes Biosensors offer a complementary diagnostic platform that enable rapid and cost-effective measurements, high sensitivity, and the ability to make measurements in complex matrices that pose challenges to traditional bioanalytical techniques.
T983 120127-120317 Sentence denotes Studies suggest that rapid diagnostic testing can potentially reduce the chance of hospitalization, duration of hospitalization and antimicrobial use, and mortality rates (Barenfanger et al.
T984 120318-120339 Sentence denotes 2000; Beekmann et al.
T985 120340-120360 Sentence denotes 2003; Dierkes et al.
T986 120361-120379 Sentence denotes 2009; Rappo et al.
T987 120380-120386 Sentence denotes 2016).
T988 120387-120610 Sentence denotes For example, repeated rapid screening programs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection is recommended as a means of increasing quality-adjusted life years of health for citizens in the United States (Paltiel et al.
T989 120611-120617 Sentence denotes 2006).
T990 120618-120757 Sentence denotes Additionally, the need for rapid antibody screening has been identified as an important aspect of mitigating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
T991 120758-120994 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been published on traditional bioanalytical assays and biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection in medical diagnostics applications (Ahmed et al., 2014; da Silva et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2014).
T992 120995-121189 Sentence denotes Common pathogens include the aforementioned foodborne, waterborne, and environmental pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium and Plasmodium spp.), as well as additional airborne and bloodborne pathogens.
T993 121190-121345 Sentence denotes Pathogens such as Mycobacterium, HIV, and Plasmodium falciparum, represent some of the top causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide (WHO, 2018a).
T994 121346-121641 Sentence denotes Other common pathogens associated with medical diagnostics applications include those that cause respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and diarrheal diseases, such as CD and MRSA, which can be life-threatening to the children, elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems.
T995 121642-121831 Sentence denotes Other airborne and bloodborne pathogens of interest include the influenza virus, COVID-19, hepatitis virus, rabies virus, and bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumonia and Bordetella pertussis.
T996 121832-122019 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of airborne and bloodborne pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen, the method of contraction, and the age and health of the individual.
T997 122020-122263 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of influenza is between 100–1000 particles (Gürtler, 2006), while the median infectious dose of HIV can vary, for example, from two RNA copies to 65,000 depending on the strain and source (Reid and Juma, 2009).
T998 122264-122411 Sentence denotes The diagnostically-relevant concentration of pathogens in each type of matrix must be considered when designing a biosensor for pathogen detection.
T999 122412-122528 Sentence denotes For example, the detection of bacteria in blood versus urine exhibit different diagnostic thresholds (Kelley, 2017).
T1000 122529-122593 Sentence denotes Such knowledge can inform the need for sample preparation steps.
T1001 122595-122646 Sentence denotes 4.4 Biological defense and bio-threat applications
T1002 122647-122783 Sentence denotes The potential for the weaponization of pathogens drives the need for rapid and sensitive biosensors for biological defense applications.
T1003 122784-123001 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications to biological defense and bio-threat are related to the aforementioned applications in food and water safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics but consider weaponized pathogens.
T1004 123002-123267 Sentence denotes However, while pathogens found in environmental monitoring applications are often native and endogenous agents, pathogens found in biological defense and bio-threat applications are often exogenous agents, which may have been weaponized and intentionally dispersed.
T1005 123268-123496 Sentence denotes For example, pathogen-based bio-threat situations typically involve the overt or covert introduction of an exogenous pathogen into either the food or water supply or environments which with humans closely interact (Cirino et al.
T1006 123497-123516 Sentence denotes 2004; Mirski et al.
T1007 123517-123547 Sentence denotes 2014; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1008 123548-123688 Sentence denotes The reader is directed to various comprehensive reviews on biosensor-based assays for the detection of biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1009 123689-123719 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1010 123720-123781 Sentence denotes Common targets include the aforementioned airborne pathogens.
T1011 123782-123989 Sentence denotes In addition to the aforementioned naturally-occurring pathogens, pathogens for bio-threat may include engineered pathogens, such as genetically-modified viruses that can be transmitted via airborne pathways.
T1012 123990-124164 Sentence denotes B. anthracis (Anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), and vaccinia virus are among several pathogens that have been utilized or suggested as biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1013 124165-124195 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1014 124196-124447 Sentence denotes While pathogen-based bio-threats may be introduced to the water and food supply, the detection of pathogen-based bio-threats in air is particularly critical to biowarfare defense, as they may be introduced into the battlefield in the form of aerosols.
T1015 124448-124610 Sentence denotes Further, the dispersal of pathogen-based bio-threats by air in facilities (e.g., via air-handling systems) represents a significant domestic bioterrorism concern.
T1016 124611-124834 Sentence denotes Thus, biosensor-based assays for bio-threat applications should be low-cost and portable to enable integration with existing physical systems (e.g., facilities) and movement with the warfighter or drones on the battlefield.
T1017 124835-125111 Sentence denotes Having discussed transduction elements, biorecognition elements, electrochemical methods, measurement formats, and pathogen detection applications, we next discuss the present challenges and future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection.
T1018 125113-125212 Sentence denotes 5 Present challenges and future directions for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors
T1019 125213-125417 Sentence denotes Here, we discuss the present challenges and future directions associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors to identify future research opportunities and emerging areas in the field.
T1020 125419-125493 Sentence denotes 5.1 Emerging electrode materials, fabrication processes, and form factors
T1021 125494-125607 Sentence denotes The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field.
T1022 125608-125695 Sentence denotes One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device.
T1023 125696-125800 Sentence denotes Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al.
T1024 125801-125826 Sentence denotes 2016) and 7b (Wang et al.
T1025 125827-125943 Sentence denotes 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes.
T1026 125944-126066 Sentence denotes Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring.
T1027 126067-126202 Sentence denotes Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3.
T1028 126203-126372 Sentence denotes For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al.
T1029 126373-126379 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1030 126380-126543 Sentence denotes Fig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al.
T1031 126544-126600 Sentence denotes 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al.
T1032 126601-126703 Sentence denotes 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al.
T1033 126704-126784 Sentence denotes 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al.
T1034 126785-126886 Sentence denotes 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al.
T1035 126887-126893 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1036 126894-127027 Sentence denotes In addition to reducing the material cost per device, efforts to reduce the manufacturing cost of biosensors have also been examined.
T1037 127028-127108 Sentence denotes 3D printing processes have emerged as popular methods for biosensor fabrication.
T1038 127109-127184 Sentence denotes For example, 3D printing is compatible with flexible and curved substrates.
T1039 127185-127368 Sentence denotes 3D printing has also been used for the fabrication of various components of electrochemical biosensors, such as electrodes, substrates, fluid handling components, or device packaging.
T1040 127369-127499 Sentence denotes In particular, 3D printing has emerged as a useful fabrication platform for microfluidic-based analytical platforms (Waheed et al.
T1041 127500-127506 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1042 127507-127620 Sentence denotes For example, to date, 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of electrode-integrated microfluidics (Erkal et al.
T1043 127621-127690 Sentence denotes 2014), 3D microfluidics, organ-conforming microfluidics (Singh et al.
T1044 127691-127755 Sentence denotes 2017a), and transducer-integrated microfluidics (Cesewski et al.
T1045 127756-127762 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1046 127763-127926 Sentence denotes Thus, 3D printing may serve as an important fabrication platform for the creation of wearable microfluidic-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T1047 127927-128095 Sentence denotes The ability to quantify the level of pathogens on the surfaces of objects (e.g., skin, food, and medical equipment) remains a present challenge in the biosensing field.
T1048 128096-128214 Sentence denotes Wearable biomedical devices have emerged as promising tools for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and health monitoring.
T1049 128215-128316 Sentence denotes The application constraints of wearable devices require them to be lightweight and simple to operate.
T1050 128317-128527 Sentence denotes Wearable devices can provide continuous monitoring of body fluids, such as blood and sweat, allowing patients to obtain real-time bioanalytical information without the inconvenience of facility-based screening.
T1051 128528-128699 Sentence denotes To date, biosensors have been incorporated into a variety of wearable devices, including contact lenses, clothing, bandages, rings, and tattoos (Bandodkar and Wang, 2014).
T1052 128700-128803 Sentence denotes This is a rapidly emerging area linked to smartphone technology for biosensor actuation and monitoring.
T1053 128804-128989 Sentence denotes The rise of flexible electronics has also contributed to the success of incorporating electrochemical biosensors into flexible textiles, which has enhanced their wearability (Rim et al.
T1054 128990-128996 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1055 128997-129198 Sentence denotes Although most wearable electrochemical biosensors are used to detect small molecules, such as lactate, glucose, or electrolytes, there is increasing interest in their application to pathogen detection.
T1056 129199-129354 Sentence denotes Challenges include biocompatibility (e.g., reduction of skin irritation), device power consumption, and biosensor-tissue mechanical and geometric matching.
T1057 129355-129562 Sentence denotes Because of the small sample size of body fluid secretions and the need to transport the sample to the electrode surface, microfluidic formats are now emerging for wearable bioanalytical systems (Singh et al.
T1058 129563-129570 Sentence denotes 2017a).
T1059 129572-129598 Sentence denotes 5.2 Detection of protozoa
T1060 129599-129767 Sentence denotes Importantly, the size of the pathogen may have a significant impact on a given electrochemical biosensor's performance based on the type of electrochemical method used.
T1061 129768-129848 Sentence denotes For example, pathogens can range greater than three orders of magnitude in size.
T1062 129849-129928 Sentence denotes For example, the diameter of norovirus was estimated at 27 nm (Robilotti et al.
T1063 129929-130000 Sentence denotes 2015), while the diameter of G. lamblia oocysts is ~14 μm (Adam, 2001).
T1064 130001-130113 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of protozoa-based pathogens is an area requiring further attention.
T1065 130114-130317 Sentence denotes Protozoa, as large pathogens, achieve relatively less coverage of the electrode than small pathogens, thereby having a relatively smaller effect on charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
T1066 130318-130438 Sentence denotes C. parvum is at present the most commonly detected protozoa using electrochemical biosensors (see Table 1) (Iqbal et al.
T1067 130439-130457 Sentence denotes 2015) (Luka et al.
T1068 130458-130464 Sentence denotes 2019).
T1069 130466-130499 Sentence denotes 5.3 Detection of plant pathogens
T1070 130500-130790 Sentence denotes While the majority of infectious agents detected using electrochemical biosensors are human pathogens, emerging agricultural applications of electrochemical biosensors, such as in smart agriculture, suggest the need for biosensors capable of detecting plant pathogens (Khater et al., 2017).
T1071 130791-130970 Sentence denotes For example, crop yield losses associated with plant pathogens range from 8.1 to 41.1% based on global production of wheat, rice, maize, potato, and soybean (Savary et al., 2019).
T1072 130971-131051 Sentence denotes Common plant pathogens include viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes.
T1073 131052-131221 Sentence denotes Chartuprayoon et al. recently established a polypyrrole nanoribbon-based chemiresistive immunosensor for detection of viral plant pathogens (Chartuprayoon et al., 2013).
T1074 131223-131249 Sentence denotes 5.4 Multiplexed detection
T1075 131250-131391 Sentence denotes Multiplexed detection of pathogens has emerged as a technique for phenotype identification and identification of multiple pathogenic threats.
T1076 131392-131547 Sentence denotes Multiplexing can be achieved via various approaches, but typically involves the use of multiple transducers that exhibit different biorecognition elements.
T1077 131548-131716 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy for multiplexed bacterial detection by Li et al. via immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-V. cholerae on AuNPs is shown in Fig. 4b (Li et al.
T1078 131717-131723 Sentence denotes 2017).
T1079 131724-131856 Sentence denotes Spatially-distributed biorecognition elements on a single electrode or multiple electrodes can also provide multiplexing capability.
T1080 131857-132029 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy based on the immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-S. aureus within a microfluidic chamber created by Tian et al. is shown in Fig. 4c (Tian et al.
T1081 132030-132036 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1082 132038-132088 Sentence denotes 5.5 Saturation-free continuous monitoring formats
T1083 132089-132212 Sentence denotes The inability to regenerate biosensors is a major hindrance to biosensor-based process monitoring and control applications.
T1084 132213-132414 Sentence denotes While various biosensors must be disposed of after a single use, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces using chemical approaches has been leveraged as an approach for creating multiple-use biosensors.
T1085 132415-132610 Sentence denotes Biosensor regeneration approaches typically involve chemically-mediated dissociation of the target from the immobilized biorecognition element or removal of the biorecognition element altogether.
T1086 132611-132824 Sentence denotes This can be accomplished through acid-base mediated regeneration, detergents, glycine, and urea as well as achieved by thermal regeneration, plasma cleaning, or even direct electrochemical desorption (Goode et al.
T1087 132825-132843 Sentence denotes 2015; Huang et al.
T1088 132844-132871 Sentence denotes 2010; Zelada-Guillen et al.
T1089 132872-132878 Sentence denotes 2010).
T1090 132879-133102 Sentence denotes For example, Dweik et al. used a combination of organic (acetone) and plasma cleaning protocols to regenerate an Au interdigitated microelectrode array after detection of E. coli to use devices five times each (Dweik et al.
T1091 133103-133109 Sentence denotes 2012).
T1092 133110-133390 Sentence denotes Johnson and Mutharasan used a liquid-phase hydrogen peroxide-mediated UV-photooxidation process for regeneration of biosensor surfaces as an alternative to aggressive chemical treatments, such as those based on the use of high- or low-pH solutions (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2013b).
T1093 133391-133636 Sentence denotes We note that an ideal biosensor regeneration (i.e., cleaning) approach for process monitoring applications would remove the captured target in situ using a chemical-free approach and preserve the biorecognition layer for subsequent measurements.
T1094 133638-133683 Sentence denotes 5.6 Low-cost, single-use portable biosensors
T1095 133684-133805 Sentence denotes The creation of environmentally-friendly disposable substrates is a present challenge for low-cost single-use biosensors.
T1096 133806-133925 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates have recently emerged as attractive alternatives to costlier ceramic substrates (Martinez et al.
T1097 133926-133932 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1098 133933-134051 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates can also eliminate the need for supporting fluid handling components through capillary effects.
T1099 134052-134177 Sentence denotes For example, paper substrates can be patterned with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to direct fluid flow (Carrilho et al.
T1100 134178-134184 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1101 134185-134307 Sentence denotes Paper-based devices are also relatively environmentally friendly in terms of material sourcing, disposal, and degradation.
T1102 134308-134540 Sentence denotes However, the potential toxicity of materials that may have been deposited on paper substrates, such as nanomaterials, should still be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a disposable single-use biosensing platform.
T1103 134541-134678 Sentence denotes For example, the long-term environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials remain active areas of research (Colvin, 2003; Klaine et al.
T1104 134679-134696 Sentence denotes 2008; Lead et al.
T1105 134697-134703 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1106 134704-134898 Sentence denotes Although paper-based devices have historically been most commonly used with colorimetric sensing techniques, they have been increasingly investigated for electrochemical biosensing (Ahmed et al.
T1107 134899-134920 Sentence denotes 2016; Meredith et al.
T1108 134921-134927 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1109 134928-134989 Sentence denotes A highlight of paper-based substrates is provided in Fig. 7c.
T1110 134990-135143 Sentence denotes The need for water safety and medical diagnostics in remote and under-developed regions has led to the demand for low-cost portable biosensing platforms.
T1111 135144-135380 Sentence denotes One of the major challenges in creating portable biosensors for field use is the need to establish sample preparation-free protocols (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and miniaturize components for actuation, data acquisition, and readout.
T1112 135381-135517 Sentence denotes However, device miniaturization also presents measurement challenges, such as increasing the biosensor signal-to-noise ratio (Wei et al.
T1113 135518-135524 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1114 135525-135696 Sentence denotes Further, portable biosensing platforms should exhibit biorecognition elements that remain stable for extended periods and at a variety of temperatures and humidity levels.
T1115 135697-135916 Sentence denotes The measurement robustness associated with the analysis of small sample volumes also requires further attention with the use of emerging low-cost materials, fabrication approaches, and transduction methods (Kumar et al.
T1116 135917-135935 Sentence denotes 2013; Luppa et al.
T1117 135936-135967 Sentence denotes 2016; Narayan, 2016; Wan et al.
T1118 135968-135974 Sentence denotes 2013).
T1119 135975-136308 Sentence denotes The elimination of sample preparation steps from biosensor-based assays represents a significant advantage relative to traditional bioanalytical techniques (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and is an important advantage and consideration for single-use biosensors and remote biosensing applications based on portable low-cost platforms.
T1120 136309-136468 Sentence denotes Sample preparation-free protocols can improve measurement confidence, repeatability, and reduce TTR, which are important aspects of healthcare decision-making.
T1121 136469-136635 Sentence denotes For example, it has been shown that a reduction in turnaround time for diagnostic assays could have a positive effect on clinical treatment outcomes (Davenport et al.
T1122 136636-136652 Sentence denotes 2017; Sin et al.
T1123 136653-136659 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1124 136660-136851 Sentence denotes When sample preparation is required, integrated alternatives to manual techniques, such as microfluidic processes, may provide a new path toward achieving rapid and robust pathogen detection.
T1125 136852-137122 Sentence denotes For example, separation and pre-concentration steps have been increasingly examined for integration with microfluidic-based biosensor platforms to reduce the number of steps, materials needed, and required technical personnel, and thus TTR (Bunyakul and Baeumner, 2014).
T1126 137124-137161 Sentence denotes 5.7 Wireless transduction approaches
T1127 137162-137427 Sentence denotes The examination of wireless transduction and monitoring approaches has an important role in creating portable and wearable biosensing platforms for pathogen detection and distributed sensing systems for infection control and process monitoring (Ghafar-Zadeh, 2015).
T1128 137428-137598 Sentence denotes Wireless biosensing platforms are also essential to the creation of implantable and integrated biosensors for pathogen detection, including those for medical diagnostics.
T1129 137599-137785 Sentence denotes For example, as previously referenced, Mannoor et al. fabricated a conformal biosensor for bacteria detection on tooth enamel based on a radiofrequency (RF) link approach (Mannoor et al.
T1130 137786-137806 Sentence denotes 2012) (see Fig. 7d).
T1131 137807-137888 Sentence denotes Wireless transduction approaches remains an emerging area for pathogen detection.
T1132 137889-138011 Sentence denotes An example of smartphone-enabled wireless signal processing for detection of E. coli can be found in Fig. 7e (Jiang et al.
T1133 138012-138018 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1134 138020-138034 Sentence denotes 6 Conclusions
T1135 138035-138124 Sentence denotes Here, we provided a critical review of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T1136 138125-138238 Sentence denotes Biosensor transduction elements and biorecognition elements for electrochemical pathogen detection were reviewed.
T1137 138239-138428 Sentence denotes Bacteria remain the most commonly detected pathogens using electrochemical biosensors, though the detection of viruses and protozoa have been increasingly examined over the past five years.
T1138 138429-138612 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors now exhibit LODs as low as a single plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL and colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL and dynamic ranges that span multiple orders of magnitude.
T1139 138613-138835 Sentence denotes While planar Au electrodes remain the most commonly utilized working electrode, nanostructured electrodes derived from a variety of engineering materials, including polymers and composites, have been increasingly examined.
T1140 138836-138979 Sentence denotes Present challenges and future directions in the field were discussed, including a need for further low-cost, reusable, and wearable biosensors.
T1141 138980-139135 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors offer great potential as resources for improving global healthcare, such as preventing the spread of highly contagious diseases.
T1142 139137-139170 Sentence denotes Declaration of competing interest
T1143 139171-139341 Sentence denotes The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

2_test

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32364936-22035288-7712937 19686-19690 22035288 denotes 2012
32364936-22453836-7712938 19814-19818 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-22453836-7712939 19945-19949 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-23085745-7712940 20058-20062 23085745 denotes 2012
32364936-22608418-7712941 20259-20263 22608418 denotes 2012
32364936-22456097-7712942 20388-20392 22456097 denotes 2012
32364936-23510137-7712943 20631-20635 23510137 denotes 2013
32364936-23220066-7712944 20799-20803 23220066 denotes 2013
32364936-23500360-7712945 21051-21055 23500360 denotes 2013
32364936-23811484-7712946 21167-21171 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-23428735-7712947 21245-21249 23428735 denotes 2013
32364936-23870918-7712948 21672-21676 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-23238324-7712949 21780-21784 23238324 denotes 2013
32364936-23058659-7712950 21852-21856 23058659 denotes 2013
32364936-24325983-7712951 21979-21983 24325983 denotes 2014
32364936-24872904-7712952 22074-22078 24872904 denotes 2014
32364936-24445115-7712953 22205-22209 24445115 denotes 2014
32364936-24906084-7712954 22441-22445 24906084 denotes 2014
32364936-24400685-7712955 22567-22571 24400685 denotes 2014
32364936-25847459-7712956 22895-22899 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712957 23008-23012 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712958 23121-23125 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712959 23224-23228 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25460610-7712960 23601-23605 25460610 denotes 2015
32364936-25263315-7712961 23743-23747 25263315 denotes 2015
32364936-26402591-7712962 23972-23976 26402591 denotes 2016
32364936-26402591-7712963 24096-24100 26402591 denotes 2016
32364936-26836649-7712964 24736-24740 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-26765527-7712965 24985-24989 26765527 denotes 2016
32364936-27096467-7712966 25103-25107 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-27096467-7712967 25340-25344 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-28226280-7712968 25815-25819 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-27751788-7712969 25968-25972 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-28649024-7712970 26096-26100 28649024 denotes 2017
32364936-27551996-7712971 26212-26216 27551996 denotes 2017
32364936-27657842-7712973 27022-27026 27657842 denotes 2017
32364936-28372186-7712974 27155-27159 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-30413894-7712975 27271-27275 30413894 denotes 2018
32364936-30195404-7712976 27754-27758 30195404 denotes 2019
32364936-19477111-7712977 28769-28773 19477111 denotes 2009
32364936-25460610-7712978 28950-28954 25460610 denotes 2015
32364936-15590296-7712979 29196-29200 15590296 denotes 2005
32364936-29610519-7712980 29411-29415 29610519 denotes 2018
32364936-19837415-7712981 30953-30957 19837415 denotes 2010
32364936-23870918-7712982 31677-31681 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-21354779-7712983 31694-31698 21354779 denotes 2011
32364936-27096467-7712984 31712-31716 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-22119072-7712985 31728-31732 22119072 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712986 31753-31757 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-28372186-7712987 31830-31834 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-27096467-7712988 31873-31877 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-22608454-7712989 31918-31922 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712990 32179-32183 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-23870918-7712991 32343-32347 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-25360485-7712992 33144-33148 25360485 denotes 2014
32364936-15590296-7712993 34556-34560 15590296 denotes 2005
32364936-16966811-7712994 34721-34725 16966811 denotes 2006
32364936-17045791-7712995 35214-35218 17045791 denotes 2007
32364936-18424027-7712996 35421-35425 18424027 denotes 2008
32364936-19233634-7712997 35846-35850 19233634 denotes 2009
32364936-19716286-7712998 36073-36077 19716286 denotes 2009
32364936-20615685-7712999 36508-36512 20615685 denotes 2010
32364936-20956078-7713000 36692-36696 20956078 denotes 2011
32364936-22290389-7713001 36911-36915 22290389 denotes 2012
32364936-22647532-7713002 37164-37168 22647532 denotes 2012
32364936-23811483-7713003 37401-37405 23811483 denotes 2013
32364936-23994166-7713004 37615-37619 23994166 denotes 2013
32364936-25220163-7713005 37794-37798 25220163 denotes 2014
32364936-24180352-7713006 38016-38020 24180352 denotes 2014
32364936-26176211-7713007 38273-38277 26176211 denotes 2015
32364936-25241123-7713008 38466-38470 25241123 denotes 2015
32364936-25820789-7713009 38639-38643 25820789 denotes 2015
32364936-26251911-7713010 38784-38788 26251911 denotes 2015
32364936-26435738-7713011 38990-38994 26435738 denotes 2015
32364936-25254625-7713012 39183-39187 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-26320785-7713013 39431-39435 26320785 denotes 2015
32364936-25562742-7713014 39617-39621 25562742 denotes 2015
32364936-27040944-7713019 40667-40671 27040944 denotes 2016
32364936-26695279-7713020 40888-40892 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713021 40998-41002 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-28382165-7713022 41385-41389 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-28382165-7713023 41575-41579 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-29053256-7713024 41744-41748 29053256 denotes 2017
32364936-29455027-7713025 41972-41976 29455027 denotes 2018
32364936-28756324-7713026 42154-42158 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-30609580-7713027 42315-42319 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30609580-7713028 42479-42483 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30609580-7713029 42639-42643 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30847572-7713030 42834-42838 30847572 denotes 2019
32364936-29897358-7713031 43180-43184 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-19041235-7713032 43839-43843 19041235 denotes 2009
32364936-15936099-7713033 44275-44279 15936099 denotes 2006
32364936-22453836-7713034 44389-44393 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-20419506-7713035 44956-44960 20419506 denotes 2010
32364936-19606287-7713036 44973-44977 19606287 denotes 2009
32364936-25254625-7713037 45190-45194 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-23220066-7713038 45208-45212 23220066 denotes 2013
32364936-27879709-7713039 45860-45864 27879709 denotes 2008
32364936-18715043-7713040 46568-46572 18715043 denotes 2008
32364936-22731392-7713041 46763-46767 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-32262272-7713042 46896-46900 32262272 denotes 2014
32364936-19837415-7713043 47222-47226 19837415 denotes 2010
32364936-19893517-7713044 47898-47902 19893517 denotes 2009
32364936-16510943-7713045 48251-48255 16510943 denotes 2006
32364936-23811484-7713046 48961-48965 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-28075594-7713047 49433-49437 28075594 denotes 2017
32364936-28075594-7713048 49900-49904 28075594 denotes 2017
32364936-28382165-7713049 50514-50518 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-25254625-7713050 51162-51166 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-19663392-7713051 51518-51522 19663392 denotes 2009
32364936-25254625-7713052 52040-52044 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-22142422-7713053 52057-52061 22142422 denotes 2012
32364936-28829912-7713054 52078-52082 28829912 denotes 2017
32364936-32214951-7713055 52940-52944 32214951 denotes 2011
32364936-12632403-7713056 53475-53479 12632403 denotes 2003
32364936-18023250-7713057 53683-53687 18023250 denotes 2007
32364936-19068327-7713058 54004-54008 19068327 denotes 2008
32364936-21241851-7713059 54801-54805 21241851 denotes 2011
32364936-18523759-7713060 54925-54929 18523759 denotes 2008
32364936-23101954-7713061 55034-55038 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-29897358-7713063 55292-55296 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-24416758-7713064 55636-55640 24416758 denotes 2014
32364936-17532612-7713065 55653-55657 17532612 denotes 2007
32364936-25402969-7713066 56087-56091 25402969 denotes 2015
32364936-28756324-7713067 56848-56852 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-28756324-7713068 57061-57065 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-25196161-7713069 57994-57998 25196161 denotes 2014
32364936-25608959-7713070 60538-60542 25608959 denotes 2016
32364936-24982325-7713071 60787-60791 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-16822577-7713072 61272-61276 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-3298441-7713073 61294-61298 3298441 denotes 1987
32364936-16822577-7713074 61711-61715 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-22408533-7713075 62004-62008 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-25263315-7713076 63310-63314 25263315 denotes 2015
32364936-23356211-7713077 63975-63979 23356211 denotes 2013
32364936-22408533-7713078 64134-64138 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-22169951-7713079 64530-64534 22169951 denotes 2012
32364936-18633532-7713080 64746-64750 18633532 denotes 2008
32364936-26434765-7713081 65198-65202 26434765 denotes 2015
32364936-22200920-7713082 65872-65876 22200920 denotes 2012
32364936-24455181-7713083 66301-66305 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-25866267-7713084 66325-66329 25866267 denotes 2015
32364936-17627883-7713085 66529-66533 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-17627883-7713086 66747-66751 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-24455181-7713087 67554-67558 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-19072262-7713088 68220-68224 19072262 denotes 2008
32364936-20673624-7713089 68352-68356 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-20673624-7713090 68605-68609 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-23085745-7713091 68823-68827 23085745 denotes 2012
32364936-29876564-7713092 69468-69472 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-28863325-7713093 69647-69651 28863325 denotes 2018
32364936-29876564-7713095 69828-69832 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-27751788-7713096 70219-70223 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-27751788-7713097 70433-70437 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-22917919-7713098 70469-70473 22917919 denotes 2013
32364936-22100344-7713099 70977-70981 22100344 denotes 2012
32364936-28193351-7713100 71003-71007 28193351 denotes 2017
32364936-18392027-7713101 72558-72562 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-26005094-7713102 76484-76488 26005094 denotes 2015
32364936-28649024-7713103 76894-76898 28649024 denotes 2017
32364936-19458861-7713104 77592-77596 19458861 denotes 2009
32364936-19716286-7713105 78230-78234 19716286 denotes 2009
32364936-19233634-7713106 78418-78422 19233634 denotes 2009
32364936-23058659-7713107 80046-80050 23058659 denotes 2013
32364936-18823768-7713108 80110-80114 18823768 denotes 2009
32364936-20833013-7713109 80178-80182 20833013 denotes 2010
32364936-22731392-7713110 80225-80229 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-22502614-7713111 81254-81258 22502614 denotes 2012
32364936-21889626-7713112 81610-81614 21889626 denotes 2011
32364936-24524681-7713113 85085-85089 24524681 denotes 2014
32364936-18392027-7713114 85750-85754 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-23428735-7713115 85931-85935 23428735 denotes 2013
32364936-18392027-7713116 86160-86164 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-22453836-7713117 87246-87250 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-11261847-7713118 87747-87751 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-11261847-7713119 88664-88668 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-29756447-7713120 88713-88717 29756447 denotes 2018
32364936-11261847-7713121 88938-88942 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-24325983-7713122 90132-90136 24325983 denotes 2014
32364936-27096467-7713124 92231-92235 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-25254625-7713125 93043-93047 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-28372186-7713126 93243-93247 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-28372186-7713127 93553-93557 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-26836649-7713128 93941-93945 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-28226280-7713129 94024-94028 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-22502614-7713130 95490-95494 22502614 denotes 2012
32364936-25562742-7713131 96496-96500 25562742 denotes 2015
32364936-24872904-7713132 96640-96644 24872904 denotes 2014
32364936-22608454-7713133 97271-97275 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-26836649-7713134 100315-100319 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-26836649-7713135 100584-100588 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-30413894-7713136 101712-101716 30413894 denotes 2018
32364936-25847459-7713137 102027-102031 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-26990929-7713138 102718-102722 26990929 denotes 2016
32364936-30583283-7713139 103117-103121 30583283 denotes 2019
32364936-25587398-7713140 103166-103170 25587398 denotes 2013
32364936-18414837-7713141 103662-103666 18414837 denotes 2008
32364936-27657842-7713142 104358-104362 27657842 denotes 2017
32364936-27879836-7713143 105320-105324 27879836 denotes 2008
32364936-27879836-7713144 105613-105617 27879836 denotes 2008
32364936-28226280-7713145 105755-105759 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-22453836-7713146 105906-105910 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-22731392-7713147 106078-106082 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-25254625-7713148 108356-108360 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-27040944-7713149 108613-108617 27040944 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713151 109602-109606 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713152 109885-109889 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-25006540-7713153 111102-111106 25006540 denotes 2014
32364936-12920503-7713154 112132-112136 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-30469077-7713155 112199-112203 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-17967057-7713156 112853-112857 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-27195214-7713157 113683-113687 27195214 denotes 2016
32364936-30469077-7713158 113700-113704 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-20102582-7713159 115946-115950 20102582 denotes 2009
32364936-12920503-7713160 116057-116061 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-19340897-7713161 116734-116738 19340897 denotes 2009
32364936-18462090-7713162 116960-116964 18462090 denotes 2008
32364936-17967057-7713163 117262-117266 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-16914034-7713164 118556-118560 16914034 denotes 2006
32364936-26693023-7713165 118817-118821 26693023 denotes 2015
32364936-12002233-7713166 118912-118916 12002233 denotes 2002
32364936-25859123-7713167 119099-119103 25859123 denotes 2015
32364936-25954260-7713168 119232-119236 25954260 denotes 2015
32364936-10921934-7713169 120318-120322 10921934 denotes 2000
32364936-12843051-7713170 120340-120344 12843051 denotes 2003
32364936-19671147-7713171 120361-120365 19671147 denotes 2009
32364936-27225406-7713172 120380-120384 27225406 denotes 2016
32364936-17146064-7713173 120611-120615 17146064 denotes 2006
32364936-24982325-7713174 120945-120949 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-19948896-7713175 122257-122261 19948896 denotes 2009
32364936-28723142-7713176 122522-122526 28723142 denotes 2017
32364936-15525226-7713177 123497-123501 15525226 denotes 2004
32364936-26695279-7713178 125801-125805 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-23811484-7713179 125827-125831 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-26695279-7713180 126373-126377 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-26695279-7713181 126544-126548 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-23811484-7713182 126601-126605 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-22453836-7713183 126785-126789 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-27146365-7713184 127500-127504 27146365 denotes 2016
32364936-24763966-7713185 127621-127625 24763966 denotes 2014
32364936-29897358-7713187 127756-127760 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-24853270-7713188 128693-128697 24853270 denotes 2014
32364936-26898945-7713189 128990-128994 26898945 denotes 2016
32364936-25567225-7713191 129929-129933 25567225 denotes 2015
32364936-11432808-7713192 129994-129998 11432808 denotes 2001
32364936-27818053-7713193 130784-130788 27818053 denotes 2017
32364936-30718852-7713194 130964-130968 30718852 denotes 2019
32364936-28382165-7713195 131717-131721 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-25402969-7713196 132825-132829 25402969 denotes 2015
32364936-19932018-7713197 132844-132848 19932018 denotes 2010
32364936-20961052-7713198 132872-132876 20961052 denotes 2010
32364936-22608418-7713199 133103-133107 22608418 denotes 2012
32364936-20337388-7713200 134178-134182 20337388 denotes 2009
32364936-14520401-7713201 134659-134663 14520401 denotes 2003
32364936-19086204-7713202 134679-134683 19086204 denotes 2008
32364936-29633323-7713203 134697-134701 29633323 denotes 2018
32364936-26410389-7713204 134899-134903 26410389 denotes 2016
32364936-26901771-7713205 134921-134925 26901771 denotes 2016
32364936-23101954-7713206 135302-135306 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-19606287-7713207 135518-135522 19606287 denotes 2009
32364936-24019250-7713208 135917-135921 24019250 denotes 2013
32364936-26808189-7713209 135936-135940 26808189 denotes 2016
32364936-23542064-7713210 135968-135972 23542064 denotes 2013
32364936-23101954-7713211 136156-136160 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-28248946-7713212 136636-136640 28248946 denotes 2017
32364936-24524681-7713213 136653-136657 24524681 denotes 2014
32364936-25558994-7713214 137116-137120 25558994 denotes 2014
32364936-25648709-7713215 137421-137425 25648709 denotes 2015
32364936-22453836-7713216 137786-137790 22453836 denotes 2012