PMC:7152911 / 111960-126806 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1760 328-333 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1761 371-380 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1763 450-455 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1771 674-680 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1772 999-1013 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1773 1017-1023 Species denotes turkey Tax:9103
1774 730-735 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1775 796-802 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1776 874-880 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1777 1044-1054 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1793 1502-1513 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1794 2079-2088 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1795 2093-2103 Species denotes G. lamblia Tax:5741
1796 2123-2130 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1797 2132-2148 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1798 2150-2164 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1799 2166-2175 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1800 2181-2194 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1801 1210-1215 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1802 1427-1432 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1803 1574-1579 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1804 1723-1728 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1805 1843-1848 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1806 1475-1482 Disease denotes cholera MESH:D002771
1807 1614-1622 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1811 2473-2487 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1812 2537-2546 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1813 2647-2652 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1818 3072-3077 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1819 3283-3288 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1820 3479-3484 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1821 3648-3653 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1823 3867-3876 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1834 4375-4380 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1835 4411-4417 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1836 5363-5384 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1837 5651-5656 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1838 4914-4919 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1839 5035-5040 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1840 4128-4133 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1841 4185-4192 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1842 4236-4242 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1843 5423-5430 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1859 6036-6062 Species denotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tax:1773
1860 6095-6112 Species denotes Naegleria fowleri Tax:5763
1861 6421-6442 Species denotes Clostridium difficile Tax:1496
1862 6570-6579 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1863 5991-6001 Species denotes Legionella Tax:446
1864 6444-6446 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1865 6489-6491 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1866 6548-6559 Chemical denotes methicillin MESH:D008712
1867 6020-6034 Disease denotes Legionnellosis
1868 6077-6089 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
1869 6127-6145 Disease denotes amoebic meningitis MESH:D004404
1870 6337-6347 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1871 6503-6511 Disease denotes diarrhea MESH:D003967
1872 6535-6542 Disease denotes colitis MESH:D003092
1873 6608-6618 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1875 6891-6893 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1889 8625-8633 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1890 8794-8803 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1891 8809-8823 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1892 8990-8995 Species denotes algae Tax:569578
1893 8753-8766 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1894 8768-8780 Species denotes Enterococcus Tax:1351
1895 8782-8792 Species denotes Salmonella Tax:90371
1896 7342-7347 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1897 9143-9148 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1898 7847-7857 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1899 8058-8067 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1900 8452-8462 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1901 8577-8587 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1906 10173-10201 Species denotes human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
1907 10203-10206 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1908 10017-10026 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1909 10474-10482 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1927 10967-10988 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1928 11310-11318 Species denotes children Tax:9606
1929 11441-11456 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
1930 11485-11497 Species denotes rabies virus Tax:11292
1931 10832-10845 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1932 10850-10860 Species denotes Plasmodium Tax:5833
1933 10943-10956 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1934 10958-10961 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1935 11260-11262 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1936 11026-11031 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1937 11037-11056 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
1938 11178-11200 Disease denotes respiratory infections MESH:D012141
1939 11216-11226 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1940 11232-11250 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases MESH:D004403
1941 11458-11466 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1942 11468-11483 Disease denotes hepatitis virus MESH:D006525
1943 11531-11540 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
1946 11791-11800 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1947 11884-11887 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1951 13193-13199 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1952 12638-12643 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1953 13153-13158 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1957 13725-13737 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
1958 13739-13746 Species denotes Anthrax Tax:1392
1959 13779-13793 Species denotes vaccinia virus Tax:10245
1961 13989-13994 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T12 2387-2391 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T13 2430-2435 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T14 4802-4813 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T15 4802-4806 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T16 5168-5172 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T17 6643-6647 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T18 6663-6676 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T19 9314-9325 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T20 9314-9318 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T21 9343-9348 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T22 9350-9355 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma64183
T23 9357-9362 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T24 9364-9369 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938
T25 9371-9377 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T26 9382-9388 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma312401
T27 9484-9495 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T28 9484-9488 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T29 10203-10206 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T30 10386-10394 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T31 10958-10961 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T32 11202-11215 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T33 11361-11375 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825
T34 11884-11887 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T35 11920-11923 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T36 12189-12194 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T37 12202-12207 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T23 9343-9348 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T24 9350-9355 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988
T25 9357-9362 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T26 9364-9369 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912
T27 9371-9377 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T28 9382-9388 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007311
T29 11361-11375 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405
T30 12189-12194 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T31 12202-12207 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T80 371-380 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T81 1044-1054 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T82 1475-1482 Disease denotes cholera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015766
T83 2282-2292 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T84 2454-2464 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T85 3867-3876 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T86 4185-4192 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T87 5312-5322 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T88 5390-5400 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T89 5423-5430 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T90 5991-6001 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T91 6050-6062 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T92 6077-6089 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T93 6135-6145 Disease denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004796|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021108
T95 6337-6347 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T96 6503-6511 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T97 6535-6542 Disease denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005292
T98 6581-6585 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T99 6608-6621 Disease denotes infections in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T100 6706-6716 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T101 6872-6882 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T102 6932-6936 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T103 7847-7857 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T104 8058-8067 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T105 8452-8462 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T106 8559-8587 Disease denotes Hospital-acquired infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043544
T107 10179-10195 Disease denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021094
T108 10474-10482 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T109 11037-11047 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T110 11178-11200 Disease denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024355
T111 11202-11226 Disease denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001650|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005247
T113 11232-11250 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T114 11267-11271 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T115 11441-11450 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T116 11458-11466 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T117 11468-11477 Disease denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002251
T118 11485-11491 Disease denotes rabies http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019173
T119 11520-11540 Disease denotes Mycoplasma pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005867
T120 11531-11540 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T121 11556-11565 Disease denotes pertussis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005077
T122 11571-11581 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T123 11772-11782 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T124 11791-11800 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T125 11865-11875 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T126 13739-13746 Disease denotes Anthrax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005119
T127 13766-13772 Disease denotes plague http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019095
T128 13779-13787 Disease denotes vaccinia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002595

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T85 165-166 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 619-620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 674-680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T88 1017-1023 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9005 denotes turkey
T89 1142-1145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000990 denotes CDC
T90 1473-1474 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 1530-1533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T92 1737-1738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 1896-1900 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T94 2105-2113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T95 2200-2207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T96 2378-2379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 2387-2391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T98 2430-2435 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T99 2765-2766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T100 3195-3200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T101 3445-3446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T102 4329-4330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 4375-4380 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T104 4411-4417 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T105 4802-4813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T106 5033-5034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 5272-5281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T108 5272-5281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T109 5338-5347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7157 denotes mosquitos
T110 5534-5541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T111 5578-5585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T112 5589-5596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T113 5651-5656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T114 5960-5961 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T115 6162-6170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T116 6663-6676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T117 6961-6970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T118 6961-6970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T119 7759-7760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T120 8193-8200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T121 8205-8212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T122 8390-8393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T123 8411-8412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 8464-8465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 8667-8670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T126 9041-9049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T127 9207-9212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T128 9314-9325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T129 9337-9348 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes whole blood
T130 9337-9348 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes whole blood
T131 9484-9495 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T132 9638-9639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 9900-9907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T134 10173-10178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T135 10196-10201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T136 10236-10237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T137 10405-10408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T138 10686-10688 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes da
T139 11202-11215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T140 11361-11375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405 denotes immune systems
T141 11451-11456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T142 11478-11483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T143 11492-11497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T144 11503-11511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T145 12111-12112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 12177-12185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T147 12189-12194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T148 12189-12194 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T149 13193-13199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T150 13670-13677 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T151 13725-13726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T152 13788-13793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T153 14301-14302 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T154 14786-14791 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T92124 82-93 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T96048 328-333 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T12924 450-455 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T52222 730-735 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T73925 1210-1215 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T85708 1427-1432 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T10450 1574-1579 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T63967 1723-1728 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T69887 1843-1848 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T65191 2647-2652 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T72173 3072-3077 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T74873 3283-3288 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27335 3479-3484 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T36987 3648-3653 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T33481 4914-4919 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T62506 5035-5040 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T37111 6356-6360 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T33883 6381-6385 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T9618 6397-6400 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T89888 6444-6446 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T97800 6489-6491 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T69352 6516-6526 Chemical denotes antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T94262 6548-6559 Chemical denotes methicillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6827
T56532 6891-6893 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T32162 7342-7347 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T55132 8521-8524 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T57539 8708-8711 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T79399 8712-8714 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T26656 8727-8731 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T24591 9023-9031 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T38968 9143-9148 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T6251 9504-9508 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T84608 9994-10007 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T88200 11260-11262 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T77528 12638-12643 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T20211 13153-13158 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T67910 13989-13994 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T4 3338-3345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T5 6381-6395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042493 denotes drug resistant
T6 12164-12185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016045 denotes detection of bacteria
T7 14587-14599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T11 6135-6145 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T12 6381-6395 Phenotype denotes drug resistant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020174
T13 6503-6511 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T14 6535-6542 Phenotype denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002583
T15 6601-6618 Phenotype denotes severe infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0032169
T16 10179-10195 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T17 11178-11200 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T18 11202-11226 Phenotype denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000010
T19 11468-11477 Phenotype denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T20 11531-11540 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T914 0-37 Sentence denotes 4 Applications to pathogen detection
T915 38-234 Sentence denotes As identified in the previous sections, the application influences the biosensor design and measurement format associated with a given electrochemical biosensor-based assay for pathogen detection.
T916 235-434 Sentence denotes We next review applications of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection in food and water safety, environmental monitoring and infection control, medical diagnostics, and bio-threat defense.
T917 436-475 Sentence denotes 4.1 Food and water safety applications
T918 476-568 Sentence denotes Detection of foodborne and waterborne pathogens is an essential aspect of public healthcare.
T919 569-736 Sentence denotes Foodborne and waterborne pathogens originate from a variety of sources and matrices and typically infect humans through the consumption of contaminated food and water.
T920 737-836 Sentence denotes Waterborne pathogens are responsible for about 2.2 million deaths annually worldwide (Pandey et al.
T921 837-927 Sentence denotes 2014), and contaminated food-related deaths amount to around 420,000 annually (WHO, 2015).
T922 928-1153 Sentence denotes In 2019, the United States suffered an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium in turkey products caused 358 infections across 42 states, demonstrating the importance of detecting pathogens in food sources (CDC, 2019).
T923 1154-1450 Sentence denotes While biosensors for pathogen detection are critical to water and food safety in developed regions, biosensors are particularly important aspects of public healthcare in remote and under-developed regions due to relatively reduced infrastructure and resources for food and water quality analysis.
T924 1451-1666 Sentence denotes For example, in 2014, a cholera outbreak linked to V. cholerae in Ghana, which has been associated with poor environmental water management and sanitation issues, infected over 20,000 individuals (Ohene-Adjei et al.
T925 1667-1673 Sentence denotes 2017).
T926 1674-1767 Sentence denotes The selective detection of pathogens in food and water remains a global healthcare challenge.
T927 1768-1895 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been written on biosensors for food and water safety (Baeumner, 2003; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T928 1896-1916 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T929 1917-1940 Sentence denotes 2003; Ye et al., 2019).
T930 1941-2010 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T931 2011-2256 Sentence denotes Common foodborne and waterborne pathogens include protozoa, such as C. parvum and G. lamblia, bacteria, such as E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and Campylobacter, and viruses, such as norovirus and rotavirus (Beuchat et al.
T932 2257-2277 Sentence denotes 2013; Cabral, 2010).
T933 2278-2436 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of foodborne and waterborne pathogens can vary by 4–6 orders of magnitude, from a single cell or oocyst to greater than one million cells.
T934 2437-2594 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of S. dysenteriae is 200 CFU (Greig and Todd, 2010), while that of S. aureus is 100,000 CFU (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T935 2595-2818 Sentence denotes Given the extensive use of immunoassays in food and water safety, such as ELISA, it is possible to obtain commercially-available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for a large number of foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T936 2819-3046 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications associated with process monitoring applications may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate high-throughput analysis, continuous monitoring capability, and biosensor reusability.
T937 3047-3248 Sentence denotes Alternatively, those for water safety applications in under-developed regions may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate field use, such as sample preparation-free protocols.
T938 3249-3401 Sentence denotes Pathogens can also enter food and water through processing, packaging, distribution, and storage processes (e.g., via workers and pests) (Beuchat et al.
T939 3402-3441 Sentence denotes 2013; Mehrotra, 2016; Ye et al., 2019).
T940 3442-3588 Sentence denotes As a result, biosensors for food and water safety applications should facilitate pathogen detection at various stages of the processing operation.
T941 3589-3831 Sentence denotes Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for food and water safety applications have established new low-cost biosensor designs, portable measurement formats, and flexible form-factors and are discussed further in the following sections.
T942 3833-3897 Sentence denotes 4.2 Environmental monitoring and infection control applications
T943 3898-4032 Sentence denotes In addition to foodborne and waterborne pathogens, the detection of environmental pathogens is also an important aspect of healthcare.
T944 4033-4171 Sentence denotes For example, diseases associated with environmental pathogens are one of the leading causes of death in low-income economies (WHO, 2018a).
T945 4172-4264 Sentence denotes For example, malaria was reported to cause an estimated 435,000 deaths in 2017 (WHO, 2018b).
T946 4265-4488 Sentence denotes Environmental pathogens are microorganisms that typically spend a substantial part of their lifecycle outside human hosts, but when introduced to humans through contact or inhalation cause disease with measurable frequency.
T947 4489-4573 Sentence denotes Thus, environmental pathogens are often targets in medical diagnostics applications.
T948 4574-4814 Sentence denotes However, here, we choose to distinguish environmental monitoring applications, which require pathogen detection in the environment (e.g., in air or on surfaces), from medical diagnostics applications, which require detection in body fluids.
T949 4815-4893 Sentence denotes Thus, the distinction is based on the matrix in which the pathogen is present.
T950 4894-5123 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, which require biosensors capable of analyzing pathogen-containing complex matrices, such as a water or food matrix, environmental pathogens are present in multiple types of matrices.
T951 5124-5432 Sentence denotes While environmental pathogens can enter the body through direct physical contact, they can also be transmitted through aerosols or interaction with organisms that serve as vectors for the infectious agent, such as mosquitos in the case of Plasmodium falciparum (the infectious agent associated with malaria).
T952 5433-5680 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of environmental pathogens often requires analysis of matrices, such as air, and objects, such as the surfaces of biomedical devices or objects within healthcare facilities, that are present in the human environment (Lai et al.
T953 5681-5687 Sentence denotes 2009).
T954 5688-5812 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been provided on the detection of environmental pathogens (Baeumner, 2003; Justino et al.
T955 5813-5819 Sentence denotes 2017).
T956 5820-5925 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common environmental pathogens found both in and outside of clinical settings.
T957 5926-6146 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in a non-clinical setting include Legionella spp., which cause Legionnellosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Naegleria fowleri, which causes amoebic meningitis.
T958 6147-6248 Sentence denotes In addition to bacteria and protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and insects are also environmental pathogens.
T959 6249-6701 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in clinical settings associated with healthcare-acquired infections include drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile (CD) (Hookman and Barkin, 2009), which causes CD-associated diarrhea and antibiotic-induced colitis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which causes severe infections in various parts of the body, including the urinary tract (Gordon and Lowy, 2008).
T960 6702-6854 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of environmental pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen as well as age and health of the individual.
T961 6855-7003 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of CD is less than 10 spores, while that of MRSA is greater than 100,000 organisms (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T962 7004-7199 Sentence denotes While it is possible to obtain antibodies for foodborne and waterborne pathogens, it can be challenging to obtain antibodies for various environmental pathogens, including protozoa and nematodes.
T963 7200-7321 Sentence denotes Thus, traditional bioanalytical techniques, such as PCR, are often utilized for the detection of environmental pathogens.
T964 7322-7515 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, biosensor-based assays for environmental pathogen detection applications also utilize measurement formats that facilitate the analysis of liquids.
T965 7516-7606 Sentence denotes However, they also require measurement formats for the detection of aerosolized pathogens.
T966 7607-7859 Sentence denotes In addition to airborne transmission, environmental pathogens are transmitted by direct surface contact (similar to many foodborne pathogens), which is a significant mode of transmission in healthcare settings (e.g., of healthcare-acquired infections).
T967 7860-8122 Sentence denotes Standardized guidelines for disinfecting and sterilizing the surfaces of medical equipment, assistive technologies, counters, and doors, among other surfaces, have emerged as an important aspect of infection control in modern healthcare facilities (Fraise et al.
T968 8123-8129 Sentence denotes 2008).
T969 8130-8290 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of pathogens on the surfaces of biomedical devices and objects present in healthcare facilities is an important research area (Kramer et al.
T970 8291-8309 Sentence denotes 2006; Weber et al.
T971 8310-8316 Sentence denotes 2010).
T972 8317-8551 Sentence denotes For example, bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment has been examined as a source of intensive care unit-acquired infections, a global healthcare challenge, especially when caused by MDR pathogens (Russotto et al.
T973 8552-8558 Sentence denotes 2015).
T974 8559-8646 Sentence denotes Hospital-acquired infections are prevalent causes of morbidity in patients (Orsi et al.
T975 8647-8653 Sentence denotes 2002).
T976 8654-8840 Sentence denotes This problem has only been exasperated by the rise of MDR CD, as well as drug-resistant strains of Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Salmonella, S. aureus, and S. dysenteriae (Ventola, 2015).
T977 8841-8973 Sentence denotes In addition to clinical pathogens, it is also of interest to detect pathogens in non-clinical settings (Faucher and Charette, 2015).
T978 8974-9164 Sentence denotes Toxin-producing algae, such as cyanobacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria, are also important targets for electrochemical biosensors associated with the prevention of water-based diseases.
T979 9166-9202 Sentence denotes 4.3 Medical diagnostic applications
T980 9203-9389 Sentence denotes The field of medical diagnostics heavily relies on the identification and quantification of pathogens found in body fluids, including whole blood, stool, urine, mucus, saliva, or sputum.
T981 9390-9620 Sentence denotes Diagnostic assays based on traditional bioanalytical techniques for detection of pathogens in body fluids are the gold standard and serve an essential role in healthcare by enabling the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
T982 9621-9861 Sentence denotes Biosensors offer a complementary diagnostic platform that enable rapid and cost-effective measurements, high sensitivity, and the ability to make measurements in complex matrices that pose challenges to traditional bioanalytical techniques.
T983 9862-10052 Sentence denotes Studies suggest that rapid diagnostic testing can potentially reduce the chance of hospitalization, duration of hospitalization and antimicrobial use, and mortality rates (Barenfanger et al.
T984 10053-10074 Sentence denotes 2000; Beekmann et al.
T985 10075-10095 Sentence denotes 2003; Dierkes et al.
T986 10096-10114 Sentence denotes 2009; Rappo et al.
T987 10115-10121 Sentence denotes 2016).
T988 10122-10345 Sentence denotes For example, repeated rapid screening programs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection is recommended as a means of increasing quality-adjusted life years of health for citizens in the United States (Paltiel et al.
T989 10346-10352 Sentence denotes 2006).
T990 10353-10492 Sentence denotes Additionally, the need for rapid antibody screening has been identified as an important aspect of mitigating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
T991 10493-10729 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been published on traditional bioanalytical assays and biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection in medical diagnostics applications (Ahmed et al., 2014; da Silva et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2014).
T992 10730-10924 Sentence denotes Common pathogens include the aforementioned foodborne, waterborne, and environmental pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium and Plasmodium spp.), as well as additional airborne and bloodborne pathogens.
T993 10925-11080 Sentence denotes Pathogens such as Mycobacterium, HIV, and Plasmodium falciparum, represent some of the top causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide (WHO, 2018a).
T994 11081-11376 Sentence denotes Other common pathogens associated with medical diagnostics applications include those that cause respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and diarrheal diseases, such as CD and MRSA, which can be life-threatening to the children, elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems.
T995 11377-11566 Sentence denotes Other airborne and bloodborne pathogens of interest include the influenza virus, COVID-19, hepatitis virus, rabies virus, and bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumonia and Bordetella pertussis.
T996 11567-11754 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of airborne and bloodborne pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen, the method of contraction, and the age and health of the individual.
T997 11755-11998 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of influenza is between 100–1000 particles (Gürtler, 2006), while the median infectious dose of HIV can vary, for example, from two RNA copies to 65,000 depending on the strain and source (Reid and Juma, 2009).
T998 11999-12146 Sentence denotes The diagnostically-relevant concentration of pathogens in each type of matrix must be considered when designing a biosensor for pathogen detection.
T999 12147-12263 Sentence denotes For example, the detection of bacteria in blood versus urine exhibit different diagnostic thresholds (Kelley, 2017).
T1000 12264-12328 Sentence denotes Such knowledge can inform the need for sample preparation steps.
T1001 12330-12381 Sentence denotes 4.4 Biological defense and bio-threat applications
T1002 12382-12518 Sentence denotes The potential for the weaponization of pathogens drives the need for rapid and sensitive biosensors for biological defense applications.
T1003 12519-12736 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications to biological defense and bio-threat are related to the aforementioned applications in food and water safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics but consider weaponized pathogens.
T1004 12737-13002 Sentence denotes However, while pathogens found in environmental monitoring applications are often native and endogenous agents, pathogens found in biological defense and bio-threat applications are often exogenous agents, which may have been weaponized and intentionally dispersed.
T1005 13003-13231 Sentence denotes For example, pathogen-based bio-threat situations typically involve the overt or covert introduction of an exogenous pathogen into either the food or water supply or environments which with humans closely interact (Cirino et al.
T1006 13232-13251 Sentence denotes 2004; Mirski et al.
T1007 13252-13282 Sentence denotes 2014; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1008 13283-13423 Sentence denotes The reader is directed to various comprehensive reviews on biosensor-based assays for the detection of biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1009 13424-13454 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1010 13455-13516 Sentence denotes Common targets include the aforementioned airborne pathogens.
T1011 13517-13724 Sentence denotes In addition to the aforementioned naturally-occurring pathogens, pathogens for bio-threat may include engineered pathogens, such as genetically-modified viruses that can be transmitted via airborne pathways.
T1012 13725-13899 Sentence denotes B. anthracis (Anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), and vaccinia virus are among several pathogens that have been utilized or suggested as biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1013 13900-13930 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1014 13931-14182 Sentence denotes While pathogen-based bio-threats may be introduced to the water and food supply, the detection of pathogen-based bio-threats in air is particularly critical to biowarfare defense, as they may be introduced into the battlefield in the form of aerosols.
T1015 14183-14345 Sentence denotes Further, the dispersal of pathogen-based bio-threats by air in facilities (e.g., via air-handling systems) represents a significant domestic bioterrorism concern.
T1016 14346-14569 Sentence denotes Thus, biosensor-based assays for bio-threat applications should be low-cost and portable to enable integration with existing physical systems (e.g., facilities) and movement with the warfighter or drones on the battlefield.
T1017 14570-14846 Sentence denotes Having discussed transduction elements, biorecognition elements, electrochemical methods, measurement formats, and pathogen detection applications, we next discuss the present challenges and future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32364936-25006540-7713153 837-841 25006540 denotes 2014
32364936-12920503-7713154 1867-1871 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-30469077-7713155 1934-1938 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-17967057-7713156 2588-2592 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-27195214-7713157 3418-3422 27195214 denotes 2016
32364936-30469077-7713158 3435-3439 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-20102582-7713159 5681-5685 20102582 denotes 2009
32364936-12920503-7713160 5792-5796 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-19340897-7713161 6469-6473 19340897 denotes 2009
32364936-18462090-7713162 6695-6699 18462090 denotes 2008
32364936-17967057-7713163 6997-7001 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-16914034-7713164 8291-8295 16914034 denotes 2006
32364936-26693023-7713165 8552-8556 26693023 denotes 2015
32364936-12002233-7713166 8647-8651 12002233 denotes 2002
32364936-25859123-7713167 8834-8838 25859123 denotes 2015
32364936-25954260-7713168 8967-8971 25954260 denotes 2015
32364936-10921934-7713169 10053-10057 10921934 denotes 2000
32364936-12843051-7713170 10075-10079 12843051 denotes 2003
32364936-19671147-7713171 10096-10100 19671147 denotes 2009
32364936-27225406-7713172 10115-10119 27225406 denotes 2016
32364936-17146064-7713173 10346-10350 17146064 denotes 2006
32364936-24982325-7713174 10680-10684 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-19948896-7713175 11992-11996 19948896 denotes 2009
32364936-28723142-7713176 12257-12261 28723142 denotes 2017
32364936-15525226-7713177 13232-13236 15525226 denotes 2004