PMC:7152911 / 135333-138817 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7152911","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7152911","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7152911","text":"5.6 Low-cost, single-use portable biosensors\nThe creation of environmentally-friendly disposable substrates is a present challenge for low-cost single-use biosensors. Paper-based substrates have recently emerged as attractive alternatives to costlier ceramic substrates (Martinez et al. 2009). Paper-based substrates can also eliminate the need for supporting fluid handling components through capillary effects. For example, paper substrates can be patterned with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to direct fluid flow (Carrilho et al. 2009). Paper-based devices are also relatively environmentally friendly in terms of material sourcing, disposal, and degradation. However, the potential toxicity of materials that may have been deposited on paper substrates, such as nanomaterials, should still be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a disposable single-use biosensing platform. For example, the long-term environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials remain active areas of research (Colvin, 2003; Klaine et al. 2008; Lead et al. 2018). Although paper-based devices have historically been most commonly used with colorimetric sensing techniques, they have been increasingly investigated for electrochemical biosensing (Ahmed et al. 2016; Meredith et al. 2016). A highlight of paper-based substrates is provided in Fig. 7c.\nThe need for water safety and medical diagnostics in remote and under-developed regions has led to the demand for low-cost portable biosensing platforms. One of the major challenges in creating portable biosensors for field use is the need to establish sample preparation-free protocols (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and miniaturize components for actuation, data acquisition, and readout. However, device miniaturization also presents measurement challenges, such as increasing the biosensor signal-to-noise ratio (Wei et al. 2009). Further, portable biosensing platforms should exhibit biorecognition elements that remain stable for extended periods and at a variety of temperatures and humidity levels. The measurement robustness associated with the analysis of small sample volumes also requires further attention with the use of emerging low-cost materials, fabrication approaches, and transduction methods (Kumar et al. 2013; Luppa et al. 2016; Narayan, 2016; Wan et al. 2013).\nThe elimination of sample preparation steps from biosensor-based assays represents a significant advantage relative to traditional bioanalytical techniques (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and is an important advantage and consideration for single-use biosensors and remote biosensing applications based on portable low-cost platforms. Sample preparation-free protocols can improve measurement confidence, repeatability, and reduce TTR, which are important aspects of healthcare decision-making. For example, it has been shown that a reduction in turnaround time for diagnostic assays could have a positive effect on clinical treatment outcomes (Davenport et al. 2017; Sin et al. 2014). When sample preparation is required, integrated alternatives to manual techniques, such as microfluidic processes, may provide a new path toward achieving rapid and robust pathogen detection. For example, separation and pre-concentration steps have been increasingly examined for integration with microfluidic-based biosensor platforms to reduce the number of steps, materials needed, and required technical personnel, and thus TTR (Bunyakul and Baeumner, 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