PMC:7152911 / 127189-128588 JSONTXT

{"project":"LitCovid-PubTator","denotations":[{"id":"1964","span":{"begin":1017,"end":1023},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1965","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1082},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1972","span":{"begin":202,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1973","span":{"begin":233,"end":241},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1974","span":{"begin":243,"end":251},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1975","span":{"begin":464,"end":470},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1976","span":{"begin":584,"end":591},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"1977","span":{"begin":661,"end":666},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1964","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1964","obj":"MESH:D002244"},{"id":"A1965","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1965","obj":"MESH:D006108"},{"id":"A1972","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1972","obj":"MESH:D002244"},{"id":"A1973","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1973","obj":"MESH:D006108"},{"id":"A1974","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1974","obj":"MESH:D006108"},{"id":"A1975","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1975","obj":"MESH:D002244"},{"id":"A1976","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1976","obj":"MESH:D011108"},{"id":"A1977","pred":"tao:has_database_id","subj":"1977","obj":"MESH:D008670"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"Tax","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/"},{"prefix":"MESH","uri":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/"},{"prefix":"Gene","uri":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/"},{"prefix":"CVCL","uri":"https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":1262,"end":1267},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":1268,"end":1274},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A38","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T38","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516"},{"id":"A39","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T39","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":1268,"end":1274},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A32","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T32","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CLO","denotations":[{"id":"T156","span":{"begin":76,"end":77},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T157","span":{"begin":107,"end":112},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688"},{"id":"T158","span":{"begin":194,"end":200},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968"},{"id":"T159","span":{"begin":290,"end":291},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T160","span":{"begin":741,"end":742},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T161","span":{"begin":772,"end":773},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T162","span":{"begin":968,"end":969},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020"},{"id":"T163","span":{"begin":1057,"end":1058},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021"},{"id":"T164","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1326},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418"},{"id":"T165","span":{"begin":1342,"end":1347},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T14051","span":{"begin":202,"end":208},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27933","span":{"begin":233,"end":241},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T17305","span":{"begin":243,"end":251},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T32717","span":{"begin":464,"end":470},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T41390","span":{"begin":584,"end":591},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T52285","span":{"begin":843,"end":849},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T92009","span":{"begin":1017,"end":1023},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T88468","span":{"begin":1074,"end":1082},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A28477","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T14051","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594"},{"id":"A66786","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27933","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418"},{"id":"A31609","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27933","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977"},{"id":"A96777","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T17305","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973"},{"id":"A17613","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T32717","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594"},{"id":"A18484","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T32717","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415"},{"id":"A49418","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T41390","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839"},{"id":"A98896","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T41390","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027"},{"id":"A7200","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T52285","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594"},{"id":"A14508","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T52285","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415"},{"id":"A94158","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T92009","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594"},{"id":"A21893","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T92009","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415"},{"id":"A60165","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T88468","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1320,"end":1337},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T1021","span":{"begin":0,"end":113},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1022","span":{"begin":114,"end":201},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1023","span":{"begin":202,"end":306},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1024","span":{"begin":307,"end":332},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1025","span":{"begin":333,"end":449},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1026","span":{"begin":450,"end":572},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1027","span":{"begin":573,"end":708},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1028","span":{"begin":709,"end":878},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1029","span":{"begin":879,"end":885},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1030","span":{"begin":886,"end":1049},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1031","span":{"begin":1050,"end":1106},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1032","span":{"begin":1107,"end":1209},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1033","span":{"begin":1210,"end":1290},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1034","span":{"begin":1291,"end":1392},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T1035","span":{"begin":1393,"end":1399},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32364936-26695279-7713178","span":{"begin":307,"end":311},"obj":"26695279"},{"id":"32364936-23811484-7713179","span":{"begin":333,"end":337},"obj":"23811484"},{"id":"32364936-26695279-7713180","span":{"begin":879,"end":883},"obj":"26695279"},{"id":"32364936-26695279-7713181","span":{"begin":1050,"end":1054},"obj":"26695279"},{"id":"32364936-23811484-7713182","span":{"begin":1107,"end":1111},"obj":"23811484"},{"id":"32364936-22453836-7713183","span":{"begin":1291,"end":1295},"obj":"22453836"}],"text":"The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field. One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device. Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al. 2016) and 7b (Wang et al. 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes. Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring. Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3. For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al. 2016).\nFig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al. 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al. 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al. 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al. 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al. 2014)."}