> top > docs > PMC:7152911 > annotations

PMC:7152911 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id tao:has_standard_notation
1 928-933 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
3 1671-1682 Species denotes coronavirus Tax:11118
11 2150-2165 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
12 2189-2196 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
13 2201-2210 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
14 2403-2417 Species denotes COVID-19 virus Tax:2697049
15 1988-1997 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
16 2038-2044 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
17 2646-2665 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
23 3509-3516 Species denotes O157:H7 Tax:83334
24 3501-3508 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
25 2928-2937 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
26 3306-3315 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
27 3843-3853 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
29 7620-7632 Disease denotes organic dyes MESH:D019965
31 9681-9686 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
34 12983-12985 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
35 13011-13017 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
37 13742-13747 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
434 29830-29832 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
435 29694-29696 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
436 29433-29435 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
437 29330-29332 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
438 29214-29216 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
439 28949-28951 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
440 28833-28835 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
441 28701-28703 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
442 28593-28595 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
443 28264-28266 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
444 28156-28158 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
445 28020-28022 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
446 27890-27892 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
447 27645-27647 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
448 27495-27497 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
449 27364-27366 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
450 27286-27288 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
451 27211-27213 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
452 27121-27123 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
453 27019-27021 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
454 26895-26897 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
455 26782-26784 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
456 26660-26662 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
457 26408-26410 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
458 26273-26275 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
459 26127-26129 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
460 26016-26018 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
461 25887-25889 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
462 25773-25775 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
463 25649-25651 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
464 25423-25425 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
465 25264-25266 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
466 25028-25030 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
467 24900-24902 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
468 24797-24799 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
469 24684-24686 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
470 24474-24476 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
471 24369-24371 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
472 24243-24245 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
473 24118-24120 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
474 24026-24028 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
475 23886-23888 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
476 23753-23755 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
477 23653-23655 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
478 23531-23533 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
479 23461-23463 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
480 23351-23353 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
481 22923-22925 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
482 22846-22848 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
483 22714-22716 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
484 22617-22619 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
485 22479-22481 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
486 22466-22468 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
487 22309-22311 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
488 22063-22065 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
489 21937-21939 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
490 21831-21833 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
491 21736-21738 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
492 21490-21492 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
493 21366-21368 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
494 21259-21261 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
495 21161-21163 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
496 21021-21023 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
497 20883-20885 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
498 20766-20768 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
499 20636-20638 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
500 20486-20488 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
501 20355-20357 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
502 20210-20212 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
503 20126-20128 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
504 20041-20043 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
505 19913-19915 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
506 19755-19757 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
507 19679-19681 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
508 19608-19610 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
509 19507-19509 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
510 19378-19380 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
511 19232-19234 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
512 19116-19118 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
513 19023-19025 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
514 18928-18930 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
515 18838-18840 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
516 18739-18741 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
517 18595-18597 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
518 18477-18479 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
519 18352-18354 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
520 18205-18207 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
521 18104-18106 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
522 17985-17987 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
523 17866-17868 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
524 17738-17740 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
525 17642-17644 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
526 17522-17524 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
527 17413-17415 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
528 17278-17280 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
529 17175-17177 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
530 17079-17081 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
531 16954-16956 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
532 16848-16850 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
533 16742-16744 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
534 16646-16648 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
535 16528-16530 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
536 16445-16447 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
537 16345-16347 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
538 16248-16250 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
539 16045-16047 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
540 15936-15938 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
543 29542-29550 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
544 29409-29417 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
545 29311-29319 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
546 29193-29201 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
547 28930-28938 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
548 28813-28821 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
549 28572-28580 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
550 28417-28425 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
551 28244-28252 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
552 28138-28146 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
553 27999-28007 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
554 27866-27874 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
555 27624-27632 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
556 27189-27197 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
557 26874-26882 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
558 26252-26260 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
559 26099-26107 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
560 25997-26005 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
561 25866-25874 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
562 25508-25516 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
563 25404-25412 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
564 25245-25253 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
565 25155-25163 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
566 25008-25016 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
567 24879-24887 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
568 24776-24784 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
569 24663-24671 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
570 24550-24558 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
571 24454-24462 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
572 24006-24014 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
573 23867-23875 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
574 23442-23450 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
575 23330-23338 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
576 23043-23051 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
577 22825-22833 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
578 22698-22706 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
579 22444-22452 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
580 22288-22296 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
581 22192-22200 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
582 22038-22046 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
583 21709-21717 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
584 21345-21353 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
585 19893-19901 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
586 19583-19591 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
587 19486-19494 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
588 19353-19361 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
589 19211-19219 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
590 18331-18339 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
591 17717-17725 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
592 17501-17509 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
593 16933-16941 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
594 16828-16836 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
595 16722-16730 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
596 16020-16028 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
597 15854-15861 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
598 15965-15972 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
599 16068-16075 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
600 16140-16176 Species denotes Suehiro et al. (2006) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
601 16270-16281 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
602 16369-16376 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
603 16468-16475 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
604 16553-16569 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
605 16668-16675 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
606 16764-16778 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
607 16875-16889 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
608 16982-16989 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
609 17035-17042 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
610 17082-17118 Species denotes Shabani et al. (2008) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
611 17201-17215 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
612 17299-17314 Species denotes West Nile virus Tax:11082
613 17437-17451 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
614 17548-17562 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
615 17674-17681 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
616 17771-17783 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
617 17893-17900 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
618 18013-18020 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
619 18060-18067 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
620 18127-18134 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
621 18237-18257 Species denotes Campylobacter jejuni Tax:197
622 18498-18505 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
623 18616-18643 Species denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus Tax:11099
624 18645-18649 Species denotes BVDV Tax:11099
625 18760-18767 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
626 18863-18870 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
627 19044-19067 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
628 19068-19072 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
629 19140-19147 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
630 19252-19272 Species denotes Enterobacter cloacae Tax:550
631 19309-19325 Species denotes ricinus communis Tax:3988
632 19398-19405 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
633 19442-19458 Species denotes ricinus communis Tax:3988
634 19527-19538 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
635 19628-19635 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
636 19700-19709 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
637 19934-19955 Species denotes swine influenza virus Tax:12845
638 19962-19966 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
639 20062-20069 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
640 20149-20156 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
641 20510-20515 Species denotes human Tax:9606
642 20536-20540 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
643 20545-20549 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
644 20658-20665 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
645 20786-20793 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
646 21050-21064 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
647 21190-21199 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
648 21291-21298 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
649 21387-21396 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
650 21515-21534 Species denotes Helicobacter pylori Tax:210
651 21646-21656 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
652 21670-21680 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
653 21690-21703 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
654 21759-21766 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
655 21859-21866 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
656 21961-21968 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
657 22090-22113 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
658 22114-22118 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
659 22230-22237 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
660 22251-22258 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
661 22340-22354 Species denotes dengue virus 3 Tax:11069
662 22500-22521 Species denotes cucumber mosaic virus Tax:12305
663 22648-22655 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
664 22752-22759 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
665 22868-22875 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
666 22946-22962 Species denotes murine norovirus Tax:357231
667 23205-23219 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
668 23373-23380 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
669 23481-23488 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
670 23553-23562 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
671 23680-23687 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
672 23775-23789 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
673 23906-23915 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
674 24047-24054 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
675 24142-24158 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
676 24268-24282 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
677 24395-24404 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
678 24497-24504 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
679 24596-24617 Species denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae Tax:573
680 24709-24730 Species denotes Enterococcus faecalis Tax:1351
681 24822-24833 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
682 24925-24932 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
683 24971-24978 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
684 25056-25070 Species denotes dengue virus 1 Tax:11053
685 25189-25196 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
686 25302-25323 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
687 25330-25334 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
688 25394-25398 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
689 25444-25453 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
690 25553-25560 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
691 25673-25682 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
692 25797-25806 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
693 25914-25930 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
694 26153-26174 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
695 26181-26185 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
696 26234-26238 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
697 26299-26313 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
698 26437-26444 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
699 26547-26570 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
700 26571-26575 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
701 26686-26693 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
702 26804-26815 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
703 26919-26928 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
704 27041-27048 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
705 27141-27148 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
706 27234-27241 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
707 27308-27317 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
708 27386-27397 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
709 27516-27530 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
710 27549-27563 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
711 27913-27920 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
712 28044-28071 Species denotes Japanese encephalitis virus Tax:11072
713 28178-28187 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
714 28290-28313 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
715 28314-28318 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
716 28440-28481 Species denotes Hai et al. (2017) human influenza A virus Tax:11320
717 28482-28486 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
718 28617-28624 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
719 28643-28650 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
720 28723-28730 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
721 28856-28870 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
722 28972-28995 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
723 28996-29000 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
724 29110-29119 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
725 29155-29164 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
726 29239-29246 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
727 29265-29272 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
728 29455-29464 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
729 29587-29594 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
730 29654-29670 Species denotes Arachis hypogaea Tax:3818
731 29719-29730 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
732 29790-29806 Species denotes Arachis hypogaea Tax:3818
735 20516-20525 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
736 20912-20925 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
737 20993-21006 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
738 15917-15923 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
739 16003-16010 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
740 16126-16133 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
741 16222-16236 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
742 16315-16326 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
743 16411-16418 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
744 16510-16516 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
745 16617-16633 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
746 16705-16712 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
747 16808-16822 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
748 16913-16927 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
749 17148-17162 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
750 17251-17265 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
751 17316-17319 Species denotes WNV Tax:11082
752 17381-17384 Species denotes WNV Tax:11082
753 17481-17495 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
754 17597-17611 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
755 17700-17707 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
756 17828-17840 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
757 17965-17972 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
758 18169-18176 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
759 18566-18573 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
760 18711-18715 Species denotes BVDV Tax:11099
761 19102-19106 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
762 19182-19189 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
763 19659-19666 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
764 19733-19742 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
765 19957-19960 Species denotes SIV Tax:12845
766 20012-20015 Species denotes SIV Tax:12845
767 20099-20106 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
768 20182-20189 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
769 20588-20592 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
770 20599-20603 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
771 20747-20754 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
772 20861-20868 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
773 21132-21146 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
774 21219-21228 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
775 21811-21818 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
776 21911-21918 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
777 22025-22032 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
778 22356-22362 Species denotes DENV-3 Tax:11069
779 22523-22526 Species denotes CMV Tax:12305
780 22595-22598 Species denotes CMV Tax:12305
781 22685-22692 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
782 22812-22819 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
783 22904-22911 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
784 22964-22967 Species denotes MNV Tax:357231
785 23011-23014 Species denotes MNV Tax:357231
786 23306-23320 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
787 23429-23436 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
788 23512-23519 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
789 23615-23624 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
790 23734-23741 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
791 23839-23853 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
792 23973-23982 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
793 24338-24352 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
794 24434-24448 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
795 25126-25132 Species denotes DENV-3 Tax:11069
796 25232-25239 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
797 25325-25328 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
798 25390-25393 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
799 25485-25494 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
800 25621-25628 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
801 25743-25752 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
802 25851-25860 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
803 25975-25991 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
804 26176-26179 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
805 26230-26233 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
806 26375-26389 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
807 26504-26511 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
808 26754-26761 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
809 26857-26868 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
810 26989-26998 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
811 27089-27096 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
812 27266-27273 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
813 27342-27351 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
814 27461-27472 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
815 27986-27993 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
816 28073-28076 Species denotes JEV Tax:11072
817 28125-28128 Species denotes JEV Tax:11072
818 28229-28238 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
819 28547-28551 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
820 28902-28916 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
821 29520-29529 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
824 18734-18738 Disease denotes CCID
825 23692-23694 Disease denotes PD MESH:D010300
835 15045-15047 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
836 13759-13764 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
837 13785-13787 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
838 13792-13800 Chemical denotes platinum MESH:D010984
839 13802-13804 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
840 13861-13866 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
841 13956-13961 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
842 14011-14017 Chemical denotes metals MESH:D008670
843 15004-15009 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
857 30613-30615 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
858 30402-30424 Species denotes Salmonella typhimurium Tax:90371
859 30426-30440 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
860 30236-30252 Chemical denotes indium tin oxide MESH:C109984
861 30254-30257 Chemical denotes ITO MESH:C109984
862 30260-30271 Chemical denotes polysilicon
863 30277-30293 Chemical denotes titanium dioxide MESH:C009495
864 30295-30299 Chemical denotes TiO2
865 30380-30387 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
866 31113-31119 Chemical denotes Carbon MESH:D002244
867 31162-31168 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
868 31178-31186 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
869 31202-31208 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
871 31318-31325 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
879 31337-31345 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
880 31412-31420 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
881 31537-31544 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
882 31684-31692 Chemical denotes Polymers MESH:D011108
883 31859-31866 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
884 31922-31929 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
885 31937-31944 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
901 32778-32780 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
902 32731-32738 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
903 32967-32990 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
904 32992-32996 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
905 33002-33009 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
906 31956-31967 Chemical denotes Polyaniline MESH:C416807
907 31972-31983 Chemical denotes polypyrrole MESH:C067635
908 32028-32036 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
909 32140-32151 Chemical denotes polypyrrole MESH:C067635
910 32268-32279 Chemical denotes polyaniline MESH:C416807
911 32453-32460 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
912 32692-32703 Chemical denotes polyaniline MESH:C416807
913 32877-32909 Chemical denotes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) MESH:C121383
914 32910-32931 Chemical denotes polystyrene sulfonate MESH:C003321
915 32933-32938 Chemical denotes PEDOT
940 34189-34191 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
941 33851-33853 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
942 33732-33739 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
943 33741-33755 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
944 34010-34024 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
945 33761-33774 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
946 33059-33066 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
947 33127-33134 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
948 33237-33245 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
949 33247-33249 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
950 33273-33281 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
951 33287-33293 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
952 33482-33490 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
953 33502-33510 Chemical denotes chitosan MESH:D048271
954 33532-33548 Chemical denotes polyethylenimine MESH:D011094
955 33550-33553 Chemical denotes PEI MESH:D011094
956 33579-33592 Chemical denotes polyallyamine
957 33664-33678 Chemical denotes polyallylamine MESH:C063994
958 33683-33690 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
959 33929-33945 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) MESH:C531249
960 34082-34089 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
961 34142-34149 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
962 34213-34220 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
963 34313-34320 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1110 43537-43545 Gene denotes fetuin A Gene:197
1111 43608-43616 Gene denotes fetuin A Gene:197
1112 44482-44484 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1113 44253-44255 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1114 44093-44095 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1115 43929-43931 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1116 43786-43788 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1117 43371-43373 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1118 43155-43157 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1119 42965-42967 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1120 42801-42803 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1121 42649-42651 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1122 42460-42462 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1123 42268-42270 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1124 42039-42041 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1125 41832-41834 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1126 41654-41656 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1127 41434-41436 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1128 41191-41193 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1129 41006-41008 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1130 40815-40817 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1131 40560-40562 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1132 40425-40427 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1133 40262-40264 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1134 40049-40051 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1135 39831-39833 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1136 39596-39598 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1137 39432-39434 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1138 39245-39247 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1139 39010-39012 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1140 38745-38747 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1141 38517-38519 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1142 38276-38278 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1143 38071-38073 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1144 37882-37884 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1145 37648-37650 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1146 37441-37443 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1147 37220-37222 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1148 37043-37045 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1149 36836-36838 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1150 36679-36681 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1151 36514-36516 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1152 36354-36356 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1153 36188-36190 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1154 44462-44470 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1155 43767-43775 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1156 42628-42636 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1157 40792-40800 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1158 40404-40412 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1159 36161-36169 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1160 36121-36128 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1161 36257-36268 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1162 36422-36429 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1163 36747-36754 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1164 36915-36922 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1165 37122-37131 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1166 37300-37314 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1167 37522-37561 Species denotes Salam and Tothill (2009) S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1168 37774-37795 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1169 37802-37806 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1170 37939-37963 Species denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Tax:1313
1171 38209-38216 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1172 38360-38402 Species denotes Setterington and Alocilja (2011) S. aureus Tax:1280
1173 38450-38459 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1174 38612-38633 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1175 38640-38644 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1176 38865-38872 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1177 39102-39111 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1178 39295-39332 Species denotes Laczka et al. (2013) L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1179 39495-39516 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1180 39523-39527 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1181 39718-39734 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1182 39974-39981 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1183 40167-40188 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1184 40195-40199 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1185 40340-40347 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1186 40485-40492 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1187 41132-41141 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1188 41318-41334 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1189 41560-41567 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1190 41759-41766 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1191 41942-41956 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1192 42155-42162 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1193 42368-42382 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1194 42589-42596 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1195 42699-42715 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1196 42904-42911 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1197 43086-43097 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1198 43276-43297 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1199 43445-43468 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1200 43469-43473 Species denotes H9N2 Tax:102796
1201 43673-43693 Species denotes human enterovirus 71 Tax:39054
1202 43695-43699 Species denotes EV71 Tax:39054
1203 43855-43862 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1204 44016-44030 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1205 44180-44189 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1206 44340-44385 Species denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus Tax:1335626
1207 44387-44395 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
1208 43507-43516 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1209 36148-36155 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1210 36314-36324 Species denotes V.cholerae Tax:666
1211 36485-36492 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1212 36810-36817 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1213 36980-36987 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1214 37150-37159 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1215 37344-37358 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1216 37449-37463 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1217 37613-37627 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1218 37797-37800 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1219 37862-37865 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1220 38259-38266 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1221 38635-38638 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1222 38700-38703 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1223 38724-38727 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1224 38753-38756 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1225 38981-38988 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1226 39164-39173 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1227 39381-39397 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1228 39518-39521 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1229 39802-39818 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1230 40015-40021 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1231 40190-40193 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1232 40392-40398 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1233 40541-40548 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1234 41164-41172 Species denotes S.aureus Tax:1280
1235 41405-41421 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1236 41623-41630 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1237 41812-41819 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1238 42012-42026 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1239 42222-42229 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1240 42431-42445 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1241 42615-42622 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1242 42766-42782 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1243 42946-42953 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1244 43132-43143 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1245 43299-43302 Species denotes AIV Tax:11309
1246 43740-43744 Species denotes EV71 Tax:39054
1247 44423-44431 Species denotes MERS-CoV Tax:1335626
1248 44485-44493 Species denotes MERS CoV Tax:1335626
1249 40940-40941 Gene denotes L Gene:21832
1250 39022-39029 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1251 39649-39656 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1252 41679-41686 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1253 41880-41887 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1254 42087-42094 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1255 40943-40954 Disease denotes pneumophila MESH:D007877
1262 34468-34475 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
1263 34608-34615 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1264 34752-34760 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1265 34765-34772 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1266 34846-34853 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1267 34970-34977 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1276 45768-45782 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1277 45941-45955 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1278 44601-44603 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1279 45562-45564 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1280 45726-45728 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1281 45857-45860 Chemical denotes ITO MESH:C109984
1282 46021-46027 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1283 46365-46371 Chemical denotes silver MESH:D012834
1289 48208-48230 Species denotes Listeria monocytogenes Tax:1639
1290 48232-48248 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1291 48396-48419 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1292 48119-48123 Chemical denotes TiO2
1293 48293-48300 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1297 49153-49174 Species denotes cucumber mosaic virus Tax:12305
1298 48474-48481 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1299 48673-48680 Chemical denotes Polymer MESH:D011108
1301 49753-49760 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1306 51760-51768 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1307 51693-51700 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1308 51535-51537 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1309 51629-51632 Disease denotes CIP MESH:D010259
1317 52185-52193 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1318 52015-52029 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1319 52129-52136 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1320 52141-52152 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1321 52319-52326 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1322 52331-52340 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1323 51961-51963 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1328 51360-51387 Species denotes Japanese encephalitis virus Tax:11072
1329 50867-50869 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1330 51209-51215 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1331 51232-51238 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1337 53182-53197 Species denotes West Nile virus Tax:11082
1338 52717-52719 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1339 52764-52783 Chemical denotes gold (III) chloride
1340 53132-53139 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1341 53147-53149 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
1344 56347-56354 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1345 56555-56562 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1354 58723-58743 Species denotes human enterovirus 71 Tax:39054
1355 58792-58803 Species denotes horseradish Tax:3704
1356 58931-58942 Species denotes enterovirus Tax:39054
1357 59533-59544 Chemical denotes fluorescein MESH:D019793
1358 59549-59558 Chemical denotes rhodamine MESH:D012235
1359 59611-59614 Chemical denotes CdS MESH:D002104
1360 59616-59620 Chemical denotes CdSe
1361 59626-59630 Chemical denotes GaAs MESH:C043055
1363 61141-61149 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1379 65122-65131 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1380 64952-64961 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1381 64722-64724 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1382 64581-64583 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1383 64556-64558 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1384 64503-64510 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1385 64662-64669 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1386 64798-64819 Species denotes avian influenza virus Tax:11309
1387 64820-64824 Species denotes H5N1 Tax:102793
1388 64828-64835 Species denotes chicken Tax:9031
1389 65033-65055 Species denotes Cryptosporidium parvum Tax:5807
1390 65057-65066 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1391 64445-64452 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1392 64637-64644 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1393 63373-63381 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1397 66515-66522 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1398 66752-66765 Chemical denotes oligopeptides MESH:D009842
1399 66857-66870 Disease denotes breast cancer MESH:D001943
1401 66908-66924 Chemical denotes Oligosaccharides MESH:D009844
1411 67289-67312 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1412 67314-67318 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1413 66925-66939 Chemical denotes Trisaccharides MESH:D014312
1414 66944-66957 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1415 66984-66996 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1416 67036-67049 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1417 67246-67259 Chemical denotes trisaccharide MESH:D014312
1418 67350-67363 Chemical denotes carbohydrates MESH:D002241
1419 67438-67450 Chemical denotes carbohydrate MESH:D002241
1421 67582-67598 Chemical denotes Oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1425 68889-68898 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1426 67892-67908 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides MESH:D009841
1427 68294-68309 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide MESH:D009841
1437 70501-70503 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1438 69691-69704 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1439 69819-69826 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1440 70015-70022 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1441 70359-70372 Species denotes bacteriophage Tax:38018
1442 70455-70465 Species denotes L. innocua Tax:1642
1443 70113-70118 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1444 70409-70411 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1445 70622-70627 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1448 71301-71305 Disease denotes CIPs
1449 71349-71353 Disease denotes CIPs
1462 71701-71708 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1463 71855-71881 Species denotes Staphylococcus epidermidis Tax:1282
1464 71883-71897 Species denotes S. epidermidis Tax:1282
1465 71580-71592 Chemical denotes organosilica
1466 71632-71666 Chemical denotes (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane MESH:C102833
1467 71668-71672 Chemical denotes MPTS MESH:C102833
1468 71800-71831 Chemical denotes poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid)
1469 71601-71627 Disease denotes films of tetraethoxysilane
1470 71997-72001 Disease denotes CIPs
1471 72180-72184 Disease denotes CIPs
1472 72440-72444 Disease denotes CIPs
1473 72493-72497 Disease denotes CIPs
1475 74988-74990 Mutation denotes ΔG c.delG
1478 77883-77902 Chemical denotes lipopolysaccharides MESH:D008070
1479 77906-77920 Chemical denotes teichoic acids MESH:D013682
1481 79416-79421 Chemical denotes Broth
1489 79906-79908 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1490 79859-79861 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1491 79752-79766 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1492 79932-79937 Species denotes Salam Tax:883761
1493 79960-79967 Species denotes chicken Tax:9031
1494 80036-80050 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1495 79790-79801 Chemical denotes Luria broth
1501 81720-81727 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1502 81752-81770 Species denotes Bacillus anthracis Tax:1392
1503 81772-81784 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
1504 81833-81860 Species denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus Tax:11099
1505 81883-81906 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1508 82408-82417 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1509 82422-82430 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1516 82901-82913 Species denotes dengue virus Tax:12637
1517 83573-83596 Species denotes Vibrio parahaemolyticus Tax:670
1518 83598-83617 Species denotes V. parahaemolyticus Tax:670
1519 82850-82857 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1520 83515-83523 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
1521 83247-83260 Disease denotes blood glucose MESH:D007022
1525 84215-84220 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1526 84259-84264 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1527 85008-85013 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1534 87055-87069 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1535 86395-86403 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
1536 86450-86470 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane MESH:C013830
1537 86472-86476 Chemical denotes PDMS MESH:C013830
1538 86482-86505 Chemical denotes polymethyl methacrylate MESH:D019904
1539 86507-86511 Chemical denotes PMMA MESH:D019904
1542 88900-88908 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1543 88618-88627 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1545 89512-89517 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1554 91806-91808 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1555 91587-91610 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1556 91612-91616 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1557 91780-91789 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1558 91856-91863 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1559 91553-91560 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1560 91702-91708 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1561 91755-91769 Chemical denotes graphene oxide MESH:C000628730
1571 93287-93294 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1572 93413-93420 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1573 93123-93128 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1574 93132-93139 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1575 93298-93301 Chemical denotes KCl MESH:D011189
1576 93318-93320 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
1577 93328-93332 Chemical denotes AgCl
1578 93384-93392 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1579 93452-93477 Chemical denotes phosphate buffered saline
1586 93734-93743 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1587 93793-93795 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1588 93619-93642 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1589 93891-93898 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1590 93903-93912 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1591 93675-93689 Chemical denotes graphene oxide MESH:C000628730
1599 95306-95314 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1600 95183-95191 Gene denotes Fe(CN)63 Gene:2960
1601 95226-95233 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1602 95349-95358 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1603 95601-95615 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1604 95695-95706 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1605 95441-95447 Chemical denotes LiClO4 MESH:C054684
1610 94773-94782 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1611 94686-94695 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1612 94875-94882 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1613 94896-94903 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1624 97168-97170 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1625 97023-97025 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1626 96871-96880 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1627 97278-97287 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1628 96836-96842 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1629 96965-96967 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1630 97068-97071 Chemical denotes DPV
1631 97093-97100 Chemical denotes alumina MESH:D000537
1632 97234-97237 Chemical denotes DPV
1633 97245-97251 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1635 97804-97809 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1649 98929-98931 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1650 98911-98913 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1651 98897-98899 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1652 98319-98321 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1653 98292-98299 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1654 98396-98403 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1655 98845-98859 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1656 98865-98872 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1657 98830-98843 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1658 98457-98463 Species denotes E.coli Tax:562
1659 98244-98251 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1660 98660-98665 Chemical denotes Ag(s) MESH:D012834
1661 98727-98730 Chemical denotes DPV
1666 101870-101884 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1667 101902-101937 Chemical denotes poly(pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole)
1668 102117-102126 Chemical denotes copolymer
1669 102219-102228 Chemical denotes copolymer
1679 103489-103498 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1680 103550-103552 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1681 103390-103392 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1682 103334-103354 Species denotes Shigella dysenteriae Tax:622
1683 103356-103370 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1684 103515-103531 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1685 103658-103665 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1686 103667-103678 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1687 103684-103705 Species denotes Enterococcus faecalis Tax:1351
1696 104262-104271 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1697 103868-103877 Gene denotes Fe(CN)6 3 Gene:2960
1698 104305-104307 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1699 104668-104677 Chemical denotes ferrocene MESH:C004998
1700 104682-104699 Chemical denotes ferrocenemethanol MESH:C071550
1701 104760-104774 Chemical denotes Ruthenium(III)
1702 104775-104788 Chemical denotes ruthenium(II)
1703 104834-104841 Chemical denotes quinone MESH:C004532
1709 106032-106039 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1710 106157-106164 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1711 106331-106340 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1712 106119-106121 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1713 106234-106236 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1721 107426-107437 Species denotes B. subtilis Tax:1423
1722 107535-107544 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1723 107549-107568 Species denotes Helicobacter pylori Tax:210
1724 107644-107667 Species denotes human influenza A virus Tax:11320
1725 107669-107673 Species denotes H1N1 Tax:114727
1726 107678-107682 Species denotes H3N2 Tax:119210
1727 107711-107718 Chemical denotes silicon MESH:D012825
1731 111276-111283 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1732 111092-111099 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1733 111118-111135 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
1744 110583-110585 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1745 110258-110260 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
1746 110235-110242 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1747 110451-110465 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1748 110366-110380 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1749 110005-110007 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1750 110173-110181 Chemical denotes thionine MESH:C009469
1751 110206-110210 Chemical denotes H2O2 MESH:D006861
1752 110330-110337 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1753 110494-110501 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1756 111550-111557 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1757 111534-111536 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
1760 112288-112293 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1761 112331-112340 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1763 112410-112415 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1771 112634-112640 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1772 112959-112973 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1773 112977-112983 Species denotes turkey Tax:9103
1774 112690-112695 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1775 112756-112762 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1776 112834-112840 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1777 113004-113014 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1793 113462-113473 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
1794 114039-114048 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1795 114053-114063 Species denotes G. lamblia Tax:5741
1796 114083-114090 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
1797 114092-114108 Species denotes L. monocytogenes Tax:1639
1798 114110-114124 Species denotes S. typhimurium Tax:90371
1799 114126-114135 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1800 114141-114154 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1801 113170-113175 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1802 113387-113392 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1803 113534-113539 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1804 113683-113688 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1805 113803-113808 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1806 113435-113442 Disease denotes cholera MESH:D002771
1807 113574-113582 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
1811 114433-114447 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1812 114497-114506 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1813 114607-114612 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1818 115032-115037 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1819 115243-115248 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1820 115439-115444 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1821 115608-115613 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1823 115827-115836 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1834 116335-116340 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1835 116371-116377 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1836 117323-117344 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1837 117611-117616 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1838 116874-116879 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1839 116995-117000 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1840 116088-116093 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1841 116145-116152 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1842 116196-116202 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
1843 117383-117390 Disease denotes malaria MESH:D008288
1859 117996-118022 Species denotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tax:1773
1860 118055-118072 Species denotes Naegleria fowleri Tax:5763
1861 118381-118402 Species denotes Clostridium difficile Tax:1496
1862 118530-118539 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1863 117951-117961 Species denotes Legionella Tax:446
1864 118404-118406 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1865 118449-118451 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1866 118508-118519 Chemical denotes methicillin MESH:D008712
1867 117980-117994 Disease denotes Legionnellosis
1868 118037-118049 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
1869 118087-118105 Disease denotes amoebic meningitis MESH:D004404
1870 118297-118307 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1871 118463-118471 Disease denotes diarrhea MESH:D003967
1872 118495-118502 Disease denotes colitis MESH:D003092
1873 118568-118578 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1875 118851-118853 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1889 120585-120593 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1890 120754-120763 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
1891 120769-120783 Species denotes S. dysenteriae Tax:622
1892 120950-120955 Species denotes algae Tax:569578
1893 120713-120726 Species denotes Campylobacter Tax:197
1894 120728-120740 Species denotes Enterococcus Tax:1351
1895 120742-120752 Species denotes Salmonella Tax:90371
1896 119302-119307 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1897 121103-121108 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1898 119807-119817 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1899 120018-120027 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
1900 120412-120422 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1901 120537-120547 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1906 122133-122161 Species denotes human immunodeficiency virus Tax:12721
1907 122163-122166 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1908 121977-121986 Disease denotes mortality MESH:D003643
1909 122434-122442 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1927 122927-122948 Species denotes Plasmodium falciparum Tax:5833
1928 123270-123278 Species denotes children Tax:9606
1929 123401-123416 Species denotes influenza virus Tax:11309
1930 123445-123457 Species denotes rabies virus Tax:11292
1931 122792-122805 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1932 122810-122820 Species denotes Plasmodium Tax:5833
1933 122903-122916 Species denotes Mycobacterium Tax:1773
1934 122918-122921 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1935 123220-123222 Species denotes CD Tax:1496
1936 122986-122991 Disease denotes death MESH:D003643
1937 122997-123016 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
1938 123138-123160 Disease denotes respiratory infections MESH:D012141
1939 123176-123186 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
1940 123192-123210 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases MESH:D004403
1941 123418-123426 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
1942 123428-123443 Disease denotes hepatitis virus MESH:D006525
1943 123491-123500 Disease denotes pneumonia MESH:D011014
1946 123751-123760 Species denotes influenza Tax:11320
1947 123844-123847 Species denotes HIV Tax:12721
1951 125153-125159 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
1952 124598-124603 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1953 125113-125118 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1957 125685-125697 Species denotes B. anthracis Tax:1392
1958 125699-125706 Species denotes Anthrax Tax:1392
1959 125739-125753 Species denotes vaccinia virus Tax:10245
1961 125949-125954 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
1964 128206-128212 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1965 128263-128271 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1972 127391-127397 Chemical denotes Carbon MESH:D002244
1973 127422-127430 Chemical denotes graphite MESH:D006108
1974 127432-127440 Chemical denotes graphene MESH:D006108
1975 127653-127659 Chemical denotes carbon MESH:D002244
1976 127773-127780 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
1977 127850-127855 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
1982 130113-130121 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
1983 130786-130793 Chemical denotes lactate MESH:D019344
1984 130795-130802 Chemical denotes glucose MESH:D005947
1985 130950-130965 Disease denotes skin irritation MESH:D012871
1988 132013-132022 Species denotes C. parvum Tax:5807
1989 131656-131671 Disease denotes lamblia oocysts MESH:D005873
1995 132281-132286 Species denotes human Tax:9606
1996 132610-132614 Species denotes rice Tax:4530
1997 132616-132621 Species denotes maize Tax:4577
1998 132623-132629 Species denotes potato Tax:4113
1999 132635-132642 Species denotes soybean Tax:3847
2004 133343-133350 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2005 133360-133371 Species denotes V. cholerae Tax:666
2006 133612-133619 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2007 133629-133638 Species denotes S. aureus Tax:1280
2015 134745-134752 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2016 134384-134391 Chemical denotes glycine MESH:D005998
2017 134397-134401 Chemical denotes urea MESH:D014508
2018 134631-134638 Chemical denotes acetone MESH:D000096
2019 134687-134689 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
2020 134848-134865 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
2021 134805-134812 Disease denotes Johnson MESH:C535882
2023 136026-136034 Disease denotes toxicity MESH:D064420
2025 136698-136703 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
2028 139661-139668 Species denotes E. coli Tax:562
2029 139060-139069 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
2033 140213-140215 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
2034 140246-140248 Gene denotes mL Gene:21832
2035 140321-140323 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 100602-100612 Body_part denotes sinusoidal http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63131
T2 101275-101279 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T3 107572-107577 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T4 107578-107584 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T5 109804-109812 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T6 110086-110094 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T7 110182-110190 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T8 110330-110337 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T9 110494-110501 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T10 111092-111099 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T11 111506-111514 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T12 114347-114351 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T13 114390-114395 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T14 116762-116773 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T15 116762-116766 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T16 117128-117132 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T17 118603-118607 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T18 118623-118636 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T19 121274-121285 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T20 121274-121278 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T21 121303-121308 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T22 121310-121315 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma64183
T23 121317-121322 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T24 121324-121329 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938
T25 121331-121337 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T26 121342-121348 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma312401
T27 121444-121455 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T28 121444-121448 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T29 122163-122166 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T30 122346-122354 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T31 122918-122921 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T32 123162-123175 Body_part denotes urinary tract http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma0326482
T33 123321-123335 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825
T34 123844-123847 Body_part denotes HIV http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma278683
T35 123880-123883 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T36 124149-124154 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T37 124162-124167 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12274
T38 128451-128456 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T39 128457-128463 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T40 129341-129346 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67498
T41 129703-129707 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163
T42 130066-130077 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T43 130066-130070 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T44 130087-130092 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T45 130097-130102 Body_part denotes sweat http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12275
T46 130795-130802 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T47 130950-130954 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7163
T48 131008-131014 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T49 131086-131096 Body_part denotes body fluid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T50 134384-134391 Body_part denotes glycine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82753
T51 134447-134453 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T52 134644-134650 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T53 135728-135737 Body_part denotes capillary http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63194
T54 139407-139412 Body_part denotes tooth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma12516
T55 139413-139419 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma55629
T56 141038-141046 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T57 141362-141370 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T22063 1958-1962 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T33096 2571-2582 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T10582 2571-2575 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T19835 2808-2811 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T55984 2857-2860 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T20931 2977-2980 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T41986 3010-3013 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T2928 3782-3790 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T4405 3898-3906 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T32223 3968-3971 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T61707 4008-4011 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T51330 4346-4351 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T19578 7322-7333 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T23928 7322-7326 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T39720 12328-12332 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T27608 15696-15702 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T90985 17784-17786 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T18298 18506-18508 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T15286 18651-18653 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T4025 19265-19272 Body_part denotes cloacae http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma322205
T77924 20877-20882 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T52722 21015-21020 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T45963 21155-21160 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T70200 21312-21319 Body_part denotes mannose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82801
T88391 21320-21332 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T40052 21484-21489 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T71080 21618-21623 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T9432 22168-22177 Body_part denotes galactose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82794
T91083 22876-22878 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T29288 24068-24075 Body_part denotes mannose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82801
T76358 24076-24088 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T33281 27205-27210 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T32869 27925-27933 Body_part denotes cysteine http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82751
T4177 28159-28163 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T43124 29175-29177 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T27920 29558-29563 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T74288 30512-30520 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T40635 31750-31756 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T42419 33845-33850 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T59789 35940-35946 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T29077 36182-36187 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T32230 36191-36199 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T78032 36348-36353 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T84107 36357-36365 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T47720 36508-36513 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T7909 36517-36525 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T90211 36682-36690 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T51462 36839-36847 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T76448 37057-37065 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T611 37214-37219 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T76579 37223-37231 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T75461 37475-37483 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T54998 37659-37667 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T64045 37705-37713 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T47334 37885-37893 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T25258 38074-38082 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T99495 38138-38146 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T58 38279-38287 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T59 38315-38323 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T60 38439-38446 Body_part denotes Protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T61 38520-38528 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T62 38529-38536 Body_part denotes Protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T63 38771-38779 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T64 38808-38822 Body_part denotes red blood cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62845
T65 38818-38822 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T66 39013-39021 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T67 39022-39029 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T68 39248-39256 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T69 39649-39656 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T70 39845-39853 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T71 39892-39900 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T72 40060-40068 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T73 40106-40114 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T74 40265-40273 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T75 40574-40582 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T76 40621-40629 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T77 40818-40826 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T78 41017-41025 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T79 41064-41072 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T80 41448-41456 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T81 41495-41503 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T82 41657-41665 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T83 41679-41686 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T84 41835-41843 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T85 41871-41879 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T86 41880-41887 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T87 42042-42050 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T88 42078-42086 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T89 42087-42094 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T90 42281-42289 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T91 42454-42459 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T92 42474-42482 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T93 42522-42530 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T94 42804-42812 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T95 42840-42848 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T96 42968-42976 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T97 43004-43012 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T98 43018-43028 Body_part denotes nucleotide http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740
T99 43158-43166 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T100 43194-43202 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T101 43208-43218 Body_part denotes nucleotide http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740
T102 43528-43535 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T103 43572-43580 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T104 43789-43797 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T105 43863-43865 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T106 44031-44033 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T107 44190-44192 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T108 44440-44448 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T109 44494-44502 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T110 45389-45396 Body_part denotes fingers http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9666
T111 46373-46375 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T112 50998-51001 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T113 51167-51171 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T114 51389-51393 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma46495
T115 51605-51609 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T116 56296-56304 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T117 58618-58626 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T118 58778-58786 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T119 59482-59489 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T120 59495-59502 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T121 60477-60482 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T122 60488-60495 Body_part denotes tissues http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T123 61280-61290 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T124 61295-61303 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T125 61314-61324 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T126 61329-61337 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T127 61487-61495 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T128 61791-61801 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T129 61952-61962 Body_part denotes Antibodies http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T130 62240-62248 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T131 63328-63342 Body_part denotes immunoglobulin http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T132 63343-63351 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T133 63361-63366 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T134 63719-63727 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T135 65085-65090 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T136 65158-65166 Body_part denotes Antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T137 65423-65431 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T138 65844-65856 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T139 65865-65873 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T140 65874-65886 Body_part denotes Carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T141 65895-65903 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T142 66381-66389 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T143 66421-66426 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T144 66857-66863 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9601
T145 66871-66876 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T146 66908-66924 Body_part denotes Oligosaccharides http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82742
T147 66944-66957 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T148 66984-66996 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T149 67350-67363 Body_part denotes carbohydrates http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T150 67438-67450 Body_part denotes carbohydrate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82737
T151 67451-67458 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T152 67615-67618 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T153 67755-67758 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T154 68718-68721 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T155 69406-69414 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T156 70381-70394 Body_part denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82783
T157 70474-70478 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T158 70729-70733 Body_part denotes Cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T159 71259-71263 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T160 73937-73945 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T161 74390-74398 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T162 76068-76071 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T163 76521-76527 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9637
T164 77883-77902 Body_part denotes lipopolysaccharides http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82785
T165 77928-77941 Body_part denotes cell membrane http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma63841
T166 77928-77932 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T167 78057-78061 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T168 78552-78557 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T169 78876-78884 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T170 79015-79026 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T171 79015-79019 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T172 79226-79231 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T173 79774-79778 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62100
T174 80051-80056 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T175 80885-80893 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871
T176 83247-83252 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T177 83253-83260 Body_part denotes glucose http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82743
T178 84636-84647 Body_part denotes body fluids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556
T179 84636-84640 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T180 85463-85468 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T181 85825-85830 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T182 86079-86084 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T183 86341-86346 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T184 88877-88882 Body_part denotes teeth http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma314001
T185 93325-93327 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T186 93512-93514 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T187 98419-98421 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T188 98660-98662 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T189 98685-98687 Body_part denotes Ag http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T190 98891-98896 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T191 98905-98910 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T192 98923-98928 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T193 98988-98996 Body_part denotes antibody http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62871

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 1847-1852 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T2 15696-15702 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T3 28159-28163 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T4 31750-31756 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T5 35940-35946 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T6 38812-38817 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T7 45389-45396 Body_part denotes fingers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002389
T8 48869-48874 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T9 51167-51171 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T10 51389-51393 Body_part denotes Chin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0008199
T11 63361-63366 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T12 66857-66863 Body_part denotes breast http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310
T13 69395-69399 Body_part denotes tail http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415
T14 70474-70478 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T15 76521-76527 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T16 78552-78557 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T17 79226-79231 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T18 79774-79778 Body_part denotes milk http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001913
T19 82868-82871 Body_part denotes tip http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2001840
T20 83247-83252 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T21 87385-87390 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T22 107578-107584 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752
T23 121303-121308 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T24 121310-121315 Body_part denotes stool http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988
T25 121317-121322 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T26 121324-121329 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912
T27 121331-121337 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T28 121342-121348 Body_part denotes sputum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007311
T29 123321-123335 Body_part denotes immune systems http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405
T30 124149-124154 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T31 124162-124167 Body_part denotes urine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001088
T32 128457-128463 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752
T33 129341-129346 Body_part denotes organ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000062
T34 129703-129707 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014
T35 130087-130092 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T36 130097-130102 Body_part denotes sweat http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001089
T37 130950-130954 Body_part denotes skin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014
T38 131008-131014 Body_part denotes tissue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000479
T39 132499-132503 Body_part denotes crop http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007356
T40 135728-135737 Body_part denotes capillary http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001982
T41 139413-139419 Body_part denotes enamel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001752

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 1725-1735 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T2 1853-1863 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T3 1988-1997 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T4 2150-2159 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T5 2305-2315 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T6 2403-2411 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 2443-2453 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T8 2646-2656 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T9 2928-2937 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T10 3306-3315 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T11 3843-3853 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 15711-15721 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T13 18629-18637 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T14 19050-19059 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T15 19934-19949 Disease denotes swine influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005460
T16 19940-19949 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T17 19957-19960 Disease denotes SIV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010029
T18 20012-20015 Disease denotes SIV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010029
T19 20230-20236 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T20 20516-20525 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T21 22096-22105 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T22 22340-22346 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T23 22432-22438 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T24 24596-24617 Disease denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0030602
T25 25056-25062 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T26 25302-25317 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T27 25308-25317 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T28 26153-26168 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T29 26159-26168 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T30 26553-26562 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T31 28044-28065 Disease denotes Japanese encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019209
T32 28053-28065 Disease denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019956
T33 28296-28305 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T34 28464-28473 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T35 28665-28669 Disease denotes HEMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010602
T36 28978-28987 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T37 29283-29287 Disease denotes TEOS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004050
T38 32973-32982 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T39 35955-35965 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T40 37774-37789 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T41 37780-37789 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T42 37939-37963 Disease denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005972
T43 37996-38006 Disease denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T44 38612-38627 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T45 38618-38627 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T46 39495-39510 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T47 39501-39510 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T48 40167-40182 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T49 40173-40182 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T50 40884-40894 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T51 43276-43291 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T52 43282-43291 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T53 43451-43460 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T54 43507-43516 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T55 43932-43935 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T56 44096-44099 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T57 44256-44259 Disease denotes MLT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018735
T58 48402-48411 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T59 51360-51381 Disease denotes Japanese encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019209
T60 51369-51381 Disease denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019956
T61 51629-51632 Disease denotes CIP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0009459|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015364
T63 61692-61702 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T64 64798-64813 Disease denotes avian influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018695
T65 64804-64813 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T66 66857-66870 Disease denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007254
T67 66864-66870 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T68 67295-67304 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T69 81846-81854 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T70 81889-81898 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T71 82408-82417 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T72 82422-82430 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T73 82901-82907 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T74 85204-85214 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T75 88618-88627 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T76 91593-91602 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T77 93625-93634 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T78 97128-97134 Disease denotes dengue http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005502
T79 107650-107659 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T80 112331-112340 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T81 113004-113014 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T82 113435-113442 Disease denotes cholera http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015766
T83 114242-114252 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T84 114414-114424 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T85 115827-115836 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T86 116145-116152 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T87 117272-117282 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T88 117350-117360 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T89 117383-117390 Disease denotes malaria http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005136
T90 117951-117961 Disease denotes Legionella http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005824
T91 118010-118022 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T92 118037-118049 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T93 118095-118105 Disease denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004796|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021108
T95 118297-118307 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T96 118463-118471 Disease denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T97 118495-118502 Disease denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005292
T98 118541-118545 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T99 118568-118581 Disease denotes infections in http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T100 118666-118676 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T101 118832-118842 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T102 118892-118896 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T103 119807-119817 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T104 120018-120027 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T105 120412-120422 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T106 120519-120547 Disease denotes Hospital-acquired infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043544
T107 122139-122155 Disease denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021094
T108 122434-122442 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T109 122997-123007 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T110 123138-123160 Disease denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0024355
T111 123162-123186 Disease denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001650|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005247
T113 123192-123210 Disease denotes diarrheal diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0001673
T114 123227-123231 Disease denotes MRSA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100073
T115 123401-123410 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T116 123418-123426 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T117 123428-123437 Disease denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002251
T118 123445-123451 Disease denotes rabies http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019173
T119 123480-123500 Disease denotes Mycoplasma pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005867
T120 123491-123500 Disease denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005249
T121 123516-123525 Disease denotes pertussis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005077
T122 123531-123541 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T123 123732-123742 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T124 123751-123760 Disease denotes influenza http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005812
T125 123825-123835 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T126 125699-125706 Disease denotes Anthrax http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005119
T127 125726-125732 Disease denotes plague http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019095
T128 125739-125747 Disease denotes vaccinia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002595
T129 132217-132227 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T130 139060-139069 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 99565-99566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 99840-99841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 99866-99867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 99978-99979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 100247-100248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 100319-100320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 100374-100375 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T8 100638-100639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 100937-100938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 101065-101066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 101275-101279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T12 101400-101401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T13 101542-101543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 101734-101735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15 101900-101901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 102329-102330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T17 102438-102439 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 102837-102838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 103375-103376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 103407-103411 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T21 103497-103503 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T22 103535-103536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 103607-103608 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 103609-103612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T25 103667-103668 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T26 103816-103817 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 103876-103882 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T28 103897-103900 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T29 104001-104002 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 104270-104276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T31 105367-105368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 105609-105610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 105742-105743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 105944-105948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T35 105995-105996 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 106386-106387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 106630-106631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T38 106849-106852 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T39 106884-106885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 107077-107078 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T41 107352-107353 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 107384-107387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T43 107426-107427 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T44 107477-107478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 107644-107649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T46 107660-107661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T47 107662-107667 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T48 107709-107710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 107737-107738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 107749-107756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T51 108034-108039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T52 108182-108188 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T53 108303-108311 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T54 108323-108329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T55 108743-108750 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T56 108833-108834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T57 108864-108865 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T58 109002-109008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Labels
T59 109023-109024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T60 109132-109138 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T61 109280-109281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62 109333-109339 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T63 109535-109540 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T64 109684-109685 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T65 109709-109710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T66 109843-109844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T67 109890-109897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T68 109958-109959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 109973-109974 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70 110267-110268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T71 110412-110418 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T72 110542-110543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T73 110568-110571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054060 denotes 102
T74 110647-110653 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T75 110743-110744 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 110824-110831 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T77 110855-110856 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T78 110888-110889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T79 111026-111027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 111190-111191 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T81 111193-111199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes Signal
T82 111363-111366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T83 111587-111588 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T84 111911-111912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T85 112125-112126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 112579-112580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 112634-112640 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T88 112977-112983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9005 denotes turkey
T89 113102-113105 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000990 denotes CDC
T90 113433-113434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 113490-113493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T92 113697-113698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 113856-113860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T94 114065-114073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T95 114160-114167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T96 114338-114339 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 114347-114351 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T98 114390-114395 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T99 114725-114726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T100 115155-115160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T101 115405-115406 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T102 116289-116290 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 116335-116340 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T104 116371-116377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T105 116762-116773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T106 116993-116994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 117232-117241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T108 117232-117241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T109 117298-117307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7157 denotes mosquitos
T110 117494-117501 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T111 117538-117545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T112 117549-117556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T113 117611-117616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T114 117920-117921 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T115 118122-118130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T116 118623-118636 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T117 118921-118930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T118 118921-118930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T119 119719-119720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T120 120153-120160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T121 120165-120172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T122 120350-120353 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T123 120371-120372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 120424-120425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 120627-120630 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T126 121001-121009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T127 121167-121172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T128 121274-121285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T129 121297-121308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes whole blood
T130 121297-121308 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes whole blood
T131 121444-121455 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T132 121598-121599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 121860-121867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T134 122133-122138 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T135 122156-122161 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T136 122196-122197 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T137 122365-122368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T138 122646-122648 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes da
T139 123162-123175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001008 denotes urinary tract
T140 123321-123335 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405 denotes immune systems
T141 123411-123416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T142 123438-123443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T143 123452-123457 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T144 123463-123471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T145 124071-124072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 124137-124145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T147 124149-124154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T148 124149-124154 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T149 125153-125159 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T150 125630-125637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T151 125685-125686 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T152 125748-125753 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T153 126261-126262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T154 126746-126751 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T155 127106-127111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T156 127265-127266 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T157 127296-127301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T158 127383-127389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T159 127479-127480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T160 127930-127931 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 127961-127962 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T162 128157-128158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T163 128246-128247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T164 128509-128515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T165 128531-128536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T166 128635-128641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T167 128892-128895 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T168 129046-129052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T169 129091-129094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T170 129106-129107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T171 129236-129239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T172 129341-129346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003103 denotes organ
T173 129451-129455 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T174 129688-129695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T175 129703-129707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014 denotes skin
T176 129703-129707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003 denotes skin
T177 129703-129707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097 denotes skin
T178 129703-129707 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199 denotes skin
T179 129703-129707 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962 denotes skin
T180 129746-129747 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T181 129784-129789 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T182 129811-129818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T183 129950-129957 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T184 130021-130028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T185 130066-130077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T186 130087-130092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T187 130087-130092 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T188 130271-130272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T189 130293-130300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T190 130403-130404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 130532-130535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T192 130642-130645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T193 130950-130954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000014 denotes skin
T194 130950-130954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001003 denotes skin
T195 130950-130954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002097 denotes skin
T196 130950-130954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002199 denotes skin
T197 130950-130954 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000962 denotes skin
T198 130968-130974 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T199 131086-131096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluid
T200 131341-131342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T201 131365-131366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T202 131600-131602 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T203 131926-131927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T204 132281-132286 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T205 132697-132704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T206 132715-132723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T207 132789-132790 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T208 132980-132983 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T209 132995-132996 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 133256-133257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T211 133306-133308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T212 133306-133308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T213 133402-133404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T214 133402-133404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T215 133468-133469 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T216 133565-133566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 133646-133647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T218 133709-133711 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4c
T219 133826-133827 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T220 133959-133960 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T221 134038-134041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T222 134447-134453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T223 134605-134606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T224 134622-134629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T225 134622-134629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T226 134644-134650 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T227 134760-134767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T228 134833-134834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T229 135240-135241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T230 135445-135446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T231 135892-135899 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T232 136191-136192 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T233 136320-136326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T234 136392-136396 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T235 136420-136427 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T236 136623-136624 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T237 136773-136776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T238 136903-136908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T239 137085-137091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T240 137179-137185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T241 137345-137346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T242 137753-137754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T243 138180-138183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T244 138200-138201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T245 138264-138265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T246 138482-138483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T247 138924-138927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T248 139359-139360 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T249 139385-139393 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T250 139429-139430 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T251 139626-139632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T252 139748-139749 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T253 139934-139942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T254 140045-140052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T255 140178-140179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T256 140427-140428 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T257 140579-140584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T258 140611-140612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T259 141047-141048 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T260 141371-141372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T14476 1823-1831 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T80625 1882-1889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T63352 2119-2126 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T73125 2160-2165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T61249 2171-2179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T28402 2358-2364 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes facing
T8155 2365-2366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36574 2412-2417 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3431 2571-2582 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T91690 3031-3036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T24843 3079-3084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T36131 3250-3258 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T85202 3250-3258 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T8720 3875-3876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80278 3925-3933 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T41563 3925-3933 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T50996 4182-4187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGG_0000000002 denotes genes
T38879 4337-4344 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T82236 4346-4351 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T65256 4369-4370 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92248 4902-4909 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T37566 4922-4927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T50432 5169-5170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T51725 5211-5219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001898 denotes called a
T3158 5287-5288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T61528 5357-5358 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42866 5440-5447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T73209 6069-6070 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T71756 6284-6285 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88152 6323-6324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43393 6531-6532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T67322 6556-6557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62612 6612-6613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45685 6672-6673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T64650 6846-6847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47476 6873-6874 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30180 6902-6908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T64360 7322-7333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T67174 7339-7345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes object
T57506 7437-7442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T64576 7549-7555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Labels
T5259 7620-7627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T67349 7620-7627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T43939 7737-7738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68512 7769-7770 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34652 7887-7892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T93702 7900-7905 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T95045 7939-7940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20027 8023-8028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes Label
T56574 8143-8151 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T61655 8172-8177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T74784 8736-8740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T91038 8750-8752 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes da
T60304 8772-8776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T27628 9185-9186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93259 9582-9583 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T17235 9783-9787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T5167 9830-9834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T39108 9875-9879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T17345 10047-10052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T36712 10583-10584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10370 10744-10745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T9299 10765-10766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46782 10767-10773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T96285 10841-10842 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53563 10929-10935 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T29584 10999-11000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50926 11139-11145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T32116 11200-11201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68385 11323-11324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T92162 11523-11526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2 a
T72453 11590-11595 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focus
T79414 11698-11705 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T63279 12022-12025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2 a
T73130 12141-12142 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T88794 12328-12332 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T76961 12370-12371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T89102 12391-12392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T31736 12476-12477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69777 12507-12508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76379 13178-13179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T84675 14327-14330 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008418 denotes PEK
T40732 14535-14539 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T12670 14697-14701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T9405 14792-14793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37286 14873-14874 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T74627 14970-14978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T54414 15089-15094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T86432 15505-15508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T89993 15526-15528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T42492 15545-15547 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T32160 16260-16262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T23426 16260-16262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T40751 17309-17314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T59427 17405-17412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T86592 17771-17772 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T82180 17828-17829 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T49326 18324-18325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70625 18411-18419 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T95329 18638-18643 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T34812 18818-18825 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T82818 18901-18902 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T12214 19044-19049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T35353 19060-19061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T13742 19062-19067 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3302 19235-19237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T3341 19235-19237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T69260 19299-19300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T90256 19363-19367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T34365 19432-19433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T53246 19527-19528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T66145 19565-19566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T34618 19593-19597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T18080 19812-19820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T17500 19906-19908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T62294 19950-19955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T79221 19972-19975 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T98205 20244-20249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T68867 20510-20515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T66260 20526-20527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T73785 20528-20535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T58914 20628-20635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T57124 20680-20683 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T53033 20702-20704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T49665 20769-20771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T62982 20769-20771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T26580 20794-20797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T56540 20877-20882 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T13546 20926-20929 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T37006 21015-21020 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T77666 21065-21068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T21555 21155-21160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T19706 21200-21203 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T99160 21451-21453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003797 denotes HP
T9943 21451-21453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000008725 denotes HP
T39015 21454-21461 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T10284 21484-21489 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T44367 21589-21591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003797 denotes HP
T11657 21589-21591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000008725 denotes HP
T27391 21592-21599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T59473 21618-21623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T75305 22048-22052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T91658 22090-22095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T65183 22106-22107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T13995 22108-22113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T3397 22347-22352 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T79686 22397-22405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T60478 22490-22492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T46120 22490-22492 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T6501 22516-22521 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T62337 23068-23075 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T95930 23257-23260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T75255 23452-23456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 4- 5
T31636 23695-23698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T7492 23886-23891 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0037183 denotes mL Ma
T84695 24207-24208 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T39748 24223-24230 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T65083 24535-24536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T79094 24537-24544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T45854 24648-24649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T83921 24650-24657 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T35795 24761-24762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T90845 24763-24770 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T70610 24822-24823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T77360 24864-24865 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T1479 24866-24873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T1603 24937-24940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T61737 25063-25068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T18896 25255-25259 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T67508 25318-25323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T56214 25561-25564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T14542 25683-25686 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T19729 26007-26011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 4- 5
T13637 26169-26174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T72842 26547-26552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T35806 26563-26564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T83506 26565-26570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T82652 26652-26659 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T62555 26698-26701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T69012 26933-26936 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T5836 27175-27176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T57627 27205-27210 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T69916 27386-27387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T26809 27461-27462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T89116 27849-27856 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T90309 28066-28071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T61069 28290-28295 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T29165 28306-28307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T12570 28308-28313 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T99559 28458-28463 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T9704 28474-28475 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T23479 28476-28481 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T33135 28752-28755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T2729 28940-28944 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T52046 28966-28970 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T53667 28972-28977 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T60516 28988-28989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T98637 28990-28995 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T69288 29104-29108 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T20109 29321-29325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4- 1
T84169 29396-29403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T48578 29558-29563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T84580 29644-29645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T24893 29719-29720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T52448 29780-29781 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T3745 30378-30379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93634 30583-30584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T95133 30887-30889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T38522 30887-30889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T84213 31106-31110 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T39174 31581-31582 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T94228 32152-32155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T59034 32307-32315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T32955 32366-32367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29306 32690-32691 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T44633 32744-32745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79204 32763-32766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054060 denotes 102
T84788 32836-32843 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T20399 32836-32843 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T38172 32967-32972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T32764 32983-32984 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T45756 32985-32990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T23162 33036-33040 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T98338 33110-33111 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37315 33146-33147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T83753 33413-33415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T36883 33413-33415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T97824 33662-33663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15456 33679-33682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T84390 33845-33850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T43633 33881-33882 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T4523 34498-34501 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T52535 35145-35146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T61450 35332-35338 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T76112 35497-35502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T43120 35749-35752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T47607 35770-35772 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T15582 35789-35791 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008192 denotes NP
T3815 36182-36187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T71989 36214-36219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T92671 36247-36249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T58513 36247-36249 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T93285 36348-36353 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T58258 36380-36385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T35821 36508-36513 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T96822 36705-36710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T19841 36905-36907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T91972 36905-36907 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T51925 37080-37085 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T25600 37214-37219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T97859 37246-37251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T68559 37498-37503 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T99458 37728-37733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T23029 37790-37795 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T28696 37866-37868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T15886 38113-38121 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T86580 38161-38166 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T62829 38336-38341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T49164 38447-38448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T87746 38537-38538 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T261 38628-38633 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T262 38704-38706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T263 38757-38759 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003607 denotes H5
T264 38808-38822 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000232 denotes red blood cell
T265 38823-38828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T266 39061-39066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T267 39085-39087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T268 39085-39087 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T269 39271-39276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T270 39357-39365 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T271 39453-39458 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T272 39511-39516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T273 39647-39648 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T274 39675-39681 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T275 39913-39918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T276 40041-40044 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001079 denotes 148
T277 40183-40188 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T278 40259-40261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008426 denotes pg
T279 40468-40470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T280 40468-40470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T281 40642-40647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T282 40747-40748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T283 40805-40807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T284 40841-40846 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T285 41087-41092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T286 41267-41272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T287 41516-41521 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T288 41647-41649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T289 42113-42118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T290 42172-42175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T291 42304-42309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T292 42454-42459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T293 42544-42549 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T294 42657-42662 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T295 42861-42866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T296 43045-43050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T297 43069-43071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T298 43069-43071 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T299 43235-43240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T300 43259-43261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T301 43259-43261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T302 43292-43297 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T303 43349-43350 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T304 43387-43388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T305 43397-43399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T306 43400-43406 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T307 43445-43450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T308 43461-43462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T309 43463-43468 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T310 43517-43518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T311 43519-43524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T312 43544-43545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T313 43615-43616 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T314 43629-43634 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T315 43667-43671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T316 43673-43678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T317 43691-43693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T318 43783-43785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008426 denotes pg
T319 43809-43811 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000010213 denotes MB
T320 43812-43818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T321 43849-43853 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T322 43911-43918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T323 43971-43979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T324 44074-44081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T325 44135-44143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T326 44233-44240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptide
T327 44295-44303 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T328 44380-44385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T329 44875-44879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T330 45397-45409 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized in
T331 45494-45500 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T332 45530-45532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T333 45530-45532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T334 45966-45968 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T335 45966-45968 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T336 46557-46558 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T337 46899-46901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T338 46899-46901 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T339 46999-47000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T340 47086-47089 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T341 47297-47298 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T342 47420-47421 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T343 47562-47563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T344 48153-48154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T345 48333-48334 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T346 48396-48401 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T347 48412-48413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T348 48414-48419 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T349 48893-48894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T350 48924-48925 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T351 49169-49174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T352 49326-49329 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T353 49822-49823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T354 50054-50057 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T355 50436-50437 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T356 50896-50897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T357 51024-51025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T358 51109-51110 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T359 51156-51157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T360 51382-51387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T361 51515-51519 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001627 denotes a) A
T362 51602-51609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000236 denotes b) Cell
T363 51915-51916 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T364 51931-51937 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T365 52054-52055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T366 52199-52201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T367 52199-52201 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T368 52232-52233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T369 52247-52253 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T370 52272-52287 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000006 denotes spatial regions
T371 52700-52701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T372 52949-52950 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T373 53192-53197 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T374 53799-53800 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T375 53820-53826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T376 53830-53836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T377 55072-55074 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T378 55101-55106 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T379 55177-55179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T380 55307-55309 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T381 55315-55318 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T382 55354-55362 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T383 55497-55499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T384 55720-55723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T385 56246-56247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T386 56278-56280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T387 56278-56280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T388 56486-56488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes Li
T389 56486-56488 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes Li
T390 56521-56522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T391 56987-56991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T392 57437-57438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T393 57851-57852 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T394 58098-58099 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T395 58204-58206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T396 58260-58261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T397 58360-58361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T398 58516-58522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T399 58543-58547 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T400 58582-58584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002878 denotes EC
T401 58605-58606 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T402 58679-58686 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T403 58723-58728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T404 58741-58743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T405 58756-58760 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T406 58821-58828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T407 58867-58868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T408 59286-59292 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes active
T409 59293-59299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T410 59367-59373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T411 59503-59510 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T412 59503-59510 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T413 59971-59972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T414 59986-59987 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T415 59988-59994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T416 60422-60423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T417 60477-60482 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T418 60672-60678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T419 60913-60922 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes organized
T420 60987-60995 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes peptides
T421 61676-61677 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T422 61870-61871 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T423 61970-61977 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeled
T424 62064-62069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T425 62083-62088 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T426 62249-62257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T427 62358-62359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T428 62383-62388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T429 62440-62443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T430 62541-62545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T431 62569-62570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T432 62586-62591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T433 62927-62936 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0036932 denotes hybridoma
T434 63057-63058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T435 63165-63166 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T436 63361-63366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T437 63361-63366 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T438 63464-63465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T439 64216-64224 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T440 64456-64457 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T441 64518-64519 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T442 64564-64565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T443 64701-64702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T444 64814-64819 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T445 64828-64835 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9031 denotes chicken
T446 64849-64850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T447 64960-64966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T448 64979-64980 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T449 65073-65074 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T450 65085-65090 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T451 65130-65136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T452 66062-66069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000018263 denotes Peptide
T453 66409-66416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T454 66421-66426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T455 66461-66462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T456 66477-66480 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T457 66857-66863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000310 denotes breast
T458 66871-66876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T459 67186-67187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T460 67289-67294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T461 67305-67306 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T462 67307-67312 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T463 67630-67631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T464 67726-67727 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T465 68054-68055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T466 68091-68092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T467 68279-68280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T468 68482-68483 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T469 68650-68651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T470 68709-68710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T471 68744-68745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T472 69007-69010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T473 69319-69326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T474 69356-69364 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T475 69395-69399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002415 denotes tail
T476 69678-69679 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T477 70193-70194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T478 70484-70485 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T479 70729-70733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes Cell
T480 71152-71155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T481 71163-71167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T482 71259-71263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T483 71342-71346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T484 71416-71424 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T485 71512-71515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9596 denotes Pan
T486 71523-71527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T487 71944-71945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T488 72786-72793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T489 73063-73064 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T490 73402-73403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T491 73652-73653 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T492 73881-73882 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T493 73989-73990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T494 74026-74029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T495 74091-74092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T496 74580-74581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T497 74689-74690 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T498 74749-74752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002781 denotes d/k
T499 74753-74754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T500 74944-74945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T501 74979-74980 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T502 75051-75052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T503 75303-75304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T504 75314-75320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T505 76226-76227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T506 76228-76233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes label
T507 76317-76325 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labeling
T508 77301-77310 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes Membranes
T509 77649-77650 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T510 77781-77789 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes Bacteria
T511 77808-77809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T512 77928-77932 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T513 77933-77941 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membrane
T514 77957-77965 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T515 77984-77992 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T516 78057-78061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T517 78552-78557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T518 78552-78557 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T519 78657-78658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T520 78745-78746 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T521 79015-79026 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T522 79218-79219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T523 79220-79231 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes whole blood
T524 79220-79231 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes whole blood
T525 79453-79454 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T526 79960-79967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9031 denotes chicken
T527 80009-80011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050510 denotes 18
T528 80051-80056 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T529 80144-80145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T530 80285-80294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T531 80285-80294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T532 80420-80428 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T533 80660-80661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T534 80690-80693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T535 80701-80702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T536 81049-81055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T537 81668-81669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T538 81702-81710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T539 81772-81773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T540 81816-81823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T541 81855-81860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T542 81883-81888 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T543 81899-81900 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T544 81901-81906 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T545 81953-81954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T546 82002-82008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T547 82264-82271 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T548 82326-82327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T549 82561-82562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T550 82692-82693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T551 82738-82739 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T552 82837-82838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T553 82908-82913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T554 83247-83252 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T555 83247-83252 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T556 83272-83273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T557 83498-83499 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T558 84126-84129 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T559 84213-84214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T560 84215-84220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T561 84222-84223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T562 84336-84337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T563 84397-84398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T564 84432-84433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T565 84455-84456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T566 84636-84647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes body fluids
T567 85050-85051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T568 85353-85359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T569 85463-85468 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T570 85579-85580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T571 85825-85830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T572 85978-85979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T573 86079-86084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T574 86140-86147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T575 86168-86175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T576 86341-86346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T577 86616-86623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T578 86910-86917 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes valving
T579 86989-86990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T580 87148-87154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes fields
T581 87535-87544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000158 denotes membranes
T582 87604-87611 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T583 87650-87651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T584 87700-87706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T585 87811-87814 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T586 88379-88386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objects
T587 88544-88550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes object
T588 88563-88564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T589 88889-88890 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T590 89815-89816 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T591 90262-90269 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T592 90280-90287 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T593 90408-90412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T594 90562-90567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T595 90609-90615 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T596 90652-90659 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T597 90769-90777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal's
T598 90825-90826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T599 90848-90849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T600 90916-90919 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T601 91429-91444 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes instrumentation
T602 91540-91541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T603 91587-91592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T604 91603-91604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T605 91605-91610 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T606 91621-91622 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T607 91700-91701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T608 91793-91794 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T609 91892-91893 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T610 92136-92137 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T611 92542-92543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T612 92758-92763 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T613 93026-93031 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T614 93162-93168 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T615 93216-93223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T616 93216-93223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T617 93382-93383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T618 93510-93511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T619 93619-93624 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T620 93635-93636 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T621 93637-93642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T622 93665-93666 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T623 93742-93748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T624 93753-93754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T625 93933-93934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T626 94153-94154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T627 94239-94240 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T628 94262-94263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T629 94349-94350 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T630 94506-94507 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T631 94663-94664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T632 94694-94700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T633 94745-94746 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T634 94781-94787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3 - /4
T635 94843-94844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T636 94894-94895 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T637 94945-94946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T638 95145-95146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T639 95255-95256 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T640 95472-95473 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T641 95695-95696 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T642 95775-95776 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T643 95867-95870 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T644 96085-96086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T645 96228-96234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T646 96269-96270 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T647 96314-96315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T648 96360-96361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T649 96543-96544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T650 96598-96599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T651 97007-97008 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T652 97076-97077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T653 97142-97147 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T654 97153-97154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T655 97243-97244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T656 97537-97538 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T657 97756-97757 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T658 97996-97999 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T659 98077-98083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007225 denotes labels
T660 98242-98243 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T661 98252-98255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050251 denotes CNT
T662 98303-98304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T663 98517-98518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T664 98548-98556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T665 98878-98879 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T666 98891-98896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T667 98905-98910 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T668 98923-98928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T669 99083-99091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T670 99190-99191 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 483-491 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T2 507-515 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T3 928-933 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T4 2808-2811 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T5 2857-2860 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T6 2977-2980 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T7 3010-3013 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T8 3015-3020 Chemical denotes toxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T9 3514-3516 Chemical denotes H7 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_83438
T10 3968-3971 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T11 4008-4011 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T12 4166-4171 Chemical denotes toxin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T13 4249-4255 Chemical denotes toxins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T14 4314-4320 Chemical denotes toxins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27026
T15 4322-4335 Chemical denotes nucleic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T16 4330-4335 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T17 4438-4446 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T18 4462-4470 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T19 4836-4840 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T21 4922-4927 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T22 5230-5235 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T23 5484-5492 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T24 6830-6838 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T25 7437-7442 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T26 7628-7632 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T27 7887-7892 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T28 7900-7905 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T29 8172-8177 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T30 9219-9227 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T31 9681-9686 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T32 10664-10675 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T33 12630-12633 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T34 12961-12967 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T35 12977-12981 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T37 12983-12985 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T38 12992-13001 Chemical denotes nonmetals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25585
T39 13011-13017 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T41 13785-13787 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T42 13792-13800 Chemical denotes platinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33400
T44 13802-13804 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T46 14011-14017 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T47 14260-14267 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T49 14301-14307 Chemical denotes Teflon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53251
T50 14805-14811 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T51 15089-15094 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T52 15282-15287 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T53 15304-15310 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T54 15379-15382 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T55 15464-15470 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T56 15471-15480 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T57 15471-15474 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T59 15475-15480 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T61 15488-15503 Chemical denotes carbon nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T62 15488-15494 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T64 15495-15503 Chemical denotes nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796
T65 15505-15508 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T66 15531-15543 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T67 15545-15547 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T70 15862-15864 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T71 15924-15927 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T72 16015-16018 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T73 16020-16022 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T74 16076-16084 Chemical denotes chromium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28073
T75 16134-16137 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T76 16237-16240 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T77 16260-16262 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T78 16282-16288 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T80 16377-16379 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T82 16476-16478 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T83 16517-16520 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T84 16570-16574 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T85 16588-16590 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T86 16634-16637 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T87 16676-16678 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T88 16717-16720 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T89 16722-16724 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T90 16779-16781 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T91 16823-16826 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T92 16828-16830 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T93 16890-16892 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T94 16928-16931 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T95 16933-16935 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T96 16990-16998 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T98 17067-17070 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T99 17119-17121 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T100 17163-17166 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T101 17228-17235 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T102 17266-17269 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T103 17336-17343 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T104 17347-17349 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T106 17452-17454 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T107 17496-17499 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T108 17501-17503 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T109 17525-17527 Chemical denotes La http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33336
T110 17563-17567 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T111 17571-17577 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T113 17612-17619 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T114 17682-17684 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T115 17712-17715 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T116 17717-17719 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T117 17784-17786 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T119 17973-17976 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T120 18021-18023 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T121 18092-18095 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T122 18135-18139 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T123 18143-18149 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T125 18177-18184 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T126 18264-18277 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T127 18281-18287 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T129 18326-18329 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T130 18331-18333 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T131 18393-18401 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T132 18435-18441 Chemical denotes nickel http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28112
T133 18466-18469 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T134 18506-18508 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T136 18509-18518 Chemical denotes nanofiber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52518
T137 18651-18653 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T139 18654-18663 Chemical denotes nanofiber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52518
T140 18768-18770 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T141 18818-18825 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T142 18826-18829 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T143 18871-18873 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T144 18962-18970 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T145 19073-19075 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T146 19107-19110 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T147 19148-19150 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T148 19202-19205 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T149 19211-19213 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T150 19235-19237 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T151 19273-19275 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T152 19348-19351 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T153 19353-19355 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T154 19406-19408 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T155 19481-19484 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T156 19486-19488 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T157 19539-19541 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T158 19578-19581 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T159 19583-19585 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T160 19636-19638 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T162 19667-19670 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T163 19710-19712 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T165 19743-19746 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T166 19794-19802 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T167 19827-19835 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T168 19836-19844 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T170 19858-19864 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T172 19888-19891 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T173 19893-19895 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T174 19967-19971 Chemical denotes PDDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53355|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60595
T176 19972-19975 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T177 19989-19991 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T178 20070-20078 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T179 20274-20281 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T180 20285-20287 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T182 20340-20348 Chemical denotes methanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17790
T183 20400-20407 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T184 20411-20413 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T186 20456-20459 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T187 20471-20479 Chemical denotes methanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17790
T188 20550-20557 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T189 20558-20566 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T190 20666-20670 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T191 20671-20679 Chemical denotes Chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261
T192 20680-20683 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T193 20688-20692 Chemical denotes SiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T194 20693-20701 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T195 20702-20704 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T198 20718-20720 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T199 20769-20771 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T200 20794-20797 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T201 20826-20834 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T203 20926-20929 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T204 20958-20966 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T206 21065-21068 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T207 21097-21105 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T209 21200-21203 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T210 21229-21236 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T211 21299-21301 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T212 21312-21319 Chemical denotes mannose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37684
T213 21320-21332 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T214 21333-21339 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T215 21340-21343 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T216 21345-21347 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T217 21369-21372 Chemical denotes Guo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16750
T218 21397-21405 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T219 21451-21453 Chemical denotes HP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74055
T220 21454-21461 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T221 21535-21543 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T222 21589-21591 Chemical denotes HP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74055
T223 21592-21599 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T224 21657-21659 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T225 21704-21707 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T226 21709-21711 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T227 21767-21778 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T230 21782-21784 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T231 21819-21822 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T232 21867-21869 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T233 21919-21922 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T234 21991-21998 Chemical denotes diamond http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33417
T235 22033-22036 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T236 22038-22040 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T237 22119-22121 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T238 22156-22167 Chemical denotes sialic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26667
T239 22163-22167 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T240 22168-22177 Chemical denotes galactose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28260
T241 22187-22190 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T242 22192-22194 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T243 22238-22240 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T244 22283-22286 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T245 22288-22290 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T246 22364-22366 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T248 22389-22396 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T249 22439-22442 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T250 22444-22446 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T251 22490-22492 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T252 22528-22539 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T254 22555-22557 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T255 22656-22658 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T256 22693-22696 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T257 22698-22700 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T258 22777-22791 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T259 22777-22785 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T260 22786-22791 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T262 22820-22823 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T263 22825-22827 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T264 22876-22878 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T266 22879-22883 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T267 22912-22915 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T268 22978-22984 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T270 23016-23023 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T271 23043-23045 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T272 23053-23055 Chemical denotes Ru http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T273 23056-23059 Chemical denotes NH3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16134
T274 23122-23136 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T275 23122-23130 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T276 23131-23136 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T278 23220-23224 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T279 23240-23256 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53199
T280 23257-23260 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T281 23261-23269 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T283 23283-23289 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T285 23325-23328 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T286 23330-23332 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T287 23381-23383 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T288 23384-23392 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T289 23437-23440 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T290 23442-23444 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T291 23464-23466 Chemical denotes Lu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33382
T292 23489-23491 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T294 23520-23523 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T295 23571-23585 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T296 23571-23579 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T297 23580-23585 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T299 23589-23595 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T301 23625-23632 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T302 23688-23691 Chemical denotes PAA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51133|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61372
T304 23692-23694 Chemical denotes PD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74756
T305 23695-23698 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T306 23712-23718 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T308 23799-23813 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T309 23799-23807 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T310 23808-23813 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T312 23817-23823 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T314 23854-23861 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T315 23862-23865 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T316 23867-23869 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T317 23933-23947 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T318 23933-23941 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T319 23942-23947 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T321 23951-23957 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T323 23993-24000 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T324 24001-24004 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T325 24006-24008 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T326 24055-24057 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T327 24068-24075 Chemical denotes mannose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37684
T328 24076-24088 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T329 24089-24095 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T330 24159-24161 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T331 24209-24222 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T332 24223-24230 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T333 24231-24234 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T334 24283-24285 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T335 24353-24356 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T336 24405-24407 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T337 24449-24452 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T338 24454-24456 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T339 24505-24509 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T340 24513-24515 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T341 24537-24544 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T342 24545-24548 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T343 24550-24552 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T344 24618-24622 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T345 24626-24628 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T346 24650-24657 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T347 24658-24661 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T348 24663-24665 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T349 24731-24735 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T350 24739-24741 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T351 24763-24770 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T352 24771-24774 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T353 24776-24778 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T354 24834-24838 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T355 24842-24844 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T356 24866-24873 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T357 24874-24877 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T358 24879-24881 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T359 24933-24936 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T361 24937-24940 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T362 24954-24960 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T364 25003-25006 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T365 25008-25010 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T366 25082-25084 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T367 25150-25153 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T368 25155-25157 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T369 25240-25243 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T370 25245-25247 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T371 25335-25337 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T372 25399-25402 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T373 25404-25406 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T374 25426-25429 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T375 25463-25469 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T377 25495-25502 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T378 25508-25510 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T379 25561-25564 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T380 25572-25574 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T381 25575-25583 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T382 25683-25686 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T383 25694-25696 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T384 25697-25705 Chemical denotes tungsten http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27998
T385 25807-25809 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T386 25861-25864 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T387 25866-25868 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T388 25931-25933 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T389 25992-25995 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T390 25997-25999 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T391 26053-26055 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T392 26086-26093 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T393 26099-26101 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T394 26109-26111 Chemical denotes Ru http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T395 26112-26115 Chemical denotes NH3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16134
T396 26186-26188 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T397 26239-26246 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T398 26247-26250 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T399 26252-26254 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T400 26319-26326 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T402 26341-26348 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T404 26350-26359 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T406 26390-26397 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T407 26398-26401 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T408 26512-26515 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T409 26576-26578 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T410 26622-26628 Chemical denotes glycol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_13643
T411 26638-26641 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T412 26694-26697 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T414 26698-26701 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T415 26715-26717 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T416 26816-26820 Chemical denotes CeO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_79089
T417 26834-26836 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T419 26869-26872 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T420 26874-26876 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T421 26929-26932 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T423 26933-26936 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T424 26950-26952 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T425 27049-27057 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T426 27149-27151 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T427 27184-27187 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T428 27189-27191 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T429 27242-27244 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T431 27274-27277 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T432 27318-27320 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T434 27352-27355 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T435 27398-27402 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T436 27406-27408 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T437 27531-27533 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T438 27600-27604 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T439 27606-27613 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T441 27619-27622 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T442 27624-27626 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T443 27679-27687 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T444 27688-27692 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T445 27706-27712 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T447 27738-27745 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T448 27807-27809 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T449 27849-27856 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T450 27861-27864 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T451 27866-27868 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T452 27925-27933 Chemical denotes cysteine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15356
T453 27942-27950 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T454 27951-27953 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T455 27954-27959 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T457 27994-27997 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T458 27999-28001 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T459 28078-28084 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T461 28092-28098 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T463 28133-28136 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T464 28138-28140 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T465 28188-28192 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T466 28196-28202 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T468 28244-28246 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T469 28319-28324 Chemical denotes PEDOT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T471 28363-28376 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T472 28377-28383 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T473 28384-28387 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T474 28417-28419 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T475 28495-28509 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T476 28495-28503 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T477 28504-28509 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T479 28513-28515 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T480 28572-28574 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T481 28625-28627 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T482 28665-28669 Chemical denotes HEMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34288
T483 28670-28677 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T485 28731-28739 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T487 28740-28751 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T489 28752-28755 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T490 28756-28760 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T491 28774-28782 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T493 28813-28815 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T494 28880-28886 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T496 28917-28924 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T497 28925-28928 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T498 28930-28932 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T499 29049-29062 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T500 29063-29069 Chemical denotes ligand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T501 29120-29128 Chemical denotes fluoride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17051
T502 29135-29144 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T503 29135-29138 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T505 29139-29144 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T507 29175-29177 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T509 29178-29182 Chemical denotes MnO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_136511
T510 29193-29195 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T511 29247-29249 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T512 29306-29309 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T513 29311-29313 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T514 29364-29366 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T515 29396-29403 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T516 29404-29407 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T517 29409-29411 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T518 29465-29467 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T519 29542-29544 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T520 29616-29620 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T521 29678-29681 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T522 29752-29756 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T523 29814-29817 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T524 29863-29869 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T525 29877-29892 Chemical denotes polyelectrolyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53369|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61446
T527 29907-29909 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T528 29948-29950 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T529 30015-30021 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T530 30029-30044 Chemical denotes polyelectrolyte http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53369|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61446
T532 30059-30061 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T533 30100-30102 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T534 30236-30242 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T535 30243-30252 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T536 30243-30246 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T538 30247-30252 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T540 30277-30293 Chemical denotes titanium dioxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T541 30277-30285 Chemical denotes titanium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33341
T542 30295-30299 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T543 30380-30387 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T544 30887-30889 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T545 31113-31119 Chemical denotes Carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594
T546 31162-31168 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T548 31178-31186 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T550 31202-31208 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T552 31318-31325 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T553 31537-31544 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T554 31859-31866 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T555 31911-31929 Chemical denotes conjugated polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T556 31922-31929 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T558 31937-31944 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T560 31972-31983 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T562 32017-32036 Chemical denotes conjugated polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T563 32028-32036 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T564 32140-32151 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T566 32223-32236 Chemical denotes nucleic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33696
T567 32231-32236 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T568 32268-32279 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T571 32453-32460 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T573 32692-32703 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T576 32877-32909 Chemical denotes poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T578 32910-32931 Chemical denotes polystyrene sulfonate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53277
T579 32910-32921 Chemical denotes polystyrene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53276
T580 32922-32931 Chemical denotes sulfonate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33543
T581 33059-33066 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T582 33127-33134 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T584 33237-33245 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T586 33247-33249 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T587 33250-33263 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T588 33273-33281 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T589 33287-33303 Chemical denotes carbon nanotubes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T590 33287-33293 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T592 33305-33309 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T593 33413-33415 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T594 33482-33490 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T595 33502-33510 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T597 33550-33553 Chemical denotes PEI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_144613|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53231
T599 33679-33682 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T600 33683-33690 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T602 33898-33905 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T604 33929-33945 Chemical denotes poly(amidoamine) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53199
T605 33947-33951 Chemical denotes CNTs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T606 33957-33965 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T608 34082-34089 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T610 34142-34149 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T612 34213-34220 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T614 34313-34320 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T616 34468-34475 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T617 34608-34615 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T619 34741-34760 Chemical denotes conjugated polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61422
T620 34752-34760 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T621 34765-34772 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T623 34846-34853 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T625 34970-34977 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T627 35486-35491 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T628 35497-35502 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T629 35548-35554 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T630 35623-35626 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T631 35708-35714 Chemical denotes indium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30430
T632 35715-35724 Chemical denotes tin oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52990
T633 35715-35718 Chemical denotes tin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27007|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32990
T635 35719-35724 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T637 35732-35747 Chemical denotes carbon nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T638 35732-35738 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T640 35739-35747 Chemical denotes nanotube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50796
T641 35749-35752 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T642 35775-35787 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T643 35789-35791 Chemical denotes NP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53793|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73425
T646 36156-36159 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T647 36161-36163 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T648 36214-36219 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T649 36247-36249 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T650 36269-36275 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T652 36276-36287 Chemical denotes polystyrene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53276
T653 36380-36385 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T654 36430-36432 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T655 36493-36496 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T656 36593-36599 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T658 36637-36645 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T659 36646-36663 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T660 36646-36654 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T661 36655-36663 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T662 36705-36710 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T663 36755-36757 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T664 36818-36821 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T665 36905-36907 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T666 36932-36938 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T668 37014-37018 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T669 37019-37036 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T670 37019-37027 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T671 37028-37036 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T672 37080-37085 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T673 37104-37107 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T674 37132-37134 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T675 37173-37191 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T676 37192-37209 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T677 37192-37200 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T678 37201-37209 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T679 37246-37251 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T680 37315-37317 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T681 37416-37433 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T682 37416-37424 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T683 37425-37433 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T684 37498-37503 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T685 37562-37570 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T687 37571-37576 Chemical denotes epoxy http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30721
T688 37728-37733 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T689 37807-37809 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T690 37869-37872 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T691 37964-37966 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T692 38020-38038 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T693 38039-38056 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T694 38039-38047 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T695 38048-38056 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T696 38161-38166 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T697 38217-38223 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T699 38224-38232 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T701 38324-38335 Chemical denotes polyaniline http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53198|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61474|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61477
T704 38336-38341 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T705 38410-38412 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T706 38439-38446 Chemical denotes Protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16541
T707 38474-38492 Chemical denotes tetrathiafulvalene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52444
T708 38493-38510 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T709 38493-38501 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T710 38502-38510 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T711 38529-38536 Chemical denotes Protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16541
T712 38645-38647 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T713 38731-38734 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T714 38823-38828 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T715 38879-38883 Chemical denotes SiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T716 38912-38920 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T718 38921-38923 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T719 38948-38954 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T721 38993-39002 Chemical denotes ferrocene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30672
T722 39022-39029 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T724 39038-39040 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T726 39061-39066 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T727 39085-39087 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T728 39112-39123 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T730 39131-39137 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T732 39198-39214 Chemical denotes phenylenediamine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51402
T733 39215-39232 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T734 39215-39223 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T735 39224-39232 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T736 39271-39276 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T737 39343-39346 Chemical denotes ion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T738 39403-39410 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T739 39435-39442 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T740 39453-39458 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T741 39528-39530 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T742 39575-39582 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T743 39583-39586 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T744 39599-39606 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T745 39649-39656 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T747 39657-39662 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T749 39670-39674 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T750 39819-39822 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T751 39908-39912 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T752 39913-39918 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T753 39982-39988 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T755 40348-40350 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T756 40399-40402 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T757 40404-40406 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T758 40468-40470 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T759 40493-40499 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T761 40637-40641 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T762 40642-40647 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T763 40716-40718 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T764 40787-40790 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T765 40792-40794 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T766 40841-40846 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T767 40907-40913 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T769 40968-40980 Chemical denotes hydroquinone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17594
T770 40981-40998 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T771 40981-40989 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T772 40990-40998 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T773 41087-41092 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T774 41142-41148 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T776 41173-41180 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T777 41202-41209 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T778 41247-41254 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T779 41262-41266 Chemical denotes AgNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50826
T780 41267-41272 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T781 41335-41337 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T782 41422-41425 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T783 41511-41515 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T784 41516-41521 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T785 41568-41570 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T786 41674-41678 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T787 41679-41686 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T789 41767-41769 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T790 41820-41823 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T791 41880-41887 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T793 41957-41959 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T794 42027-42030 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T795 42087-42094 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T797 42113-42118 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T798 42163-42171 Chemical denotes chitosan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16261|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57704
T800 42172-42175 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T801 42189-42195 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T803 42234-42242 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T804 42243-42260 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T805 42243-42251 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T806 42252-42260 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T807 42304-42309 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T808 42383-42389 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T810 42539-42543 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T811 42544-42549 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T812 42597-42599 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T813 42623-42626 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T814 42628-42630 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T815 42652-42656 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T816 42657-42662 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T817 42716-42718 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T818 42783-42786 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T819 42856-42860 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T820 42861-42866 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T821 42912-42914 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T822 43013-43017 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T823 43018-43028 Chemical denotes nucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976
T824 43045-43050 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T825 43069-43071 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T826 43098-43100 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T827 43203-43207 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T828 43208-43218 Chemical denotes nucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976
T829 43235-43240 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T830 43259-43261 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T831 43309-43311 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T832 43474-43480 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T834 43525-43527 Chemical denotes M2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_34827|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_51112
T836 43528-43535 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T837 43624-43628 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T838 43629-43634 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T839 43749-43752 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T840 43767-43769 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T841 43863-43865 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T843 43902-43910 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T844 43911-43918 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T845 43919-43922 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T846 44031-44033 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T848 44065-44073 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T849 44074-44081 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T850 44082-44085 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T851 44190-44192 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T853 44224-44232 Chemical denotes melittin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6736
T854 44233-44240 Chemical denotes peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T855 44241-44244 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T856 44373-44379 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T857 44406-44412 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T859 44432-44439 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T860 44462-44464 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T861 44601-44603 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T862 45530-45532 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T863 45562-45564 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T864 45726-45728 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T865 45787-45790 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T866 45966-45968 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T867 46021-46027 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T869 46365-46371 Chemical denotes silver http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T871 46373-46375 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T873 46899-46901 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T874 47615-47623 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T875 47760-47768 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T876 48003-48011 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T877 48102-48110 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T878 48119-48123 Chemical denotes TiO2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32234
T879 48293-48300 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T880 48301-48309 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T881 48474-48481 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T883 48638-48649 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T884 48673-48680 Chemical denotes Polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T885 49080-49082 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T886 49119-49130 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T888 49744-49749 Chemical denotes PEDOT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53228|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60622
T890 49753-49760 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T8928 50028-50036 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T10559 50326-50339 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T35760 50867-50869 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53769 50998-51001 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T37781 51209-51215 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T56418 51232-51238 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T32697 51239-51252 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T26618 51266-51274 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T5809 51535-51537 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T47439 51620-51627 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T81022 51747-51750 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T16800 51760-51762 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T75529 51779-51784 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T57023 51961-51963 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53521 52068-52081 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T23103 52185-52187 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T20 52199-52201 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T45528 52717-52719 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T67953 52764-52783 Chemical denotes gold (III) chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30076
T82273 52764-52768 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T60058 52775-52783 Chemical denotes chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17996
T11281 52784-52792 Chemical denotes hydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35505
T16339 53132-53139 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T78755 53147-53149 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T97875 56087-56093 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T76024 56278-56280 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T76052 56405-56408 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T22805 56486-56488 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T48981 56883-56891 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T25815 58642-58646 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T36 59482-59489 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T83692 59495-59502 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T27459 59533-59544 Chemical denotes fluorescein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31624
T70320 59564-59577 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T40 59723-59731 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T8714 60446-60460 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T82184 60895-60909 Chemical denotes macromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T43 60987-60995 Chemical denotes peptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T43840 61112-61129 Chemical denotes biomacromolecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33694
T45 61141-61149 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T62334 61730-61734 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T48 61853-61861 Chemical denotes antigens http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T62779 61895-61902 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T2780 61922-61929 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T5133 62064-62069 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T37986 62083-62088 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T98324 62176-62184 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T33842 62301-62308 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T16181 62383-62388 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T21390 62586-62591 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T9692 63066-63073 Chemical denotes epitope http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53000
T58 63343-63351 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T18587 63473-63480 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T60 64743-64746 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T82620 64920-64923 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T96787 64938-64950 Chemical denotes ferrocyanide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_5032
T63 64952-64954 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T50019 64987-64992 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T26443 64994-64997 Chemical denotes Lin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32386
T65271 65122-65124 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T22889 65865-65873 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T68 65895-65903 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T69 66035-66042 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T84319 66062-66069 Chemical denotes Peptide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16670
T31243 66381-66389 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T64538 66752-66765 Chemical denotes oligopeptides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25676
T30093 66944-66957 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T34862 66984-66996 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T13773 67036-67049 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T52864 67050-67057 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T44200 67246-67259 Chemical denotes trisaccharide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27150
T70626 67260-67267 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T79 67350-67363 Chemical denotes carbohydrates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T58945 67438-67450 Chemical denotes carbohydrate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16646
T81 67451-67458 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T83556 67599-67618 Chemical denotes Single-stranded DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T94086 67615-67618 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14585 67620-67625 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T20829 67700-67705 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T89112 67755-67758 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T93354 67773-67778 Chemical denotes ssDNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9160
T35047 67779-67787 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T63521 67892-67908 Chemical denotes oligonucleotides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T41981 67936-67945 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T62122 68149-68156 Chemical denotes ligands http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52214
T9235 68294-68309 Chemical denotes oligonucleotide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_7754
T54261 68366-68374 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T49855 68604-68611 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T32746 68718-68721 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T99337 68849-68856 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T97 68971-68979 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T86290 69124-69131 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T44669 69406-69414 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T56913 69836-69838 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T5510 70113-70118 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T53479 70269-70272 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T8615 70381-70394 Chemical denotes peptidoglycan http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8005
T105 70409-70411 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T43880 70622-70627 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T66902 70761-70769 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T37286 70881-70889 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T54658 71291-71299 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T67116 71826-71830 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T50783 72571-72579 Chemical denotes aptamers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T112 73950-73957 Chemical denotes antigen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_59132
T14655 74066-74074 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T46634 75163-75171 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T29332 76031-76042 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T38008 76068-76071 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T62170 76228-76233 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T118 77657-77662 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T49236 77883-77902 Chemical denotes lipopolysaccharides http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16412
T48646 77906-77920 Chemical denotes teichoic acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30049
T63903 77915-77920 Chemical denotes acids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T55219 78493-78499 Chemical denotes silica http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30563
T96613 79990-79996 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T124 81009-81017 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T8062 82105-82116 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T81389 82850-82857 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T11335 83253-83260 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T62243 83515-83523 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T12883 84024-84035 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T8969 84259-84264 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27706 85008-85013 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T49798 85916-85922 Chemical denotes Teflon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53251
T135 85926-85935 Chemical denotes Plexiglas http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T88077 86395-86403 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T138 86450-86470 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48137|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61466|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T4858 86472-86476 Chemical denotes PDMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T18099 86482-86505 Chemical denotes polymethyl methacrylate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T67637 86493-86505 Chemical denotes methacrylate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25218
T7670 86507-86511 Chemical denotes PMMA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53205|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60759|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61369
T83685 87983-87992 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T10412 88900-88908 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T40814 89512-89517 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T32737 90551-90554 Chemical denotes ion http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T16041 91553-91560 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T97823 91702-91708 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T14841 91755-91769 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T49351 91755-91763 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T72527 91764-91769 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T81663 91894-91896 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T164 92298-92306 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T52473 93132-93139 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T11372 93298-93301 Chemical denotes KCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32588
T72146 93318-93320 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T59306 93325-93327 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T87943 93328-93332 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T52525 93384-93392 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T86894 93424-93432 Chemical denotes nutrient http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33284
T175 93452-93461 Chemical denotes phosphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18367|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26020|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35780|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_43474
T15115 93478-93486 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T45998 93512-93514 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T87052 93515-93519 Chemical denotes AgCl http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30341
T90850 93675-93689 Chemical denotes graphene oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_132889
T43328 93675-93683 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T185 93684-93689 Chemical denotes oxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25741|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29356
T8294 93734-93736 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T70449 94672-94680 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T85200 94686-94688 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T43448 94773-94775 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T96091 94896-94903 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T82540 95183-95185 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T38279 95306-95308 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T58192 95426-95429 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T196 95448-95456 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T197 96609-96613 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T43582 96666-96677 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T16502 96822-96826 Chemical denotes AuNP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50825
T14779 96836-96842 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T202 96965-96967 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T27284 97093-97100 Chemical denotes alumina http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30187
T73919 97245-97251 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T39056 97677-97688 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T72019 97810-97814 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T208 97849-97853 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T98783 97976-97982 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T24327 98244-98251 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T59459 98252-98255 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T48374 98412-98435 Chemical denotes coated Ag nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_82776
T64821 98419-98435 Chemical denotes Ag nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50826
T71115 98419-98421 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T33477 98422-98435 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T62254 98565-98578 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T83615 98628-98632 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T49406 98660-98662 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T6395 98685-98687 Chemical denotes Ag http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30512|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9141
T99406 98694-98702 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T15447 99028-99041 Chemical denotes bioconjugates http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64985
T79726 99146-99150 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T41307 99160-99164 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T99195 100183-100186 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T78349 100312-100315 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T79190 100548-100551 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T24405 101467-101470 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T65446 101891-101894 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T51139 101907-101914 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T47305 101929-101936 Chemical denotes pyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_19203|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35556
T99055 101938-101947 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T92711 101958-101965 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T55108 102062-102070 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T49199 102117-102126 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T57991 102127-102134 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T97641 102219-102228 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T52161 102229-102236 Chemical denotes aptamer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_140488
T89239 103137-103140 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T23648 103257-103260 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T88037 103269-103271 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T77992 103272-103284 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T47636 103294-103300 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T73966 103436-103439 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T32510 103445-103447 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T83327 103489-103491 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T28606 103598-103601 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T62240 103609-103612 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T52930 103824-103829 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T38249 103868-103870 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T79887 103948-103953 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T5958 104262-104264 Chemical denotes Fe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18248
T97878 104278-104283 Chemical denotes probe http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50406
T75360 104305-104307 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T79432 104346-104350 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T58756 104383-104386 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T44559 104668-104677 Chemical denotes ferrocene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30672
T77152 104760-104769 Chemical denotes Ruthenium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T36016 104775-104784 Chemical denotes ruthenium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30682
T31115 104785-104787 Chemical denotes II http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74067
T79524 104834-104841 Chemical denotes quinone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36141
T12076 105682-105686 Chemical denotes ions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24870
T90455 106119-106121 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T14420 106234-106236 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T65887 106602-106610 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T44330 107384-107387 Chemical denotes CNT http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50594
T30608 107711-107718 Chemical denotes silicon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T32459 107719-107727 Chemical denotes nanowire http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52593
T47003 108034-108039 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T85992 109059-109071 Chemical denotes nanoparticle http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T79871 109535-109540 Chemical denotes label http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35209
T38535 109941-109944 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T3489 110005-110007 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T53259 110173-110181 Chemical denotes thionine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52295
T27782 110206-110210 Chemical denotes H2O2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T3704 110330-110337 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T88418 110472-110474 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T37293 110486-110489 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T37013 110494-110501 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T63449 110858-110866 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T53377 111092-111099 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T87981 111118-111135 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T8061 111118-111126 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T99997 111127-111135 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T8111 111349-111362 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T11677 111487-111490 Chemical denotes EIS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73498
T77112 111534-111536 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T75675 111642-111655 Chemical denotes nanoparticles http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50803
T19344 111899-111907 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T92124 112042-112053 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T96048 112288-112293 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T12924 112410-112415 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T52222 112690-112695 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T73925 113170-113175 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T85708 113387-113392 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T10450 113534-113539 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T63967 113683-113688 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T69887 113803-113808 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T65191 114607-114612 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T72173 115032-115037 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T74873 115243-115248 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27335 115439-115444 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T36987 115608-115613 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T33481 116874-116879 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T62506 116995-117000 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T37111 118316-118320 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T33883 118341-118345 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T9618 118357-118360 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T89888 118404-118406 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T97800 118449-118451 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T69352 118476-118486 Chemical denotes antibiotic http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T94262 118508-118519 Chemical denotes methicillin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_6827
T56532 118851-118853 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T32162 119302-119307 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T55132 120481-120484 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T57539 120668-120671 Chemical denotes MDR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53218
T79399 120672-120674 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T26656 120687-120691 Chemical denotes drug http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T24591 120983-120991 Chemical denotes sulphate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16189
T38968 121103-121108 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T6251 121464-121468 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T84608 121954-121967 Chemical denotes antimicrobial http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33281
T88200 123220-123222 Chemical denotes CD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8673
T77528 124598-124603 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T20211 125113-125118 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T67910 125949-125954 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T14051 127391-127397 Chemical denotes Carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594
T27933 127422-127430 Chemical denotes graphite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33418|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36977
T17305 127432-127440 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T32717 127653-127659 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T41390 127773-127780 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T52285 128032-128038 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T92009 128206-128212 Chemical denotes carbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27594|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33415
T88468 128263-128271 Chemical denotes graphene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36973
T7407 129914-129925 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T69404 130767-130776 Chemical denotes molecules http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T128 130786-130793 Chemical denotes lactate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24996
T15076 130795-130802 Chemical denotes glucose http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17234|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_4167
T5183 130859-130870 Chemical denotes application http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33232
T47187 132791-132802 Chemical denotes polypyrrole http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38077|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53263
T50736 132803-132813 Chemical denotes nanoribbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52530
T41560 133306-133308 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T85681 133402-133404 Chemical denotes Li http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30145
T97738 134339-134343 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T30089 134344-134348 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T2572 134384-134391 Chemical denotes glycine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15428|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29947|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_57305
T93186 134397-134401 Chemical denotes urea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16199
T90680 134631-134638 Chemical denotes acetone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15347
T48726 134687-134689 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T27352 134848-134865 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T67965 134848-134856 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T44570 134857-134865 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T50607 136698-136703 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T27038 139447-139449 Chemical denotes RF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73818
T43035 140321-140323 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T16582 140473-140481 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 101298-101307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T2 109202-109211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T3 110858-110875 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer
T4 115298-115305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T5 118341-118355 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0042493 denotes drug resistant
T6 124124-124145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016045 denotes detection of bacteria
T7 126547-126559 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T8 128509-128526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052 denotes signal processing
T9 131086-131107 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007589 denotes body fluid secretions
T10 131124-131133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T11 131272-131293 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes Detection of protozoa
T12 131731-131752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes detection of protozoa
T13 132055-132072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0001563 denotes detected protozoa
T14 133977-133989 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T15 134120-134132 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T16 134358-134370 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T17 134433-134445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T18 134905-134917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T19 135118-135130 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T20 135990-136001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T21 137577-137589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T22 138833-138845 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T23 138885-138897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T24 139511-139523 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T25 139626-139643 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0023052 denotes signal processing
T26 139830-139842 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T27 140032-140052 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009597 denotes detection of viruses
T86311 226-238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T80569 329-341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes Transduction
T41580 1455-1467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T24194 2252-2261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T43287 2252-2261 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T54619 2429-2438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0016032 denotes virulence
T91958 2429-2438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009405 denotes virulence
T8583 3898-3917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0002377 denotes antibody production
T1220 6614-6626 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T3511 11769-11781 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T97588 12227-12239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes Transduction
T22883 12253-12265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T46653 12796-12807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transported
T22472 36715-36727 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T17220 39463-39475 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T47165 48875-48884 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes synthesis
T48052 51266-51283 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer
T32260 51424-51436 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T40139 54268-54280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T58482 55216-55222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T78061 55344-55350 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T67886 57540-57552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T91001 58401-58413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T47840 58792-58820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0004601 denotes horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
T13152 59874-59886 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T34150 63813-63820 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T85365 66167-66176 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009058 denotes synthesis
T28 69143-69154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T29 72248-72260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T30 72288-72300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T31 75347-75359 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009293 denotes transduction
T32 76907-76913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T33 79540-79546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T34 80405-80411 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0040007 denotes growth
T35 83925-83934 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T36 87963-87972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T37 89350-89362 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0031099 denotes regeneration
T38 90294-90303 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T39 92298-92315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0022904 denotes electron transfer

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 3814-3830 Phenotype denotes highly sensitive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0041092
T2 5390-5406 Phenotype denotes highly sensitive http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0041092
T3 18629-18637 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T4 24607-24617 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T5 28053-28065 Phenotype denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002383
T6 37953-37963 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T7 37996-38006 Phenotype denotes pneumoniae http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090
T8 51369-51381 Phenotype denotes encephalitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002383
T9 66857-66870 Phenotype denotes breast cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003002
T10 81846-81854 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T11 118095-118105 Phenotype denotes meningitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001287
T12 118341-118355 Phenotype denotes drug resistant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0020174
T13 118463-118471 Phenotype denotes diarrhea http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002014
T14 118495-118502 Phenotype denotes colitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002583
T15 118561-118578 Phenotype denotes severe infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0032169
T16 122139-122155 Phenotype denotes immunodeficiency http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002721
T17 123138-123160 Phenotype denotes respiratory infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011947
T18 123162-123186 Phenotype denotes urinary tract infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000010
T19 123428-123437 Phenotype denotes hepatitis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012115
T20 123491-123500 Phenotype denotes pneumonia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-49 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection
T2 51-59 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 60-142 Sentence denotes Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are reviewed.
T4 143-328 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are broadly reviewed in terms of transduction elements, biorecognition elements, electrochemical techniques, and biosensor performance.
T5 329-412 Sentence denotes Transduction elements are discussed in terms of electrode material and form factor.
T6 413-597 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements for pathogen detection, including antibodies, aptamers, and imprinted polymers, are discussed in terms of availability, production, and immobilization approach.
T7 598-723 Sentence denotes Emerging areas of electrochemical biosensor design are reviewed, including electrode modification and transducer integration.
T8 724-841 Sentence denotes Measurement formats for pathogen detection are classified in terms of sample preparation and secondary binding steps.
T9 842-1033 Sentence denotes Applications of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of pathogens in food and water safety, medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and bio-threat applications are highlighted.
T10 1034-1326 Sentence denotes Future directions and challenges of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are discussed, including wearable and conformal biosensors, detection of plant pathogens, multiplexed detection, reusable biosensors for process monitoring applications, and low-cost, disposable biosensors.
T11 1328-1338 Sentence denotes Highlights
T12 1339-1417 Sentence denotes • Comprehensive review of electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection.
T13 1418-1516 Sentence denotes • Review of emerging electrodes for transduction of pathogen binding via electrochemical methods.
T14 1517-1623 Sentence denotes • Discussion of emerging electrochemical biosensor designs, including flexible and wearable form factors.
T15 1624-1693 Sentence denotes • Highlight of electrochemical biosensors for coronavirus detection.
T16 1695-1710 Sentence denotes 1 Introduction
T17 1711-1762 Sentence denotes Pathogens are infectious agents that cause disease.
T18 1763-1901 Sentence denotes They include microorganisms, such as fungi, protozoans, and bacteria, and molecular-scale infectious agents, including viruses and prions.
T19 1902-2076 Sentence denotes Foodborne, waterborne, and airborne pathogens enter the body through various modes of infection and are responsible for over 15 million deaths annually worldwide (Dye, 2014).
T20 2077-2211 Sentence denotes Some of the most common pathogens include viruses, such as norovirus and influenza virus, and bacteria, such as E. coli and S. aureus.
T21 2212-2321 Sentence denotes Pathogens vary in many regards, such as virulence, contagiousness, mode of transmission, and infectious dose.
T22 2322-2483 Sentence denotes For example, the world is currently facing a global pandemic associated with the COVID-19 virus, for which virulence and infectious dose data are still emerging.
T23 2484-2704 Sentence denotes Techniques for sensitive and rapid detection of pathogens in complex matrices, such as body fluids and aerosols, and on surfaces are critical to the treatment of infectious diseases and controlling the spread of disease.
T24 2705-2825 Sentence denotes The techniques used to identify and quantify pathogens can be broadly distinguished as immunoassays or DNA-based assays.
T25 2826-3085 Sentence denotes The use of immunoassays versus DNA-based assays depends on various factors, including the stage of an infection and the availability of antibodies and DNA sequence data, such as viral DNA, toxin-producing genes, as well as species- and strain-selective genes.
T26 3086-3170 Sentence denotes Immunoassays are ubiquitous across medical diagnostics and food safety applications.
T27 3171-3364 Sentence denotes Pathogens can be identified through the presence of generated antibodies in an organism, which may be present both during and after an infection (i.e., after the pathogen is no longer present).
T28 3365-3443 Sentence denotes In such assays, both the biorecognition element and the target are antibodies.
T29 3444-3580 Sentence denotes If antibodies are available for the pathogen (e.g., anti-E. coli O157:H7), one can also directly detect the pathogen using immunoassays.
T30 3581-3761 Sentence denotes The ability to indirectly and directly detect pathogens via generated antibodies and pathogen epitopes, respectively, makes immunoassays flexible techniques for pathogen detection.
T31 3762-4007 Sentence denotes In cases of limited antibody availability, need for highly sensitive results, or infections that do not generate a significant level of antibody production in the organism although the pathogen is present, DNA-based assays are commonly employed.
T32 4008-4107 Sentence denotes DNA-based assays require the pathogen to be present in the sample or to have been recently present.
T33 4108-4256 Sentence denotes In addition to detection of pathogens using antibodies or toxin-producing genes, pathogens can also be detected based on their expression of toxins.
T34 4257-4365 Sentence denotes Thus, targets associated with pathogen detection include toxins, nucleic acids, viruses, cells, and oocysts.
T35 4366-4471 Sentence denotes As a result, biorecognition elements widely vary, including antibodies, aptamers, and imprinted polymers.
T36 4472-4651 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been written on pathogen detection using high-throughput, well plate-based bioanalytical techniques (Alahi and Mukhopadhyay, 2017; Lazcka et al.
T37 4652-4671 Sentence denotes 2007; Zourob et al.
T38 4672-4740 Sentence denotes 2008), such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Law et al.
T39 4741-4811 Sentence denotes 2015) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Klein, 2002; Malorny et al.
T40 4812-4874 Sentence denotes 2003), which remain the gold standards for pathogen detection.
T41 4875-5135 Sentence denotes Few reviews, however, have focused on emerging label-free biosensors for pathogen detection, which provide useful characteristics for applications in process monitoring (e.g., of biomanufacturing processes), environmental monitoring, and precision agriculture.
T42 5136-5366 Sentence denotes Bioanalytical techniques utilize a selective biorecognition element, often called a molecular probe, in combination with an analytical system, such as a plate reader or PCR analyzer, to quantify one or more components of a sample.
T43 5367-5588 Sentence denotes While capable of being highly sensitive and robust, they are destructive testing methods and require the addition of reagents to the sample and extensive sample preparation steps, which increase the time-to-results (TTR).
T44 5589-5724 Sentence denotes Bioanalytical techniques, such as PCR, may also encounter inhibition effects caused by background species in the sample (Justino et al.
T45 5725-5750 Sentence denotes 2017; Scognamiglio et al.
T46 5751-5767 Sentence denotes 2016; Sin et al.
T47 5768-5858 Sentence denotes 2014), which introduce measurement bias and increase measurement uncertainty (Clark et al.
T48 5859-5881 Sentence denotes 2016; Silverman et al.
T49 5882-5888 Sentence denotes 2019).
T50 5889-6124 Sentence denotes Considering such limitations of traditional plate-based bioanalytical techniques and the need for real-time continuous monitoring capabilities among various applications, there is a need to examine alternative bioanalytical techniques.
T51 6125-6233 Sentence denotes Over the past twenty-five years, biosensors have emerged to complement PCR and ELISA for pathogen detection.
T52 6234-6454 Sentence denotes Biosensors are based on the direct integration of a selective biorecognition element and a sensitive transducer element and provide complementary platforms to PCR and ELISA for pathogen identification and quantification.
T53 6455-6651 Sentence denotes According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), a biosensor must contain a biorecognition element in direct spatial contact with a transduction element (Thévenot et al.
T54 6652-6658 Sentence denotes 2001).
T55 6659-6839 Sentence denotes In addition, a biosensor should provide quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information and measurement without the requirement of additional processing steps or reagents.
T56 6840-7039 Sentence denotes While a biosensor should also be a self-contained, integrated device, the measurement approach can vary from droplet formats to continuous flow formats that require associated fluid handling systems.
T57 7040-7186 Sentence denotes Biosensors have achieved sensitive and selective real-time detection of pathogens in various environments without the need for sample preparation.
T58 7187-7355 Sentence denotes For example, biosensors have enabled the detection of an abundance of pathogens in various matrices and environments, including foods, body fluids, and object surfaces.
T59 7356-7498 Sentence denotes In addition to sample preparation-free protocols, biosensors are compatible with label-free protocols (Daniels and Pourmand, 2007; Rapp et al.
T60 7499-7516 Sentence denotes 2010; Sang et al.
T61 7517-7541 Sentence denotes 2016; Vestergaard et al.
T62 7542-7548 Sentence denotes 2007).
T63 7549-7669 Sentence denotes Labels, often referred to as reporters, are molecular species, such as organic dyes or quantum dots (Resch-Genger et al.
T64 7670-7893 Sentence denotes 2008), that are attached to the target, either directly or through a biorecognition element, using a series of sample preparation steps or secondary binding steps to facilitate detection through the properties of the label.
T65 7894-8015 Sentence denotes Thus, label-free biosensors avoid the use of a reporter species to detect the target species (Cooper, 2009; Syahir et al.
T66 8016-8022 Sentence denotes 2015).
T67 8023-8359 Sentence denotes Label-free assays often have fewer sample preparation steps due to the elimination of procedures associated with target labeling and lower cost than label-based assays, which are important considerations for applications in which preparation facilities or trained personnel are either limited or unavailable (Cooper, 2009; Syahir et al.
T68 8360-8366 Sentence denotes 2015).
T69 8367-8463 Sentence denotes While various types of transducers have been investigated for pathogen biosensing (Lazcka et al.
T70 8464-8482 Sentence denotes 2007; Singh et al.
T71 8483-8771 Sentence denotes 2014; Yoo and Lee, 2016), including mechanical and optical transducers, such as cantilever biosensors or surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors, electrochemical biosensors have been extensively applied to pathogen detection (Felix and Angnes, 2018; Pereira da Silva Neves et al.
T72 8772-8792 Sentence denotes 2018; Saucedo et al.
T73 8793-8799 Sentence denotes 2019).
T74 8800-8963 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection utilize conducting and semiconducting materials as the transducer, which is commonly referred to as an electrode.
T75 8964-9228 Sentence denotes The chemical energy associated with binding between target pathogens and electrode-immobilized biorecognition elements is converted into electrical energy through an electrochemical method that involves the electrode and a pathogen-containing electrolyte solution.
T76 9229-9578 Sentence denotes To date, electrochemical biosensors have enabled sample preparation-free detection of pathogens in various matrices, in situ detection of pathogens on surfaces, rapid pathogen detection using low-cost platforms, multiplexed detection of pathogens in practical matrices, and detection of pathogens via wireless actuation and data acquisition formats.
T77 9579-9782 Sentence denotes As a result, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have been widely examined for food and water safety, medical diagnostic, environmental monitoring, and bio-threat applications (Amiri et al.
T78 9783-9874 Sentence denotes 2018; Duffy and Moore, 2017; Felix and Angnes, 2018; Furst and Francis, 2019; Mishra et al.
T79 9875-9893 Sentence denotes 2018; Monzó et al.
T80 9894-9925 Sentence denotes 2015; Rastogi and Singh, 2019).
T81 9926-10003 Sentence denotes Here, we critically review electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T82 10004-10245 Sentence denotes To gain insight into the trajectory of the field, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection reported since 2005 are critically reviewed and classified with respect to IUPAC-recommended definitions and classifications (Thévenot et al.
T83 10246-10252 Sentence denotes 2001).
T84 10253-10479 Sentence denotes Applications of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection are critically reviewed with respect to the target pathogen, sample matrix, biosensor design, fabrication method, measurement format, and biosensor performance.
T85 10480-10682 Sentence denotes We also discuss future directions of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection, which includes a discussion of present technological and methodological challenges and emerging application areas.
T86 10684-10743 Sentence denotes 2 Electrochemical biosensor designs for pathogen detection
T87 10744-10952 Sentence denotes A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, such as the concentration of a specific sample component or total compositional analysis into an analytically useful signal (Thévenot et al.
T88 10953-10959 Sentence denotes 2001).
T89 10960-11055 Sentence denotes The electrochemical method utilized is a distinguishing aspect of an electrochemical biosensor.
T90 11056-11250 Sentence denotes In addition to the electrochemical method, the sample handling approach and sensor signal readout format also provide distinguishing aspects of a biosensor-based approach for pathogen detection.
T91 11251-11416 Sentence denotes Thus, we review electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection using a framework built upon transducer elements, biorecognition elements, and measurement formats.
T92 11417-11505 Sentence denotes An overview of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection is provided in Fig. 1 .
T93 11506-11663 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 2 a, while the detection of bacterial pathogens remains an area of focus, the detection of viral pathogens and protozoa is an emerging area.
T94 11664-11748 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 2b, studies have focused on pathogen detection in various matrices.
T95 11749-11907 Sentence denotes We next discuss the transduction elements, biorecognition elements, and measurement formats associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T96 11908-12016 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Components and measurement formats associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T97 12017-12220 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 a) Trend in pathogens detected by electrochemical biosensors since 2005 based on the data shown in Table 1, Table 2. b) Common matrices associated with the various pathogen detection applications.
T98 12222-12248 Sentence denotes 2.1 Transduction elements
T99 12249-12390 Sentence denotes The transduction element of an electrochemical biosensor is an electrochemical cell where the main component is commonly a working electrode.
T100 12391-12635 Sentence denotes A three electrode format (working, auxiliary, and reference) is commonly employed in a potentiostatic system, while a two electrode format (working and auxiliary) is often used for conductometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
T101 12636-12731 Sentence denotes Electrodes can be fabricated from multiple materials and using various manufacturing processes.
T102 12732-12873 Sentence denotes An electrode is an electronic conductor through which charge is transported by the movement of electrons and holes (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T103 12874-13018 Sentence denotes Electrodes are thus fabricated from conducting and semiconducting materials, including metals, such as gold (Au), and nonmetals, such as carbon.
T104 13019-13174 Sentence denotes Manufacturing processes can be used to fabricate electrodes of various sizes, including bulk structures (greater than 1 mm) and micro- and nano-structures.
T105 13175-13281 Sentence denotes As a result, electrodes can be classified by type and form of material, manufacturing process, and design.
T106 13282-13394 Sentence denotes Electrode designs can be classified by form factor, which includes planar, wire, nanostructured, or array-based.
T107 13395-13627 Sentence denotes The material, fabrication approach, and design affect the electrode's structure and properties, which ultimately determine the biosensor's performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), and dynamic range.
T108 13628-13733 Sentence denotes They also influence the biosensor's cost, manufacturability, disposability, and measurement capabilities.
T109 13735-13758 Sentence denotes 2.1.1 Metal electrodes
T110 13759-13854 Sentence denotes Metal electrodes, such as Au and platinum (Pt), have been commonly used for pathogen detection.
T111 13855-13945 Sentence denotes Thick metal electrodes are commonly fabricated from bulk structures via cutting processes.
T112 13946-14146 Sentence denotes Thin-film metal electrodes are often fabricated by deposition of metals on insulating substrates through traditional microfabrication approaches, including physical vapor deposition (Hierlemann et al.
T113 14147-14187 Sentence denotes 2003) and screen printing (Taleat et al.
T114 14188-14194 Sentence denotes 2014).
T115 14195-14394 Sentence denotes Resultant conductive components are often embedded in insulating polymer or ceramic substrates, including Teflon, polyetherkeytone (PEK), and glass, to complete fabrication of the transducer element.
T116 14395-14534 Sentence denotes While not yet applied to pathogen detection applications, three-dimensional (3D) printing processes, including inkjet printing (Bhat et al.
T117 14535-14562 Sentence denotes 2018; Medina-Sánchez et al.
T118 14563-14585 Sentence denotes 2014; Pavinatto et al.
T119 14586-14632 Sentence denotes 2015), selective laser melting (Ambrosi et al.
T120 14633-14649 Sentence denotes 2016; Loo et al.
T121 14650-14696 Sentence denotes 2017), and microextrusion printing (Foo et al.
T122 14697-14812 Sentence denotes 2018), have also been used for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and electrodes using a variety of metals.
T123 14813-14901 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1 , unstructured metal electrodes exhibit a range of detection limits.
T124 14902-15062 Sentence denotes For example, the detection limits of electrochemical biosensors for bacteria that employ unstructured metal electrodes range from 1 to 104 CFU/mL (see Table 1).
T125 15063-15288 Sentence denotes Table 1 Classification of label-free electrochemical biosensors for detection of pathogens in terms of: target, working electrode, biorecognition element, electrochemical method, limit of detection, and electrochemical probe.
T126 15289-15736 Sentence denotes Abbreviations: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), plaque-forming unit (PFU), colony-forming unit (CFU), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), magnetic bead (MB), nanoparticle (NP), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), hemagglutination units (HAU), and median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50).
T127 15737-15853 Sentence denotes Target Pathogen Working Electrode Biorecognition Element Electrochemical Method & Probe Limit of Detection Reference
T128 15854-15964 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E.coli EIS 104 CFU/mL Radke and Alocilja (2005)
T129 15965-16067 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4 × 103 CFU/mL Zhang et al. (2005)
T130 16068-16161 Sentence denotes E. coli chromium interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS – Suehiro et al. (2006)
T131 16162-16269 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium ITO interdigitated microelectrode array anti-S. typhimurium EIS 10 CFU/mL Yang and Li (2006)
T132 16270-16368 Sentence denotes V. cholerae carbon electrode polyclonal anti-V. cholerae amperometry 8 CFU/mL Sharma et al. (2006)
T133 16369-16467 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli potentiometry 9 × 105 CFU/mL Boehm et al. (2007)
T134 16468-16552 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-E.coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Maalouf et al. (2007)
T135 16553-16667 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes TiO2 nanowires on Au electrode monoclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 470 CFU/mL Wang et al. (2008)
T136 16668-16763 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 50 CFU/mL Geng et al. (2008)
T137 16764-16874 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Pournaras et al. (2008)
T138 16875-16981 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au microelectrode anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 500 CFU/mL Nandakumar et al. (2008)
T139 16982-17103 Sentence denotes E. coli graphite interdigitated microelectrode array E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS 104 CFU/mL Shabani et al. (2008)
T140 17104-17200 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 100 CFU/mL Mantzila et al. (2008)
T141 17201-17298 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium macroporous silicon electrode anti-S. typhimurium EIS 103 CFU/mL Das et al. (2009)
T142 17299-17436 Sentence denotes West Nile virus (WNV) nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-WNV AC voltammetry 0.02 viruses/mL Nguyen et al. (2009)
T143 17437-17547 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL La Belle et al. (2009)
T144 17548-17673 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium CNTs on carbon rod electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer potentiometry 0.2 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2009)
T145 17674-17770 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode anti-E. coli CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3.3 CFU/mL Escamilla-Gomez et al. (2009)
T146 17771-17892 Sentence denotes B. anthracis Ag electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-B. anthracis conductometry 420 spores/mL Pal and Alocilja (2009)
T147 17893-18012 Sentence denotes E. coli polysilicon interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 300 CFU/mL de la Rica et al. (2009)
T148 18013-18126 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS 104 CFU/mL Mejri et al. (2010)
T149 18127-18236 Sentence denotes E. coli CNTs on carbon rod electrode anti-E. coli aptamer potentiometry 6 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2010)
T150 18237-18374 Sentence denotes Campylobacter jejuni Fe3O4 nanoparticles on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-Flagellin A EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Huang et al. (2010)
T151 18375-18497 Sentence denotes marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) AuNPs on nickel foam electrode anti-SRB EIS 21 CFU/mL Wan et al. (2010)
T152 18498-18615 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag nanofiber array electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli conductometry 61 CFU/mL Luo et al. (2010)
T153 18616-18759 Sentence denotes bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Ag nanofiber array electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-BVDV conductometry 103 CCID/mL Luo et al. (2010)
T154 18760-18862 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array magainin I peptide EIS 103 CFU/mL Mannoor et al. (2010)
T155 18863-18951 Sentence denotes E. coli Au rod electrode concanavalin A lectin capacitive 12 CFU/mL Jantra et al. (2011)
T156 18952-19043 Sentence denotes rotavirus graphene microelectrode monoclonal anti-rotavirus CV 103 PFU/mL Liu et al. (2011)
T157 19044-19139 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H3N2 Au electrode polyclonal anti-H3N2 EIS 8 ng/mL Hassen et al. (2011)
T158 19140-19251 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-E. coli capacitive, EIS, CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 220 CFU/mL Li et al. (2011)
T159 19252-19397 Sentence denotes Enterobacter cloacae Au electrode concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 103 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T160 19398-19526 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode concanavalin A lectin, ricinus communis agglutinin lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T161 19527-19627 Sentence denotes B. subtilis Au electrode concanavalin A lectin CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 104 CFU/mL Xi et al. (2011)
T162 19628-19699 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Tan et al. (2011)
T163 19700-19775 Sentence denotes S. aureus Pt wire electrode anti-S. aureus EIS 100 CFU/mL Tan et al. (2011)
T164 19776-19933 Sentence denotes marine pathogenic sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) graphene/chitosan composite on carbon electrode anti-SRB CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 18 CFU/mL Wan et al. (2011)
T165 19934-20061 Sentence denotes swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 PDDA/CNT composite on Au microelectrode anti-SIV conductometry 180 TCID50/mL Lee et al. (2011)
T166 20062-20148 Sentence denotes E. coli graphene microelectrode anti-E. coli amperometry 10 CFU/mL Huang et al. (2011)
T167 20149-20229 Sentence denotes E. coli PEDOT:PSS electrode anti-E. coli amperometry 103 CFU/mL He et al. (2012)
T168 20230-20377 Sentence denotes dengue type 2 virus (DENV-2) nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-DENV-2 DPV;Ferrocene methanol 1 PFU/mL Cheng et al. (2012)
T169 20378-20509 Sentence denotes DENV-2 nanostructured alumina on Pt wire electrode monoclonal anti-DENV-2 CV, EIS; Ferrocene methanol 1 PFU/mL Nguyen et al. (2012)
T170 20510-20657 Sentence denotes human influenza A viruses H1N1 and H3N2 silicon nanowire electrode array anti-H1N1, anti-H3N2 conductometry 2.9 × 104 viruses/mL Shen et al. (2012)
T171 20658-20785 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNP/Chitosan/CNT and SiO2/thionine NP composite on Au electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV 250 CFU/mL Li et al. (2012)
T172 20786-20911 Sentence denotes E. coli CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli ASV 800 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T173 20912-21049 Sentence denotes Campylobacter CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-Campylobacter ASV 400 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T174 21050-21189 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium CNT/polyallylamine composite on graphite electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium ASV 400 cells/mL Viswanathan et al. (2012)
T175 21190-21290 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNT electrode anti-S. aureus aptamer potentiometry 800 CFU/mL Zelada-Guillen et al. (2012)
T176 21291-21386 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode mannose carbohydrate ligand EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Guo et al. (2012)
T177 21387-21514 Sentence denotes S. aureus graphene interdigitated microelectrode array odoranin-HP peptide conductometry 1 × 104 cells/mL Mannoor et al. (2012)
T178 21515-21645 Sentence denotes Helicobacter pylori graphene interdigitated microelectrode array odoranin-HP peptide conductometry 100 cells Mannoor et al. (2012)
T179 21646-21758 Sentence denotes L. innocua Au electrode L. innocua-specific bacteriophage EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.1 × 104 CFU/mL Tolba et al. (2012)
T180 21759-21858 Sentence denotes E. coli polyaniline on Au electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Chowdhury et al. (2012).
T181 21859-21960 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS 2.5 × 104 CFU/mL Dweik et al. (2012).
T182 21961-22089 Sentence denotes E. coli ultra-nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode array anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 × 103 CFU/mL Siddiqui et al. (2012).
T183 22090-22229 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 Au microelectrode phenotype-specific sialic acid-galactose moieties EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- – Wicklein et al. (2013)
T184 22230-22331 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 800 CFU/mL Tlili et al. (2013)
T185 22332-22499 Sentence denotes DENV-2, dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) Pt-coated nanostructured alumina membrane electrode monoclonal anti-dengue EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.23 PFU/mL, 0.71 PFU/mL Peh and Li (2013)
T186 22500-22647 Sentence denotes cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) polypyrrole nanoribbons on Au microelectrode array polyclonal anti-CMV amperometry 10 ng/mL Chartuprayoon et al. (2013)
T187 22648-22751 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63- 2 CFU/mL Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2013)
T188 22752-22867 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide microelectrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 150 CFU/mL Wang et al. (2013)
T189 22868-22945 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag/AgCl wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Joung et al. (2013)
T190 22946-23103 Sentence denotes murine norovirus (MNV) AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-norovirus (MNV) aptamer SWV, fluorescence; Fe(CN)63-/Ru(NH3)63+ 180 viruses Giamberardino et al. (2013)
T191 23104-23204 Sentence denotes rotavirus reduced graphene oxide microelectrode anti-rotavirus amperometry 100 PFU Liu et al. (2013)
T192 23205-23372 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium AuNP-functionalized poly(amidoamine)-CNT-chitosan composite on carbon electrode anti- S. typhimurium CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 500 CFU/mL Dong et al. (2013)
T193 23373-23480 Sentence denotes E. coli Au-tungsten microwire electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 5 CFU/mL Lu et al. (2013)
T194 23481-23552 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrode anti-E. coli EIS 10 CFU/mL Chan et al. (2013)
T195 23553-23679 Sentence denotes S. aureus reduced graphene oxide on carbon rod electrode anti-S. aureus aptamer potentiometry 1 CFU/mL Hernandez et al. (2014)
T196 23680-23774 Sentence denotes E. coli PAA/PD/CNT composite on carbon electrode anti-E. coli ASV 13 CFU/mL Chen et al. (2014)
T197 23775-23905 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium AuNPs on graphene oxide on carbon electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3 CFU/mL Ma et al. (2014)
T198 23906-24046 Sentence denotes S. aureus AuNPs on reduced graphene oxide on carbon electrode anti-S. aureus synthetic aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Jia et al. (2014)
T199 24047-24141 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode mannose carbohydrate ligand CV, mass change 1 CFU/mL Yazgan et al. (2014)
T200 24142-24267 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array leucocin A antimicrobial peptide EIS 103 CFU/mL Etayash et al. (2014)
T201 24268-24394 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 3 × 103 CFU/mL Dastider et al. (2015)
T202 24395-24496 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 CFU/mL Bekir et al. (2015)
T203 24497-24595 Sentence denotes E. coli CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T204 24596-24708 Sentence denotes Klebsiella pneumoniae CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T205 24709-24821 Sentence denotes Enterococcus faecalis CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T206 24822-24924 Sentence denotes B. subtilis CNTs on Au electrode clavanin A peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Andrade et al. (2015)
T207 24925-25055 Sentence denotes E. coli PEI/CNT composite on carbon electrode E. coli-specific bacteriophages EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 50 CFU/mL Zhou and Ramasamy (2015)
T208 25056-25188 Sentence denotes dengue virus 1–4 AuNPs on Au electrode anti-DENV-1, anti-DENV-2, anti-DENV-3, anti-DENV-4 CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- – Luna et al. (2015)
T209 25189-25301 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO microelectrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Barreiros dos Santos et al. (2015)
T210 25302-25443 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5N1 EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4 HAU/mL Lin et al. (2015)
T211 25444-25552 Sentence denotes C. parvum AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-C. parvum aptamer SWV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 oocysts Iqbal et al. (2015)
T212 25553-25672 Sentence denotes E. coli CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 100 CFU/mL Yamada et al. (2016)
T213 25673-25796 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNT-coated Au-tungsten microwire electrodes polyclonal anti-S. aureus amperometry 100 CFU/mL Yamada et al. (2016)
T214 25797-25913 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-S. aureus EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.3 CFU/mL Primiceri et al. (2016)
T215 25914-26042 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-L. monocytogenes EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 5 CFU/mL Primiceri et al. (2016)
T216 26043-26152 Sentence denotes norovirus Au microelectrode anti-norovirus aptamer SWV; Fe(CN)63-/Ru(NH3)63+ 10 PFU/mL Kitajima et al. (2016)
T217 26153-26298 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-AIV-H5N1 aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 4.2 HAU/mL Callaway et al. (2016)
T218 26299-26436 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium poly[pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole] copolymer electrode anti-S. typhimurium aptamer EIS 3 CFU/mL Sheikhzadeh et al. (2016)
T219 26437-26546 Sentence denotes E. coli polysilicon interdigitated microelectrodes polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS – Mallén-Alberdi et al. (2016)
T220 26547-26685 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H3N2 Au electrode phenotype-specific oligoethylene glycol moieties EIS 1.3 × 104 viruses/mL Hushegyi et al. (2016)
T221 26686-26803 Sentence denotes E. coli PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 100 CFU/mL Lee and Jun (2016)
T222 26804-26918 Sentence denotes V. cholerae CeO2 nanowires on Pt microelectrode anti-V. cholerae EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL Tam and Thang (2016)
T223 26919-27040 Sentence denotes S. aureus PEI/CNT composite on Au microwire electrode polyclonal anti-S. aureus amperometry 100 CFU/mL Lee and Jun (2016)
T224 27041-27140 Sentence denotes E. coli graphene microelectrode polyclonal anti-E. coli amperometry 5 × 103 CFU/mL Wu et al. (2016)
T225 27141-27233 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode concanavalin A lectin EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 75 cells/mL Yang et al. (2016b)
T226 27234-27307 Sentence denotes E. coli Pt wire electrodes anti-E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL Tian et al. (2016)
T227 27308-27385 Sentence denotes S. aureus Pt wire electrodes anti-S. aureus EIS 100 CFU/mL Tian et al. (2016)
T228 27386-27515 Sentence denotes B. subtilis CNTs on Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-B. subtilis conductometry 100 CFU/mL Yoo et al. (2017)
T229 27516-27668 Sentence denotes S. epidermidis Au microelectrode S. epidermidis-imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) polymer film EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Golabi et al. (2017)
T230 27669-27796 Sentence denotes norovirus graphene/AuNP composite on carbon electrode anti-norovirus aptamer DPV; Ferrocene 100 pM Chand and Neethirajan (2017)
T231 27797-27912 Sentence denotes norovirus Au electrode synthetic norovirus-specific peptide CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 7.8 copies/mL Hwang et al. (2017)
T232 27913-28043 Sentence denotes E. coli CuO/cysteine/reduced graphene/Au oxide electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 3.8 CFU/mL Pandey et al. (2017)
T233 28044-28177 Sentence denotes Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) carbon NPs on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-JEV CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 ng/mL Chin et al. (2017)
T234 28178-28289 Sentence denotes S. aureus CNTs on carbon electrode polyclonal anti-S. aureus DPV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 13 CFU/mL Bhardwaj et al. (2017)
T235 28290-28457 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 PEDOT film electrode hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand EIS, potentiometry, mass change; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.013 HAU Hai et al. (2017)
T236 28458-28616 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 reduced graphene oxide on Au microelectrode monoclonal anti-H1N1 chrono-amperometry; Fe(CN)63-/4- 0.5 PFU/mL Singh et al. (2017b)
T237 28617-28722 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode E. coli-imprinted MAH/HEMA polymer film capacitive 70 CFU/mL Idil et al. (2017)
T238 28723-28855 Sentence denotes E. coli chitosan/polypyrrole/CNT/AuNP composite on graphite electrode monoclonal coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 30 CFU/mL Güner et al. (2017)
T239 28856-28971 Sentence denotes S. dysenteriae AuNPs on carbon electrode anti-S. dysenteriae aptamer EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Zarei et al. (2018)
T240 28972-29109 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H1N1 PEDOT:PSS film electrode hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligand amperometry 0.015 HAU Hai et al. (2018)
T241 29110-29238 Sentence denotes S. aureus fluoride-doped tin oxide electrode S. aureus-imprinted Ag–MnO2 film DPV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 103 CFU/mL Divagar et al. (2019)
T242 29239-29353 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode E. coli-imprinted TEOS/MTMS sol-gel film EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1 CFU/mL Jafari et al. (2019)
T243 29354-29454 Sentence denotes norovirus Au electrode norovirus-specific peptide EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 1.7 copies/mL Baek et al. (2019)
T244 29455-29586 Sentence denotes C. parvum Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-C. parvum Capacitive; Fe(CN)63-/4- 40 cells/mm2 Luka et al. (2019)
T245 29587-29718 Sentence denotes E. coli 4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin EIS 6 × 103 CFU/mL Saucedo et al. (2019)
T246 29719-29854 Sentence denotes B. subtilis 4-(3-pyrrol) butryic acid electrode concanavalin A lectin, Arachis hypogaea lectin EIS 6 × 103 CFU/mL Saucedo et al. (2019)
T247 29855-30006 Sentence denotes E. coli silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 × 103 CFU/mL Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)
T248 30007-30158 Sentence denotes E. coli silica NPs on polyelectrolyte multilayer on Au electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 2 × 103 CFU/mL Mathelie-Guinlet et al. (2019)
T249 30160-30185 Sentence denotes 2.1.2 Ceramic electrodes
T250 30186-30348 Sentence denotes Conducting and semiconducting ceramics, including indium tin oxide (ITO), polysilicon, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have also been examined for pathogen detection.
T251 30349-30463 Sentence denotes For example, Das et al. used a silicon electrode for Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) detection (Das et al.
T252 30464-30470 Sentence denotes 2009).
T253 30471-30644 Sentence denotes Barreiros dos Santos et al. developed an antibody-functionalized ITO electrode for the detection of E. coliwith a dynamic range of 10–106 CFU/mL (Barreiros dos Santos et al.
T254 30645-30651 Sentence denotes 2015).
T255 30652-30897 Sentence denotes In addition to high conductivity, ITO is transparent, which presents various measurement advantages, including the ability to accurately correlate biosensor response with pathogen surface coverage (Aydın and Sezgintürk, 2017; Yang and Li, 2005).
T256 30898-31105 Sentence denotes Transparent electrodes also enable in situ verification of target binding via microscopic techniques and offer compatibility with optical approaches, such as those based on optical stimulation (Wenzel et al.
T257 31106-31112 Sentence denotes 2018).
T258 31113-31309 Sentence denotes Carbon electrodes based on various allotropes of carbon, such as graphite and glass-like carbon, can also be classified as ceramic materials due to their mechanical properties (e.g., brittleness).
T259 31311-31336 Sentence denotes 2.1.3 Polymer electrodes
T260 31337-31411 Sentence denotes Polymers have also been investigated as electrodes for pathogen detection.
T261 31412-31536 Sentence denotes Polymers have various advantages, including tunable electrical conductivity, biocompatiblity, and environmentally stability.
T262 31537-31655 Sentence denotes Polymer electrodes are also compatible with a range of biorecognition element immobilization techniques (Arshak et al.
T263 31656-31676 Sentence denotes 2009; Guimard et al.
T264 31677-31683 Sentence denotes 2007).
T265 31684-31858 Sentence denotes Polymers also exhibit mechanical properties that enable electrode-tissue mechanical matching, an important consideration in the design of implantable and wearable biosensors.
T266 31859-31955 Sentence denotes Polymer electrodes can be broadly classified as (1) conjugated polymer or (2) polymer composite.
T267 31956-32122 Sentence denotes Polyaniline and polypyrrole have been the most commonly used conjugated polymers for pathogen detection due to their high conductivity in the doped state (Kaur et al.
T268 32123-32129 Sentence denotes 2015).
T269 32130-32251 Sentence denotes Moreover, polypyrrole has been shown to be biocompatible and exhibit affinity for methylated nucleic acids (Arshak et al.
T270 32252-32258 Sentence denotes 2009).
T271 32259-32441 Sentence denotes However, polyaniline films lose electrochemical activity in solutions of pH greater than 4, which presents a measurement challenge when considering samples of varying pH (Wan, 2008).
T272 32442-32647 Sentence denotes Conjugated polymer electrodes commonly exhibit thin-film form factors and are deposited onto insulating substrates via layer-by-layer approaches, spin coating, or electrochemical polymerization (Xia et al.
T273 32648-32654 Sentence denotes 2010).
T274 32655-32798 Sentence denotes For example, Chowdhury et al. used a polyaniline electrode for detection of E. coli over a dynamic range of 102 to 107 CFU/mL (Chowdhury et al.
T275 32799-32805 Sentence denotes 2012).
T276 32806-33035 Sentence denotes Hai et al. and He et al. used organic transistors based on spin-coated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films for detection of human influenza A virus (H1N1) and E. coli, respectively (Hai et al.
T277 33036-33051 Sentence denotes 2018; He et al.
T278 33052-33058 Sentence denotes 2012).
T279 33059-33193 Sentence denotes Polymer composite electrodes are often composed of a non-conducting polymer mixed with a conducting or semiconducting dispersed phase.
T280 33194-33371 Sentence denotes Micro-particles and nanomaterials, such as graphite, Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been commonly used as the dispersed phase (Dong et al.
T281 33372-33388 Sentence denotes 2013; Lee et al.
T282 33389-33422 Sentence denotes 2011; Lee and Jun 2016; Li et al.
T283 33423-33447 Sentence denotes 2012; Viswanathan et al.
T284 33448-33524 Sentence denotes 2012) in combination with various polymers, including chitosan (Güner et al.
T285 33525-33612 Sentence denotes 2017), polyethylenimine (PEI) (Lee and Jun 2016), and polyallyamine (Viswanathan et al.
T286 33613-33619 Sentence denotes 2012).
T287 33620-33873 Sentence denotes For example, Viswanathan et al. developed a polyallylamine/CNT polymer composite electrode for the detection of E. coli, S. typhimurium, and Campylobacter via anodic stripping voltammetry over the dynamic range of 103 to 105 cells/mL (Viswanathan et al.
T288 33874-33880 Sentence denotes 2012).
T289 33881-34037 Sentence denotes A multicomponent polymer composite electrode of poly(amidoamine), CNTs, and chitosan layered with AuNPs enabled the detection of S. typhimurium (Dong et al.
T290 34038-34044 Sentence denotes 2013).
T291 34045-34206 Sentence denotes The detection limits associated with polymer composite electrodes are comparable to metallic and polymer electrodes and range from 1 to 103 CFU/mL (see Table 1).
T292 34207-34467 Sentence denotes While polymer composite electrodes often contain nanomaterials, they are dispersed throughout the bulk of polymer, which is in contrast to the electrode nanostructuring techniques that occur at the electrode surface and are discussed in the following sections.
T293 34468-34560 Sentence denotes Polymer electrode development has been, in part, driven by the need for flexible biosensors.
T294 34561-34727 Sentence denotes For example, free-standing film electrodes and polymer electrodes on flexible substrates, such as paper, are now being examined for biosensing applications (Xu et al.
T295 34728-34734 Sentence denotes 2019).
T296 34735-34838 Sentence denotes Given conjugated polymers and polymer composites are compatible with 3D printing processes (Kong et al.
T297 34839-34963 Sentence denotes 2014), polymer electrodes are also emerging as attractive candidates for wearable conformal (i.e., form-fitting) biosensors.
T298 34964-35144 Sentence denotes While polymer electrodes typically exhibit planar form factors, such as thin films, they can also be constructed as nanowires and nanofibers, as discussed in the following section.
T299 35145-35268 Sentence denotes A comprehensive discussion of biosensor LOD and dynamic range for all electrode materials is provided in Table 1, Table 2 .
T300 35269-35532 Sentence denotes Table 2 Classification of electrochemical biosensors employing labels for pathogen detection in terms of: target, working electrode, biorecognition element, electrochemical method, limit of detection, electrochemical probe, and label or secondary processing step.
T301 35533-35980 Sentence denotes Abbreviations: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltommetry (CV), plaque-forming unit (PFU), colony-forming unit (CFU), indium tin oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), magnetic bead (MB), nanoparticle (NP), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), hemagglutination units (HAU), and median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50).
T302 35981-36120 Sentence denotes Target Pathogen Working Electrode Biorecognition Element Electrochemical Method & Probe Limit of Detection Secondary Binding Step Reference
T303 36121-36256 Sentence denotes E. coli ITO electrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 6 × 105 cells/mL antibody/ALP conjugate label for amplification Yang and Li (2005)
T304 36257-36421 Sentence denotes V. cholerae carbon/polystyrene electrode polyclonal anti-V.cholerae chrono-amperometry 105 cells/mL antibody-ALP conjugate label for amplification Rao et al. (2006)
T305 36422-36574 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 2.67 × 106 cells/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation Varshney et al. (2007)
T306 36575-36746 Sentence denotes V. parahaemolytic carbon electrode anti-V. parahaemolytic CV; thionine/hydrogen peroxide 7.37 × 104 CFU/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for transduction Zhao et al. (2007)
T307 36747-36914 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli EIS 7.4 × 104 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and amplification Varshney and Li (2007)
T308 36915-37121 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs on carbon electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; ferrocenedicarboxylic acid/hydrogen peroxide 6 CFU/mL polyclonal antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Lin et al. (2008)
T309 37122-37299 Sentence denotes S. aureus Au electrode anti-S. aureus amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 370 cells/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Escamilla-Gomez et al. (2008)
T310 37300-37546 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au electrode monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium chrono-amperometry; tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride/hydrogen peroxide 21 CFU/mL anti-S. typhimurium polyclonal antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Salam and Tothill (2009)
T311 37547-37773 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium graphite-epoxy composite electrode polyclonal anti-S. typhimurium amperometry 0.1 CFU/mL primary antibody-coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Liebana et al. (2009)
T312 37774-37938 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5 EIS 0.26 HAU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation Wang et al. (2010)
T313 37939-38208 Sentence denotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Au electrode polyclonal anti-S. pneumoniae amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 1.5 × 104 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and bacteria immobilization, antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Campuzano et al. (2010)
T314 38209-38392 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon-graphite electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV 7 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/polyaniline label for amplification Setterington and Alocilja (2011)
T315 38393-38611 Sentence denotes S. aureus MBs on Au electrode polyclonal anti-Protein A (S. aureus) amperometry; tetrathiafulvalene/hydrogen peroxide 1 CFU/mL antibody/Protein A/HRP conjugate for amplification Esteban-Fernandez de Avila et al. (2012)
T316 38612-38864 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-AIV-H5, polyclonal anti-AIV-N1 EIS 103 EDI50/mL anti-AIV-H5 monoclonal antibody- coated MBs for separation, red blood cell label for amplification Lum et al. (2012)
T317 38865-39101 Sentence denotes E. coli AuNPs/SiO2 nanocomposite on sulfhydryl chitosan/Fe(C2H5)2/C60 composite on carbon electrode monoclonal anti-E. coli CV; ferrocene 15 CFU/mL antibody/glucose oxidase/Pt nanochain conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2013)
T318 39102-39315 Sentence denotes C. parvum polypyrrole-coated carbon electrode polyclonal anti-C. parvum chrono-potentiometry; o-phenylenediamine/hydrogen peroxide 500 oocysts/mL antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Laczka et al. (2013)
T319 39316-39494 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes polymeric ion-selective membrane electrode anti-L. monocytogenes InlA aptamer potentiometry 10 CFU/mL aptamer/protamine label for transduction Ding et al. (2014)
T320 39495-39717 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au interdigitated electrode array anti-AIVH5N1 aptamer EIS 0.04 HAU/mL aptamer-coated MBs for separation, Concanavalin A/glucose oxide-coated AuNP labels for amplification Fu et al. (2014).
T321 39718-39973 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal and polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 300 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for secondary binding amplification Chen et al. (2015)
T322 39974-40166 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon electrode polyclonal anti-E.coli chrono-amperometry 148 CFU/mL primary antibody-coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody-coated AuNPs for amplification Hassan et al. (2015)
T323 40167-40339 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 AuNPs on ITO microelectrode polyclonal anti-AIVH5N1 ASV 10 pg/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation and anodic stripping Zhou et al. (2015)
T324 40340-40484 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti-E.coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL wheat germ agglutinin for amplification Li et al. (2015)
T325 40485-40690 Sentence denotes E. coli carbon electrode monoclonal and polyclonal anti-E. coli DPV 10 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Wang and Alocilja (2015)
T326 40691-40883 Sentence denotes norovirus nanostructured Au microelectrode concanavalin A lectin, polyclonal anti-norovirus CV, EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 35 copies/mL antibody-ALP conjugate label for amplification Hong et al. (2015)
T327 40884-41131 Sentence denotes Legionella pneumophila carbon electrode polyclonal anti-L. pneumophila amperometry; hydroquinone/hydrogen peroxide 10 CFU/mL primary antibody- coated MBs for separation, secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label for amplification Martin et al. (2015)
T328 41132-41317 Sentence denotes S. aureus carbon electrode anti-S.aureus aptamer ASV 1 CFU/mL primary aptamer-coated MBs for separation, secondary aptamer-coated AgNP label for anodic stripping Abbaspour et al. (2015)
T329 41318-41559 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal and polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 160 CFU/mL monoclonal antibody-coated MBs for separation, polyclonal antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Chen et al. (2016b)
T330 41560-41758 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array polyclonal anti-E. coli CV, amperometry 52 CFU/mL antibody-coated, AuNP/glucose oxidase-modified MBs for separation and amplification Xu et al. (2016a)
T331 41759-41941 Sentence denotes E. coli Au interdigitated microelectrode array anti- E. coli EIS 100 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/glucose oxidase conjugate for amplification Xu et al. (2016b)
T332 41942-42154 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Au interdigitated microelectrode array monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium EIS 100 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/glucose oxidase conjugate label for amplification Xu et al. (2016b)
T333 42155-42367 Sentence denotes E. coli chitosan/CNT composite on carbon electrode polyclonal anti-E. coli CV; thionine/hydrogen peroxide 50 CFU/mL secondary antibody/HRP conjugate label enzyme-assisted reduction reaction Gayathri et al. (2016)
T334 42368-42588 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium carbon electrode polyclonal and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium DPV 100 cells/mL polyclonal antibody- coated MBs for separation, monoclonal antibody- coated AuNP label for amplification Afonso et al. (2016)
T335 42589-42698 Sentence denotes E. coli Au electrode anti-E. coli EIS; Fe(CN)63-/4- 100 CFU/mL AuNP label for amplification Wan et al. (2016)
T336 42699-42903 Sentence denotes L. monocytogenes Au interdigitated electrode array polyclonal anti-L. monocytogenes EIS 1.6 × 103 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody-coated AuNP label for amplification Wang et al. (2017)
T337 42904-43085 Sentence denotes E. coli Au microelectrode monoclonal anti-E. coli LSV 39 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/AuNP/nucleotide/CdSNP conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2017)
T338 43086-43275 Sentence denotes V. cholerae Au microelectrode polyclonal anti-V. cholerae LSV 32 CFU/mL antibody-coated MBs for separation, antibody/AuNP/nucleotide/PbSNP conjugate label for amplification Li et al. (2017)
T339 43276-43444 Sentence denotes avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 Au electrode anti-AIVH5N1, concanavalin A lectin CV 0.367 HAU/mL Concanavalin A- coated MB labels for amplification Zhang et al. (2017)
T340 43445-43672 Sentence denotes human influenza A virus H9N2 carbon electrode polyclonal anti-influenza A virus M2 protein, fetuin A chrono-amperometry 16 HAU antibody-coated MBs for separation, fetuin A-coated AuNP label for amplification Sayhi et al. (2018)
T341 43673-43854 Sentence denotes human enterovirus 71 (EV71) AuNPs on ITO electrode monoclonal anti-EV71 CV, EIS, colorimetry; Fe(CN)63-/4- 10 pg/mL antibody/HRP-coated MB labels for amplification Hou et al. (2018)
T342 43855-44015 Sentence denotes E. coli Ag interdigitated microelectrode array melittin peptide EIS 1 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T343 44016-44179 Sentence denotes S. typhimurium Ag interdigitated electrode array melittin peptide EIS 10 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T344 44180-44339 Sentence denotes S. aureus Ag interdigitated electrode array melittin peptide EIS 110 CFU/mL MLT-coated MBs used for separation and bacteria immobilization Wilson et al. (2019)
T345 44340-44534 Sentence denotes Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) AuNPs on carbon electrode MERS-CoV antigen-antibody complex SWV; Fe(CN)63-/4- 400 fg/mL MERS CoV-antibody complex Layqah and Eissa (2019)
T346 44536-44579 Sentence denotes 2.1.4 Electrode form factor and patterning
T347 44580-44685 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Au electrodes of various size and form factor have been used for pathogen detection.
T348 44686-44874 Sentence denotes The use of complex masks and programmable tool paths with lithographic and 3D printing processes, respectively, also enable the fabrication of complex electrode geometries (Cesewski et al.
T349 44875-44890 Sentence denotes 2018; Xu et al.
T350 44891-44897 Sentence denotes 2017).
T351 44898-45098 Sentence denotes In addition to complex form factor, lithographic processes, 3D printing processes, and assembly operations also enable the fabrication of electrode arrays through electrode patterning (Hintsche et al.
T352 45099-45105 Sentence denotes 1994).
T353 45106-45300 Sentence denotes Electrode arrays, including interdigitated microelectrodes and other patterned electrodes, have been developed in an attempt to enhance the sensitivity and multiplexing capability of biosensors.
T354 45301-45436 Sentence denotes Interdigitated array microelectrodes (IDAMs) consist of alternating, parallel-electrode fingers organized in an interdigitated pattern.
T355 45437-45540 Sentence denotes IDAMs have been shown to exhibit rapid response and high signal-to-noise ratio (Varshney and Li, 2009).
T356 45541-45677 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Au interdigitated microelectrode arrays are one of the most common electrode configurations for pathogen detection.
T357 45678-45821 Sentence denotes For example, Dastider et al. usedinterdigitated Au microelectrode arrays for detection of S. typhimurium via EIS (see Fig. 4a) (Dastider et al.
T358 45822-45828 Sentence denotes 2015).
T359 45829-45976 Sentence denotes Ceramic electrodes, such as ITO, with interdigitated array designs have also been examined for the detection of S. typhimurium (Yang and Li, 2006).
T360 45977-46083 Sentence denotes Mannoor et al. also examined interdigitated carbon-based electrodes for pathogen detection (Mannoor et al.
T361 46084-46090 Sentence denotes 2012).
T362 46091-46286 Sentence denotes The aforementioned emerging manufacturing processes are also used to construct electrode arrays that exhibit geometries other than interdigitated designs for electrochemical sensing applications.
T363 46287-46411 Sentence denotes For example, Yang et al. used aerosol jet additive manufacturing to fabricate silver (Ag) microelectrode arrays (Yang et al.
T364 46412-46419 Sentence denotes 2016a).
T365 46421-46453 Sentence denotes 2.1.5 Electrode nanostructuring
T366 46454-46611 Sentence denotes Transducers with physical dimensions comparable to the target species have been widely investigated as a means of creating sensitive biosensors (Gupta et al.
T367 46612-46631 Sentence denotes 2004; Pumera et al.
T368 46632-46650 Sentence denotes 2007; Singh et al.
T369 46651-46667 Sentence denotes 2010; Wei et al.
T370 46668-46674 Sentence denotes 2009).
T371 46675-46777 Sentence denotes Thus, electrodes ranging from micrometers to nanometers have been investigated for pathogen detection.
T372 46778-46884 Sentence denotes While nanoscale planar electrodes are among the most commonly examined for pathogen detection (Hong et al.
T373 46885-47195 Sentence denotes 2015; Peh and Li, 2013), the fabrication of nanoscale structures of conducting and semiconducting materials using a wide range of bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, such as nanowires, has led to the investigation of nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection (Patolsky and Lieber, 2005).
T374 47196-47366 Sentence denotes Nanostructuring can be performed simultaneously with bottom-up electrode fabrication processes or as a post-processing step with top-down electrode fabrication processes.
T375 47367-47527 Sentence denotes Nanowire-based electrodes have been fabricated using a variety of engineering materials using both bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes (Hu et al.
T376 47528-47561 Sentence denotes 1999; Yogeswaran and Chen, 2008).
T377 47562-47669 Sentence denotes A detailed review of nanomanufacturing processes for nanowire fabrication can be found elsewhere (Hu et al.
T378 47670-47676 Sentence denotes 1999).
T379 47677-47755 Sentence denotes Nanowires can exhibit circular, hexagonal, and even triangular cross-sections.
T380 47756-47877 Sentence denotes The nanowire aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the length to width, often ranges from 1 to greater than 10 (Hu et al.
T381 47878-47938 Sentence denotes 1999; Vaseashta and Dimova-Malinovska, 2005; Wanekaya et al.
T382 47939-47945 Sentence denotes 2006).
T383 47946-48071 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, metallic and ceramic microwire- and nanowire-based electrodes have been examined for pathogen detection.
T384 48072-48262 Sentence denotes For example, Wang et al. used nanowire-bundled TiO2 electrodes synthesized using a bottom-up wet chemistry process for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) (Wang et al.
T385 48263-48269 Sentence denotes 2008).
T386 48270-48457 Sentence denotes Shen et al. fabricated silicon nanowire-based electrodes using a chemical vapor deposition process for the rapid detection of human influenza A virus in an array-based format (Shen et al.
T387 48458-48464 Sentence denotes 2012).
T388 48465-48590 Sentence denotes Although polymer nanowires have been relatively more applied to the detection of non-pathogenic species (Travas-Sejdic et al.
T389 48591-48672 Sentence denotes 2014), there appears to be potential for their application to pathogen detection.
T390 48673-48916 Sentence denotes Polymer nanowires are also synthesized via bottom-up and top-down nanomanufacturing processes, including hard template methods, soft template methods, or physical approaches, but efficient, large-scale synthesis remains a challenge (Xia et al.
T391 48917-48923 Sentence denotes 2010).
T392 48924-49040 Sentence denotes A comprehensive summary of studies using micro- and nano-wire electrodes for pathogen detection is shown in Table 1.
T393 49041-49196 Sentence denotes For example, Chartuprayoon et al. used Au microelectrode arrays modified with polypyrrole nanoribbons to detect cucumber mosaic virus (Chartuprayoon et al.
T394 49197-49203 Sentence denotes 2013).
T395 49204-49376 Sentence denotes The topographical modification of electrode surfaces with micro- and nano-structured features beyond wire-like structures has also been investigated for pathogen detection.
T396 49377-49592 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring increases the electrode surface area without significantly increasing the electrode volume, thereby increasing the ratio of electrode surface area to fluid volume analyzed (Soleymani et al.
T397 49593-49599 Sentence denotes 2009).
T398 49600-49700 Sentence denotes Topographical modification of electrodes can also affect their mechanical and electrical properties.
T399 49701-49945 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical deposition of PEDOT on silicon electrodes reduces the electrode electrical impedance across a wide frequency range, which offers measurement advantages for neural monitoring and recording applications (Ludwig et al.
T400 49946-49952 Sentence denotes 2006).
T401 49953-50155 Sentence denotes Electrode nanostructuring for pathogen detection beyond the fabrication of nanowire-based electrodes has been accomplished primarily using bottom-up wet chemistry approaches and electrochemical methods.
T402 50156-50238 Sentence denotes Among the wet chemistry approaches for electrode nanostructuring (Eftekhari et al.
T403 50239-50361 Sentence denotes 2008), nanostructured electrodes are often fabricated by the deposition or coupling of nanoparticles to planar electrodes.
T404 50362-50503 Sentence denotes For example, AuNPs are commonly deposited on planar electrodes to provide a nanostructured surface for biorecognition element immobilization.
T405 50504-50616 Sentence denotes In such studies, the particles are bound to the planar electrode via physical adsorption processes (Attar et al.
T406 50617-50655 Sentence denotes 2016) or chemical methods (Wang et al.
T407 50656-50662 Sentence denotes 2013).
T408 50663-50810 Sentence denotes In addition to AuNPs, CNTs have also been extensively investigated as potentially useful nanomaterials for electrode nanostructuring (see Table 1).
T409 50811-51127 Sentence denotes De Luna et al. found that high-curvature nanostructured Au microelectrodes exhibited a reduced extent of biorecognition element aggregation relative to that found on planar electrodes in DNA sensing studies using a combination of experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations (see Fig. 3 a) (De Luna et al.
T410 51128-51148 Sentence denotes 2017; Mahshid et al.
T411 51149-51155 Sentence denotes 2016).
T412 51156-51400 Sentence denotes A study by Chin et al. found that nanostructuring of carbon electrodes with carbon nanoparticles enhanced the electron transfer kinetics and current intensity of the electrode by 63% for the detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (Chin et al.
T413 51401-51407 Sentence denotes 2017).
T414 51408-51594 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 Emerging transduction approaches associated with electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. a) A nanostructured Au microelectrode array with high curvature (De Luna et al.
T415 51595-51799 Sentence denotes 2017). b) Cell-imprinted polymer (CIP) with ‘artificial’ biorecognition elements for detection of E. coli using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox probe (Jafari et al.
T416 51800-51806 Sentence denotes 2019).
T417 51807-52046 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Measurement settings associated with electrochemical biosensor-based multiplexed pathogen detection. a) Microfluidic device with an interdigitated Au microelectrode array for continuous measurement of S. typhimurium (Dastider et al.
T418 52047-52208 Sentence denotes 2015). b) Conjugated nanoparticles with two different biorecognition elements for E. coli and V. cholerae detection via voltammetry using Fe(CN)63-/4- (Li et al.
T419 52209-52353 Sentence denotes 2017). c) Schematic of a microfluidic device with two separate spatial regions of biorecognition elements for E. coli and S. aureus (Tian et al.
T420 52354-52360 Sentence denotes 2016).
T421 52361-52663 Sentence denotes In addition to fabricating nanostructured electrodes by coupling already processed nanomaterials to planar electrodes, electrochemical methods are also commonly used for bottom-up electrode nanostructuring processes and have been leveraged to fabricate nanostructured electrodes for pathogen detection.
T422 52664-52856 Sentence denotes For example, Hong et al. fabricated a nanostructured Au electrode via electrochemical deposition of gold (III) chloride hydrates for the detection of norovirus in lettuce extracts (Hong et al.
T423 52857-52863 Sentence denotes 2015).
T424 52864-53084 Sentence denotes While the physical or chemical deposition of materials on planar electrodes provides a useful nanostructuring approach, introducing porosity to the electrode, such as nanoporosity, also enables electrode nanostructuring.
T425 53085-53212 Sentence denotes For example, Nguyen et al. utilized nanoporous alumina-coated Pt microwires for the detection of West Nile virus (Nguyen et al.
T426 53213-53219 Sentence denotes 2009).
T427 53220-53466 Sentence denotes While studies have reported improved biosensor performance using electrode nanostructuring, such as improved sensitivity and LOD, it is prudent to consider the effect of nanostructuring on biorecognition element immobilization and target binding.
T428 53467-53734 Sentence denotes For example, nanostructured electrodes that exhibit high-aspect-ratio structures and other three-dimensional structures have also been shown to enhance biomolecular steric hindrance effects, which may have implications for pathogen detection applications (Hong et al.
T429 53735-53751 Sentence denotes 2015; Lam et al.
T430 53752-53772 Sentence denotes 2012; Mahshid et al.
T431 53773-53779 Sentence denotes 2017).
T432 53780-53903 Sentence denotes There also remains a need to understand device-to-device and batch-to-batch variation in electrode nanostructuring quality.
T433 53904-54114 Sentence denotes For example, it is presently unclear how the structure (e.g., topography, crystal structure) and material properties (e.g., electrical properties) of nanostructured surfaces vary among mass-produced electrodes.
T434 54115-54230 Sentence denotes It is also unclear how such variance in nanostructuring quality affects the repeatability of biosensor performance.
T435 54232-54289 Sentence denotes 2.1.6 Integration of complementary transduction elements
T436 54290-54478 Sentence denotes Given the need for rapid and reliable measurements, biosensors that contain integrated electrodes and complementary transducers have also been examined for pathogen detection applications.
T437 54479-54634 Sentence denotes For example, electrodes have been integrated with transducers that enable simultaneous fluid mixing and monitoring of molecular binding events (Choi et al.
T438 54635-54641 Sentence denotes 2011).
T439 54642-54868 Sentence denotes Biosensors composed of multiple transducers, referred to as hybrid biosensors, also offer unique opportunities for in situ verification of target binding as well as complementary analytical measurements (i.e., dual detection).
T440 54869-55012 Sentence denotes Hybrid electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have been developed by integrating electrodes with optical and mechanical transducers.
T441 55013-55169 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy (EC-OWLS) combines evanescent-field optical sensing with electrochemical sensing (Bearinger et al.
T442 55170-55176 Sentence denotes 2003).
T443 55177-55306 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS optically monitors changes and growth at the electrode surface to provide complementary information on surface reactions.
T444 55307-55377 Sentence denotes EC-OWLS has been used to monitor the growth of bacteria (Nemeth et al.
T445 55378-55453 Sentence denotes 2007) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T446 55454-55698 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR) combines SPR sensing capability based on binding-induced refractive index changes at the electrode-electrolyte interface with electrochemical sensing capability on the same electrode (Hu et al.
T447 55699-55705 Sentence denotes 2008).
T448 55706-55792 Sentence denotes This approach has been used for monitoring molecular binding events (Juan-Colas et al.
T449 55793-55868 Sentence denotes 2017) and could potentially be applied to selective detection of pathogens.
T450 55869-56014 Sentence denotes In addition to their combination with optical transducers, hybrid electrochemical biosensors have also been combined with mechanical transducers.
T451 56015-56147 Sentence denotes Mechanical transducers have included shear-mode resonators, such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and cantilever biosensors.
T452 56148-56264 Sentence denotes Electrochemical-QCMs (E-QCMs) integrate mass-change and electrochemical sensing capabilities into a single platform.
T453 56265-56495 Sentence denotes For example, Li et al. used an antibody-functionalized E-QCM for the detection of E. coli, which provided complementary cyclic voltammetry, EIS, and capacitive sensing measurements associated with the detection response (Li et al.
T454 56496-56502 Sentence denotes 2011).
T455 56503-56619 Sentence denotes Serra et al. used a lectin-modified E-QCM to detect E. coli using the biosensor's mass-change response (Serra et al.
T456 56620-56626 Sentence denotes 2008).
T457 56627-56986 Sentence denotes Besides providing complementary responses for verification of binding events (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012, 2013a), hybrid biosensors for pathogen detection can also generate fluid and particle mixing at the electrode-electrolyte interface and in the bulk solution via acoustic streaming or primary radiation effects of mechanical transducers (Cesewski et al.
T458 56987-56993 Sentence denotes 2018).
T459 56994-57135 Sentence denotes Thus, secondary transducers can apply force to bound species, such as nonspecifically adsorbed background species or captured target species.
T460 57136-57347 Sentence denotes For example, various studies have reported the removal of surface-bound biomolecules using mechanical transducers, such as shear-mode resonators or cantilever biosensors (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2014; Yeh et al.
T461 57348-57354 Sentence denotes 2007).
T462 57355-57781 Sentence denotes While the impediment or removal of nonspecifically adsorbed background species is a vital biosensor characteristic in pathogen detection applications that involve complex matrices, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces that contain specifically bound target species is essential for applications involving high-throughput characterization or process monitoring (e.g., bioprocesses or biomanufacturing processes) (Goode et al.
T463 57782-57788 Sentence denotes 2015).
T464 57789-57879 Sentence denotes Hybrid designs may also be useful for electrodes that exhibit a high extent of biofouling.
T465 57880-58160 Sentence denotes In addition to hybrid biosensor designs composed of combinations of electrodes with other transducers, hybrid biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection based on the combination of an electrochemical biosensor with a traditional bioanalytical technique have also been utilized.
T466 58161-58321 Sentence denotes For example, electrochemical-colorimetric (EC-C) biosensing combines an electrochemical method and a colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent detection method.
T467 58322-58542 Sentence denotes The electrode detects the presence of a target species, while the colorimetric transduction pathway enables quantification of the products associated with the reaction between the target and an active species (Hou et al.
T468 58543-58549 Sentence denotes 2018).
T469 58550-58755 Sentence denotes For example, Hou et al. used an EC-C approach based on a monoclonal antibody-functionalized AuNP-modified ITO electrode and dual-labeled magnetic beads for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (Hou et al.
T470 58756-58762 Sentence denotes 2018).
T471 58763-58962 Sentence denotes In that study, antibody- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled magnetic nanobeads were introduced as a secondary binding step following exposure of the electrode to enterovirus-containing samples.
T472 58963-59231 Sentence denotes Following the secondary binding step, the HRP-nanobead conjugates enabled colorimetric detection via monitoring of oxidative products produced by HRP-catalyzed redox reactions, while the functionalized electrode enabled electrochemical detection via chronoamperometry.
T473 59232-59354 Sentence denotes Various techniques often rely on the use of optically-active labels for colorimetric, fluorescent, or luminescent sensing.
T474 59355-59688 Sentence denotes The optical labels used in pathogen detection applications commonly include biological fluorophores, such as green fluorescent protein, non-protein organic fluorophores, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, including CdS, CdSe, and GaAs, among others (Mungroo and Neethirajan 2016; Pires et al.
T475 59689-59695 Sentence denotes 2014).
T476 59696-59808 Sentence denotes The use of such additional reagents to detect the target species is discussed further in the following sections.
T477 59810-59838 Sentence denotes 2.2 Biorecognition elements
T478 59839-59964 Sentence denotes The previous section discussed the transduction elements associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T479 59965-60221 Sentence denotes Given a biosensor is a device composed of integrated transducer and biorecognition elements, we next discuss the biorecognition elements used for selective detection of pathogens and corresponding immobilization techniques for their coupling to electrodes.
T480 60222-60333 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements for electrochemical biosensors can be defined as (1) biocatalytic or (2) biocomplexing.
T481 60334-60461 Sentence denotes In the case of biocatalytic biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on a reaction catalyzed by macromolecules.
T482 60462-60559 Sentence denotes Enzymes, whole cells, and tissues are the most commonly used biocatalytic biorecognition element.
T483 60560-60772 Sentence denotes While enzyzmes provide biorecognition elements in various chemical sensing applications, they are often used as labels for pathogen detection applications and most commonly introduced via secondary binding steps.
T484 60773-60944 Sentence denotes In the case of biocomplexing biorecognition elements, the biosensor response is based on the interaction of analytes with macromolecules or organized molecular assemblies.
T485 60945-61096 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, antibodies, peptides, and phages are the most commonly used biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T486 61097-61271 Sentence denotes In addition to biomacromolecules, imprinted polymers have also been examined as biocomplexing biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T487 61273-61313 Sentence denotes 2.2.1 Antibodies and antibody fragments
T488 61314-61465 Sentence denotes Antibodies and antibody fragments are among the most commonly utilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T489 61466-61568 Sentence denotes Biosensors employing antibody-based biorecognition elements are commonly referred to as immunosensors.
T490 61569-61790 Sentence denotes Given antibodies exhibit high selectivity and binding affinity for target species and can be generated for a wide range of infectious agents, antibodies are the gold-standard biorecognition element for pathogen detection.
T491 61791-61944 Sentence denotes Antibodies contain recognition sites that selectively bind to antigens through a specific region of the antigen, referred to as an epitope (Patris et al.
T492 61945-61951 Sentence denotes 2016).
T493 61952-62076 Sentence denotes Antibodies can be labeled with fluorescent or enzymatic tags, which leads to the designation of the approach as label-based.
T494 62077-62232 Sentence denotes While label-based approaches present measurement constraints associated with the use of additional reagents and processing steps (Cooper, 2009; Sang et al.
T495 62233-62357 Sentence denotes 2016), antibody labeling may also alter the binding affinity to the antigen, which could affect the biosensor's selectivity.
T496 62358-62481 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of label-based biosensing approaches for pathogen detection has been reported elsewhere (Ahmed et al.
T497 62482-62540 Sentence denotes 2014; Alahi and Mukhopadhyay, 2017; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T498 62541-62561 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T499 62562-62568 Sentence denotes 2003).
T500 62569-62698 Sentence denotes A list of recent label-based approaches for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, however, is provided in Table 2.
T501 62699-62805 Sentence denotes While both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies enable the selective detection of pathogens (Patris et al.
T502 62806-62888 Sentence denotes 2016), they vary in terms of production method, selectivity, and binding affinity.
T503 62889-62995 Sentence denotes Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma technology (Birch and Racher, 2006; James and Bell, 1987).
T504 62996-63123 Sentence denotes Thus, monoclonal antibodies are highly selective and bind to a single epitope, making them less vulnerable to cross-reactivity.
T505 63124-63275 Sentence denotes While monoclonal antibodies tend to have a higher degree of selectivity, they are more expensive and take longer to develop than polyclonal antibodies.
T506 63276-63412 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies are produced by separation of immunoglobulin proteins from the blood of an infected host (Birch and Racher, 2006).
T507 63413-63481 Sentence denotes Polyclonal antibodies target different epitopes on a single antigen.
T508 63482-63698 Sentence denotes While polyclonal antibodies exhibit increased variability between batches, they are relatively less expensive to produce than monoclonal antibodies and facilitate robust measurements in various settings (Byrne et al.
T509 63699-63705 Sentence denotes 2009).
T510 63706-63821 Sentence denotes Drawbacks to antibody use include high cost and stability challenges, such as the need for low-temperature storage.
T511 63822-63953 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T512 63954-64225 Sentence denotes For assays involving secondary binding steps, monoclonal antibodies typically serve as the primary biorecognition element and are immobilized on the electrode, while polyclonal antibodies serve as the secondary biorecognition element and often facilitate target labeling.
T513 64226-64389 Sentence denotes For assays that do not require secondary binding steps, polyclonal antibodies are also commonly used as immobilized biorecognition elements for pathogen detection.
T514 64390-64598 Sentence denotes For example, Pandey et al. immobilized monoclonal anti-E. coli on a composite nanostructured electrode to detect E. coli across a wide dynamic range of 10 to 108 CFU/mL with a LOD of 3.8 CFU/mL (Pandey et al.
T515 64599-64605 Sentence denotes 2017).
T516 64606-64735 Sentence denotes Wu et al. used polyclonal anti-E. coli for detection of E. coli via amperometry that exhibited a LOD of 5 × 103 CFU/mL (Wu et al.
T517 64736-64742 Sentence denotes 2016).
T518 64743-65004 Sentence denotes Lin et al. used monoclonal antibodies for detection of avian influenza virus H5N1 in chicken swabs across a dynamic range of 2- 1 to 24 hemagglutination units (HAU)/50 μL using EIS and the ferri/ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)6 3 - /4-) couple as a redox probe (Lin et al.
T519 65005-65011 Sentence denotes 2015).
T520 65012-65150 Sentence denotes Luka et al. detected Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) with a LOD of 40 cells/mm2 via capacitive sensing and Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- (Luka et al.
T521 65151-65157 Sentence denotes 2019).
T522 65158-65404 Sentence denotes Antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), offer selectivity similar to antibodies, but they have the advantage of achieving relatively higher packing densities on electrode surfaces due to their relatively smaller size.
T523 65405-65676 Sentence denotes For example, half-antibody fragments have been shown to improve biosensor sensitivity without the loss of selectivity, which warrants further investigation of reduced antibodies as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection applications (Sharma and Mutharasan, 2013).
T524 65677-65828 Sentence denotes In addition to scFvs, Fabs, re-engineered IgGs, and dimers can also potentially be used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection (Byrne et al.
T525 65829-65835 Sentence denotes 2009).
T526 65837-65873 Sentence denotes 2.2.2 Carbohydrate-binding proteins
T527 65874-66061 Sentence denotes Carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins, also provide selective biorecognition elements for pathogen detection based on their ability to selectively bind ligands on target species.
T528 66062-66231 Sentence denotes Peptide-based biorecognition elements are relatively low-cost, can be produced with high yield automated synthesis processes, and are modifiable (Pavan and Berti, 2012).
T529 66232-66440 Sentence denotes For example, lectins have been investigated as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection through their ability to selectively bind glycosylated proteins on the surfaces of viruses and cells (Reina et al.
T530 66441-66447 Sentence denotes 2008).
T531 66448-66561 Sentence denotes Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin has been extensively investigated for E. coli detection (see Table 1) (Jantra et al.
T532 66562-66582 Sentence denotes 2011; Saucedo et al.
T533 66583-66598 Sentence denotes 2019; Xi et al.
T534 66599-66616 Sentence denotes 2011; Yang et al.
T535 66617-66624 Sentence denotes 2016b).
T536 66625-66892 Sentence denotes While not yet widely investigated for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors, Etayash et al. recently showed that oligopeptides also provide attractive biorecognition elements for real-time biosensor-based detection of breast cancer cells (Etayash et al.
T537 66893-66899 Sentence denotes 2015).
T538 66901-66924 Sentence denotes 2.2.3 Oligosaccharides
T539 66925-67029 Sentence denotes Trisaccharides are carbohydrates that can selectively bind carbohydrate-specific receptors on pathogens.
T540 67030-67156 Sentence denotes Thus, trisaccharide ligands have been used as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T541 67157-67331 Sentence denotes For example, Hai et al. used a hybrid E-QCM biosensor coated with hemagglutinin-specific trisaccharide ligands for the detection of human influenza A virus (H1N1) (Hai et al.
T542 67332-67338 Sentence denotes 2017).
T543 67339-67566 Sentence denotes The use of carbohydrates as biorecognition elements is limited in part due to the weak affinity of carbohydrate-protein interactions and low selectivity, which are currently mitigated through secondary interactions (Zeng et al.
T544 67567-67573 Sentence denotes 2012).
T545 67575-67598 Sentence denotes 2.2.4 Oligonucleotides
T546 67599-67693 Sentence denotes Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is a useful biorecognition element for the detection of pathogens.
T547 67694-67862 Sentence denotes While ssDNA is commonly used as a biorecognition element for DNA-based assays, ssDNA aptamers are commonly used for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T548 67863-67995 Sentence denotes Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and selectivity (Lakhin et al.
T549 67996-68019 Sentence denotes 2013; Reverdatto et al.
T550 68020-68026 Sentence denotes 2015).
T551 68027-68223 Sentence denotes Aptamers are isolated from a large random sequence pool through a selection process that utilizes systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, also known as SELEX (Stoltenburg et al.
T552 68224-68230 Sentence denotes 2007).
T553 68231-68359 Sentence denotes Suitable binding sequences can be isolated from a large random oligonucleotide sequence pool and subsequently amplified for use.
T554 68360-68441 Sentence denotes Thus, aptamers can exhibit high selectivity to target species (Stoltenburg et al.
T555 68442-68448 Sentence denotes 2007).
T556 68449-68556 Sentence denotes Aptamers can also be produced at a lower cost than alternative biorecognition elements, such as antibodies.
T557 68557-68784 Sentence denotes Giamberardino et al. used SELEX to discover an aptamer for norovirus detection, which showed a million-fold higher binding affinity for the target than a random DNA strand that served as a negative control (Giamberardino et al.
T558 68785-68791 Sentence denotes 2013).
T559 68792-68943 Sentence denotes Iqbal et al. performed 10 rounds of SELEX to discover 14 aptamer clones with high affinities for C. parvum for detection in fruit samples (Iqbal et al.
T560 68944-68950 Sentence denotes 2015).
T561 68951-69248 Sentence denotes However, the use of aptamers as biorecognition elements has not yet replaced traditional biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, because of several challenges, such as aptamer stability, degradation, cross-reactivity, and reproducibility using alternative processing approaches (Lakhin et al.
T562 69249-69255 Sentence denotes 2013).
T563 69257-69270 Sentence denotes 2.2.5 Phages
T564 69271-69426 Sentence denotes Phages, also referred to as bacteriophages, are viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria through selective binding via tail-spike proteins (Haq et al.
T565 69427-69433 Sentence denotes 2012).
T566 69434-69579 Sentence denotes Thus, they have been examined as biorecognition elements for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors (Kutter and Sulakvelidze, 2004).
T567 69580-69677 Sentence denotes Bacteriophages exhibit varying morphologies and are thus classified by selectivity and structure.
T568 69678-69785 Sentence denotes A variety of bacteriophage-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection can be found in Table 1.
T569 69786-69914 Sentence denotes For example, Shabani et al. used E. coli-specific T4 bacteriophages for selective impedimetric detection studies (Shabani et al.
T570 69915-69921 Sentence denotes 2008).
T571 69922-70046 Sentence denotes Mejri et al. compared the use of bacteriophages to antibodies as biorecognition elements for E. coli detection (Mejri et al.
T572 70047-70053 Sentence denotes 2010).
T573 70054-70299 Sentence denotes In that study, they found that bacteriophages improved the water stability of the biosensor and increased the sensitivity by approximately a factor of four relative to the response obtained with antibodies based on EIS measurements (Mejri et al.
T574 70300-70306 Sentence denotes 2010).
T575 70307-70517 Sentence denotes In another study, Tolba et al. utilized immobilized bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases on Au screen-printed electrodes for detection of L. innocua in pure milk with a LOD of 105 CFU/mL (Tolba et al.
T576 70518-70524 Sentence denotes 2012).
T577 70525-70720 Sentence denotes These results suggest that bacteriophages are potentially attractive biorecognition elements for water safety and environmental monitoring applications that require chronic monitoring of liquids.
T578 70722-70769 Sentence denotes 2.2.6 Cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers
T579 70770-71162 Sentence denotes Given traditional biorecognition elements used in biosensing exhibit stability concerns, such as antibodies or aptamers, as discussed in Sections 2.2.1–2.2.4, there have been efforts to create engineered molecular biorecognition elements, such as scFvs. In contrast, materials-based biorecognition elements exploit the principle of target-specific morphology for selective capture (Pan et al.
T580 71163-71180 Sentence denotes 2018; Zhou et al.
T581 71181-71187 Sentence denotes 2019).
T582 71188-71341 Sentence denotes The most common approach in materials-based biorecognition is based on cell- and molecularly-imprinted polymers (CIPs and MIPs, respectively) (Gui et al.
T583 71342-71348 Sentence denotes 2018).
T584 71349-71504 Sentence denotes CIPs and MIPs have been created using various processes, including bacteria-mediated lithography, micro-contact stamping, and colloid imprints (Chen et al.
T585 71505-71522 Sentence denotes 2016a; Pan et al.
T586 71523-71529 Sentence denotes 2018).
T587 71530-71752 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 3b, Jafari et al. used imprinted organosilica sol-gel films of tetraethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) for selective detection of E. coli using an impedimetric method (Jafari et al.
T588 71753-71759 Sentence denotes 2019).
T589 71760-71913 Sentence denotes Similarly, Golabi et al. used imprinted poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) films for detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) (Golabi et al.
T590 71914-71920 Sentence denotes 2017).
T591 71921-72127 Sentence denotes Despite the absence of a highly selective molecular biorecognition element, CIPs and MIPs exhibit selectivity when exposed to samples that contain multiple analytes (i.e., non-target species) (Golabi et al.
T592 72128-72147 Sentence denotes 2017; Jafari et al.
T593 72148-72163 Sentence denotes 2019; Qi et al.
T594 72164-72170 Sentence denotes 2013).
T595 72171-72261 Sentence denotes MIPs and CIPs are also of interest with regard to opportunities in biosensor regeneration.
T596 72262-72445 Sentence denotes Common adverse effects of regeneration on biosensors that employ molecular biorecognition elements, such as irreversible changes in structure, are less likely to affect MIPs and CIPs.
T597 72446-72645 Sentence denotes However, it is generally accepted that current CIPs and MIPs exhibit lower selectivity to target species than antibodies and aptamers due to reduction of available chemical selectivity (Cheong et al.
T598 72646-72697 Sentence denotes 2013; Kryscio and Peppas, 2012; Yáñez-Sedeño et al.
T599 72698-72704 Sentence denotes 2017).
T600 72706-72749 Sentence denotes 2.3 Immobilization and surface passivation
T601 72750-73021 Sentence denotes Given biosensors are self-contained devices composed of integrated transducer-biorecognition elements, the immobilization of biorecognition elements on electrodes is central to the design, fabrication, and performance of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T602 73022-73263 Sentence denotes The goal of immobilization is to achieve a stable, irreversible bond between the biorecognition element and the electrode with suitable packing density and orientation that maintains high accessibility and binding affinity to target species.
T603 73264-73401 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection have typically used established techniques for preparation of the biorecognition layer.
T604 73402-73515 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of immobilization and surface passivation techniques is provided in Supporting Information.
T605 73517-73589 Sentence denotes 2.4 Thermodynamics of pathogen-biorecognition element binding reactions
T606 73590-73851 Sentence denotes While the rate of biosensor response is typically governed by a mass transfer-limited heterogeneous reaction between the immobilized biorecognition element and target species, the net change in the biosensor response is dependent on the reaction thermodynamics.
T607 73852-74041 Sentence denotes The binding affinity between a biorecognition element and target species, such as an antibody and antigen, is often reported in terms of a dissociation constant (K D), which has units of M.
T608 74042-74252 Sentence denotes While the value of K D, solution = 1 nM provides a reasonable estimate for biosensor design considerations, such as understanding the mass transfer limitations associated with biosensor response (Squires et al.
T609 74253-74399 Sentence denotes 2008), the binding affinity of antibodies can vary by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen of interest and the clonality of the antibody.
T610 74400-74543 Sentence denotes One important consideration when immobilizing biorecognition elements is potential effects of immobilization on binding affinity to the target.
T611 74544-74616 Sentence denotes Traditionally, K D is obtained from a kinetic or thermodynamic analysis.
T612 74617-74755 Sentence denotes Kinetic analyses measure association and dissociation rate constants (k a and k d, respectively) and enable calculation of K D as k d/k a.
T613 74756-75050 Sentence denotes Thermodynamic analyses, such as calorimetric techniques, measure the binding enthalpy and entropy, which in turn provides the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction (ΔG°), and thus, K A = K D −1 though the expression K A = exp(-ΔG°/RT), where R is the gas constant and T is the temperature.
T614 75051-75240 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of the kinetics and thermodynamics of biorecognition element-target binding reactions for solution- and surface-based biosensors is provided in Supporting Information.
T615 75242-75287 Sentence denotes 3 Measurement formats for pathogen detection
T616 75288-75610 Sentence denotes In addition to a physical device composed of an integrated transduction element and biorecognition element, an electrochemical biosensor-based assay for pathogen detection potentially involves processing steps associated with sample preparation and complementary physical systems for biosensor housing and sample handling.
T617 75611-75727 Sentence denotes The associated protocols for sample preparation and sample handling are often referred to as the measurement format.
T618 75728-76043 Sentence denotes Several important considerations regarding the measurement format for pathogen detection applications can be considered and vary based on the assay design, the biosensor performance (e.g., sensitivity and LOD), the volume, material properties, and composition of the pathogen-containing sample, and the application.
T619 76044-76203 Sentence denotes For example, the use of DNA-based assays for pathogen detection typically requires sample preparation steps associated with the extraction of genetic material.
T620 76204-76326 Sentence denotes Similarly, the use of a label-based biosensing approach requires sample preparation steps associated with target labeling.
T621 76327-76462 Sentence denotes In cases where the concentration of target species in the sample is below the biosensor's LOD, pre-concentration steps may be required.
T622 76463-76592 Sentence denotes Applications to process monitoring, such in bioreactor or tissue-chip monitoring, may require flow-based sample handling formats.
T623 76593-76719 Sentence denotes We next discuss the measurement formats associated with pathogen detection in terms of sample preparation and sample handling.
T624 76721-76745 Sentence denotes 3.1 Sample preparation:
T625 76746-76778 Sentence denotes Filtration and pre-concentration
T626 76779-77074 Sentence denotes Sample preparation steps have various purposes, including concentrating or amplifying the target species through separation and growth processes, reducing the concentration of background inhibitory species, and reducing the heterogeneity of the sample's composition and properties (Zourob et al.
T627 77075-77081 Sentence denotes 2008).
T628 77082-77149 Sentence denotes We next discuss sample filtration and pre-concentration techniques.
T629 77151-77175 Sentence denotes 3.1.1 Sample filtration
T630 77176-77300 Sentence denotes Generally, sample filtration relies on the principle of size discrepancy between the target pathogen and background species.
T631 77301-77422 Sentence denotes Membranes, fibers, and channels have been used in size-selective sample filtration processes for biosensing applications.
T632 77423-77586 Sentence denotes Biorecognition elements are commonly used to assist the separation process when the target species exhibits similar properties to background species or the matrix.
T633 77587-77773 Sentence denotes For example, biorecognition elements that exhibit affinity to a broad group of pathogens, such as lectins, have been used in pre-concentration steps for pathogen detection (Zourob et al.
T634 77774-77780 Sentence denotes 2008).
T635 77781-78023 Sentence denotes Bacteria typically exhibit a net negative charge at physiological pH (7.4) because of an abundance of lipopolysaccharides or teichoic acids on the cell membrane (Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) (Silhavy et al.
T636 78024-78030 Sentence denotes 2010).
T637 78031-78178 Sentence denotes This physical property of cell-based pathogens is leveraged in biofiltration processes, for example, using electropositive filters (Altintas et al.
T638 78179-78185 Sentence denotes 2015).
T639 78186-78389 Sentence denotes While the majority of the aforementioned separation processes involve manual handling steps, sample filtration processes are now being integrated with microfluidic-based biosensing platforms (Song et al.
T640 78390-78396 Sentence denotes 2013).
T641 78397-78595 Sentence denotes For example, Chand and Neethirajan incorporated an integrated sample filtration technique using silica microbeads for the detection of norovirus in spiked blood samples (Chand and Neethirajan 2017).
T642 78597-78626 Sentence denotes 3.1.2 Centrifugal separation
T643 78627-78754 Sentence denotes Centrifugation can be used as a density gradient-based separation principle for concentrating target pathogens within a sample.
T644 78755-78906 Sentence denotes In cases where the target species exhibits similar density to background species, the approach is often implemented with antibody-functionalized beads.
T645 78907-79028 Sentence denotes This technique is commonly employed in applications requiring pathogen detection in complex matrices (e.g., body fluids).
T646 79029-79147 Sentence denotes Centrifugation-based separation techniques can also potentially be applied to microfluidic-based biosensing platforms.
T647 79148-79286 Sentence denotes For example, Lee et al. utilized centrifugal microfluidics to process a whole blood sample for subsequent analysis using ELISA (Lee et al.
T648 79287-79407 Sentence denotes 2009), suggesting that this approach could be extended to electrochemical biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection.
T649 79409-79432 Sentence denotes 3.1.3 Broth enrichment
T650 79433-79654 Sentence denotes Broth enrichment is a technique used to increase the concentration of target species in the sample through growth or replication of target species prior to measurement, thereby increasing the number present for detection.
T651 79655-79714 Sentence denotes The technique is commonly used in food safety applications.
T652 79715-79924 Sentence denotes For example, Liebana et al. enriched S. typhimurium-spiked milk samples in Luria broth (LB) for 8 h to improve the assay LOD from 7.5 × 103 CFU/mL for the 50-min enriched sample to 0.108 CFU/mL (Liebana et al.
T653 79925-79931 Sentence denotes 2009).
T654 79932-80119 Sentence denotes Salam et al. enriched fresh chicken samples in enrichment buffer peptone for 18–24 h to recover injured S. typhimurium cells for detection via chronoamperometry (Salam and Tothill, 2009).
T655 80120-80295 Sentence denotes While enrichment can be a useful sample preparation step when the target concentration is below the biosensor's LOD, it is inherently limited to viable and cultural organisms.
T656 80296-80454 Sentence denotes Further, analysis of the results obtained from multiple samples should consider potential differences in the growth rate of bacteria across different samples.
T657 80455-80589 Sentence denotes It is important to note that the need for sample enrichment significantly increases the TTR and impedes rapid and real-time detection.
T658 80591-80617 Sentence denotes 3.1.4 Magnetic separation
T659 80618-80780 Sentence denotes The separation of the target species from a sample using magnetic beads has become a commonly used sample preparation approach in pathogen detection applications.
T660 80781-80946 Sentence denotes Target pre-concentration via magnetic bead-based separation processes typically involves the binding of antibody-functionalized magnetic beads to the target species.
T661 80947-81056 Sentence denotes The bead-target complexes are subsequently separated from the solution by externally-applied magnetic fields.
T662 81057-81291 Sentence denotes Magnetic-assisted separation processes are useful when the target species exhibits similar properties to other analytes or background species in the sample, such as those with similar size, density, or chemical properties (Chen et al.
T663 81292-81298 Sentence denotes 2017).
T664 81299-81458 Sentence denotes The bead-target complexes are then introduced directly to the biosensor to enable quantification of the target pathogen that was present in the initial sample.
T665 81459-81630 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 2, magnetic bead-based separation processes have been extensively used for pathogen detection as well as general substrates for traditional immunoassays.
T666 81631-81740 Sentence denotes Such assays have been used to detect a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, such as E. coli (Chan et al.
T667 81741-81872 Sentence denotes 2013 ) and Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) (Pal and Alocilja, 2009), and viruses, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (Luo et al.
T668 81873-81919 Sentence denotes 2010) and human influenza A virus (Shen et al.
T669 81920-81926 Sentence denotes 2012).
T670 81927-82009 Sentence denotes In addition to serving as a separation agent, magnetic beads also serve as labels.
T671 82011-82039 Sentence denotes 3.2 Sample handling formats
T672 82040-82117 Sentence denotes The sample handling format is highly influenced by the biosensor application.
T673 82118-82273 Sentence denotes As discussed in further detail in the following sections, pathogens are present in liquid and solid matrices and on surfaces (e.g., of biomedical devices).
T674 82274-82432 Sentence denotes In addition, pathogens can be aerosolized, which is a significant mode of disease transmission associated with viral pathogens (e.g., influenza and COVID-19).
T675 82433-82522 Sentence denotes Sample handling formats can be generally classified as droplet-, flow-, or surface-based.
T676 82523-82630 Sentence denotes Droplet formats involve sampling from a larger volume of potentially pathogen-containing material or fluid.
T677 82631-82764 Sentence denotes The sample droplet is subsequently analyzed by deposition on a functionalized transducer or transferred to a fluidic delivery system.
T678 82765-82948 Sentence denotes For example, Cheng et al. created an electrochemical biosensor based on a nanoporous alumina electrode tip capable of analyzing 5 μL of dengue virus-containing solutions (Cheng et al.
T679 82949-82955 Sentence denotes 2012).
T680 82956-83072 Sentence denotes Droplet formats are simplistic sample handling formats and have the advantage of being performed by unskilled users.
T681 83073-83210 Sentence denotes While dropletformats have been extensively used with colorimetric biosensors, they have also been adapted for electrochemical biosensors.
T682 83211-83304 Sentence denotes For example, commercially-available blood glucose meters use a droplet format (Vashist et al.
T683 83305-83311 Sentence denotes 2011).
T684 83312-83464 Sentence denotes Examples of low-cost, paper-based, or disposable electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that utilize droplet formats are provided in Table 1.
T685 83465-83653 Sentence denotes For example, Zhao et al. created a screen-printed graphite-based electrode for electrochemical detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) based on 5 μL samples (Zhao et al.
T686 83654-83660 Sentence denotes 2007).
T687 83661-83967 Sentence denotes However, while droplet formats minimize the technical and methodological barriers to measurement, such as eliminating the need for physical systems associated with biosensor housing and sample handling, they can exhibit measurement challenges associated with mass transport and target sampling limitations.
T688 83968-84266 Sentence denotes One of the most critical considerations associated with application of droplet formats to pathogen detection is sampling, specifically if sufficient sampling has been performed on the system for which bioanalytical information is desired (e.g., a human, a food source, or source of drinking water).
T689 84267-84527 Sentence denotes For example, the rationale that the bioanalytical characteristics of a droplet represent that of the bulk system is sound only in a well-mixed system, specifically, a system that exhibits a uniform spatial distribution of species (i.e., concentration profile).
T690 84528-84765 Sentence denotes We note that while this is typically the case for samples acquired from closed, convective systems, such as body fluids, it should be challenged when considering open systems that exhibit complex flow profiles or regions of static fluid.
T691 84766-84907 Sentence denotes For example, groundwater systems (e.g., aquifers), rivers, and lakes have been reported to have complex flow profiles (Ji, 2017; Zhang et al.
T692 84908-84914 Sentence denotes 1996).
T693 84915-85034 Sentence denotes Thus, the sampling approach should be considered when examining droplet formats for food and water safety applications.
T694 85035-85275 Sentence denotes In addition to a consideration of system mixing, one should also consider the potential measurement pitfalls when analyzing samples that contain dilute levels of highly infectious pathogens, such as the potential for false-negative results.
T695 85276-85360 Sentence denotes Flow formats involve the detection of target species in the presence of flow fields.
T696 85361-85488 Sentence denotes Flow formats include continuously-stirred systems (e.g., continuously-stirred tank bioreactors), flow cells, and microfluidics.
T697 85489-85741 Sentence denotes Flow formats have the advantage of exposing the biosensor to target-containing samples in a controlled and repeatable fashion and the benefit of driving exposure of the functionalized biosensor to target species via convective mass transfer mechanisms.
T698 85742-85819 Sentence denotes Flow formatsare also typically compatible with large sample volumes (liters).
T699 85820-85936 Sentence denotes Flow cells are typically fabricated via milling and extrusion processes using materials such as Teflon or Plexiglas.
T700 85937-86058 Sentence denotes They have the advantage of accommodating a variety of biosensor form factors, such as rigid three-dimensional biosensors.
T701 86059-86148 Sentence denotes In addition to flow cells, flow formats are commonly achieved using microfluidic devices.
T702 86149-86328 Sentence denotes While microfluidic devices are typically used with biosensors that exhibit thin two-dimensional form factors, such as planar electrodes, they offer various measurement advantages.
T703 86329-86585 Sentence denotes Unlike flow cells, which are typically fabricated from machinable polymers, microfluidics are typically fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) given their low cost and compatibility with microfabrication approaches.
T704 86586-86779 Sentence denotes One advantage of microfluidic devices is their ability to perform integrated sample preparation steps, which eliminates the need for additional steps in the sample-to-result process (Sin et al.
T705 86780-86786 Sentence denotes 2014).
T706 86787-86967 Sentence denotes For example, microfluidic formats for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated fluid pumping, valving, and mixing of small sample volumes (Rivet et al.
T707 86968-86974 Sentence denotes 2011).
T708 86975-87106 Sentence denotes An example of a microfluidic format created by Dastider et al. for detection of S. typhimurium is shown in Fig. 4a (Dastider et al.
T709 87107-87113 Sentence denotes 2015).
T710 87114-87244 Sentence denotes Detection in the presence of flow fields requires high stability of immobilized biorecognition elements (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T711 87245-87444 Sentence denotes The effect of flow characteristics on biosensor collection rates is an important consideration, especially when considering micro- and nano-scale transducers with microfluidic formats (Squires et al.
T712 87445-87451 Sentence denotes 2008).
T713 87452-87625 Sentence denotes For example, emerging nanostructured electrodes, such as functionalized nanoporous membranes, have been shown to achieve high stability in microfluidic devices (Joung et al.
T714 87626-87642 Sentence denotes 2013; Tan et al.
T715 87643-87649 Sentence denotes 2011).
T716 87650-87854 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion on the relationship between device dimensions, flow characteristics, achievable target collection rates, and equilibrium measurement times has been provided elsewhere (Squires et al.
T717 87855-87861 Sentence denotes 2008).
T718 87862-88147 Sentence denotes It is paramount for interpreting biosensor response that users understand the interplay between mass transport of target molecules (both diffusive and convective mechanisms) and reaction at the biosensor surface (i.e., binding of target species to immobilized biorecognition elements).
T719 88148-88327 Sentence denotes Such fundamental understanding can also be employed in biosensor and experiment design to create improved assay outcomes, such as reducing TTR or improving measurement confidence.
T720 88328-88666 Sentence denotes While the presence of pathogens on the surfaces of objects can be analyzed using droplet- and flow-based sample handling formats using material transfer processes, such as swabbing, in situ pathogen detection on the object surfaces is a vital measurement capability for medical diagnostic, infection control, and food safety applications.
T721 88667-88792 Sentence denotes Surface-based measurement formats typically require biosensors with flexible or conforming (i.e., form-fitting) form factors.
T722 88793-88940 Sentence denotes For example, Mannoor et al. detected the presence of pathogenic species directly on teeth using a flexible graphene-based biosensor (Mannoor et al.
T723 88941-88947 Sentence denotes 2012).
T724 88948-89055 Sentence denotes Further discussion of surface-based pathogen detection applications are provided in the following sections.
T725 89056-89139 Sentence denotes The sample handling format often provides insight into the biosensor's reusability.
T726 89140-89258 Sentence denotes Biosensors within the aforementioned measurement formats can be broadly classified as single- or multi-use biosensors.
T727 89259-89441 Sentence denotes Single-use biosensors are unable to monitor the analyte concentration continuously or upon regeneration, while multiple-use biosensors can be repeatedly recalibrated (Thévenot et al.
T728 89442-89448 Sentence denotes 2001).
T729 89449-89694 Sentence denotes For example, droplet-based low-cost, disposable biosensors for water safety are typically single-use, while biosensors for process monitoring applications can be recalibrated to characterize multiple samples and facilitate continuous monitoring.
T730 89695-89981 Sentence denotes The ability to regenerate biosensor surfaces following pathogen detection (i.e., remove selectively-bound pathogens) is a significant technical barrier limiting progress in multiple-use biosensors, and industrial applications thereof, and is discussed further in the following sections.
T731 89983-90067 Sentence denotes 3.3 Electrochemical methods for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors
T732 90068-90204 Sentence denotes Various electrochemical methods can be performed using functionalized electrodes to enable pathogen detection (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T733 90205-90358 Sentence denotes These methods differ in electrode configuration, applied signals, measured signals, mass transport regimes, binding information provided (Thévenot et al.
T734 90359-90407 Sentence denotes 2001), and target size-selectivity (Amiri et al.
T735 90408-90414 Sentence denotes 2018).
T736 90415-90632 Sentence denotes Electrochemical methods used for pathogen detection can be classified as potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, impedimetric, or ion-charge/field-effect, which often signify the measured signal (Thévenot et al.
T737 90633-90639 Sentence denotes 2001).
T738 90640-90692 Sentence denotes The applied signals may be constant or time-varying.
T739 90693-90847 Sentence denotes The result of the electrochemical method may require analysis of the output signal's transient response, steady-steady response, or a combination of both.
T740 90848-90970 Sentence denotes A detailed discussion of the aforementioned electrochemical methods has been provided elsewhere (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T741 90971-91084 Sentence denotes Here, we briefly review the most recent methods employed for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors.
T742 91086-91106 Sentence denotes 3.3.1 Potentiometry
T743 91107-91294 Sentence denotes Potentiometric methods, also referred to as controlled-current methods, are those in which an electrical potential is measured in response to an applied current (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T744 91295-91342 Sentence denotes The applied current is typically low amplitude.
T745 91343-91504 Sentence denotes An advantage of controlled-current methods is the ability to use low-cost measurement instrumentation relative to that required for controlled-potential methods.
T746 91505-91651 Sentence denotes Hai et al. used potentiometry with a conductive polymer-based biosensor to detect human influenza A virus (H1N1) at a LOD of 0.013 HAU (Hai et al.
T747 91652-91658 Sentence denotes 2017).
T748 91659-91826 Sentence denotes Hernandez et al. used potentiometry with a carbon-rod modified electrode that contained reduced graphene oxide to detect S. aureus at a single CFU/mL (Hernandez et al.
T749 91827-91833 Sentence denotes 2014).
T750 91834-91925 Sentence denotes Boehm et al. detected E. coli via potentiometry utilizing a Pt wire electrode (Boehm et al.
T751 91926-91932 Sentence denotes 2007).
T752 91933-92024 Sentence denotes Further studies utilizing potentiometric sensing approaches are listed in Table 1, Table 2.
T753 92026-92044 Sentence denotes 3.3.2 Voltammetry
T754 92045-92259 Sentence denotes Voltammetric methods, also referred to as controlled-potential methods, are those in which a current is measured in response to an applied electrical potential that drives redox reactions (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T755 92260-92407 Sentence denotes The measured current is indicative of electron transfer within the sample and at the electrode surface, and thus, the concentration of the analyte.
T756 92408-92561 Sentence denotes In chronoamperometry, the electrical potential at the working electrode is applied in steps, and the resulting current is measured as a function of time.
T757 92562-92668 Sentence denotes The applied electrical potential can also be held constant or varied with time as the current is measured.
T758 92669-92882 Sentence denotes Although various types of biosensors are compatible with voltammetry-based measurements, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors often utilize amperometric-based methods for pathogen detection (Huang et al.
T759 92883-92899 Sentence denotes 2011; Liu et al.
T760 92900-92906 Sentence denotes 2013).
T761 92907-93058 Sentence denotes FET biosensors detect pathogens via measured changes in source-drain channel conductivity that arise from the electric field of the sample environment.
T762 93059-93169 Sentence denotes This is achieved by immobilizing biorecognition elements on the metal or polymer gate electrode of the device.
T763 93170-93359 Sentence denotes He et al. showed that FETs based on PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistor electrodes enabled the detection of E. coli in KCl solutions using Pt and Ag/AgCl gate electrodes (He et al.
T764 93360-93366 Sentence denotes 2012).
T765 93367-93545 Sentence denotes Wu et al. used a graphene-based FET to detect E. coli in nutrient broth diluted with phosphate buffered saline solution with amperometry using a Ag/AgCl gate electrode (Wu et al.
T766 93546-93552 Sentence denotes 2016).
T767 93553-93809 Sentence denotes Further examples of amperometric sensing include the detection of human influenza A virus by Singh et al. using a reduced graphene oxide-based electrode and chronoamperometry using Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- at a LOD of 0.5 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL (Singh et al.
T768 93810-93817 Sentence denotes 2017b).
T769 93818-93932 Sentence denotes Lee and Jun utilized wire-based electrodes for amperometric detection of E. coli and S. aureus (Lee and Jun 2016).
T770 93933-94048 Sentence denotes A detailed list of studies that utilize amperometric methods for pathogen detection is provided in Table 1, Table 2
T771 94050-94094 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.1 Linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry
T772 94095-94321 Sentence denotes Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) methods are those in which a current is measured in response to an applied electrical potential that is swept at a constant rate across a range of electrical potentials (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T773 94322-94525 Sentence denotes Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a commonly used linear-sweep method in which the electrical potential is swept in both the forward and reverse directions in partial cycles, full cycles, or a series of cycles.
T774 94526-94604 Sentence denotes CV is one of the most widely used voltammetric methods for pathogen detection.
T775 94605-94737 Sentence denotes Hong et al. used sweep voltammetry to detect norovirus in a sample solution with Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- extracted from lettuce (Hong et al.
T776 94738-94744 Sentence denotes 2015).
T777 94745-94937 Sentence denotes A typical CV response using Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- associated with pathogen detection is shown in Fig. 5 a for various concentrations of E. coli binding to a polymer composite electrode (Güner et al.
T778 94938-94944 Sentence denotes 2017).
T779 94945-95039 Sentence denotes A detailed overview of pathogen detection studies based on CV is provided in Table 1, Table 2.
T780 95040-95247 Sentence denotes Fig. 5 Typical responses associated with the common electrochemical methods used for pathogen detection. a) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data using Fe(CN)63-/4- for varying concentrations of E. coli (Güner et al.
T781 95248-95375 Sentence denotes 2017). b) Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) data using Fe(CN)63-/4- for varying concentrations of S. aureus (Bhardwaj et al.
T782 95376-95635 Sentence denotes 2017). c) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 100 mM LiClO4 solution in the form of a Nyquist plot and corresponding equivalent circuit model associated with biorecognition element immobilization and detection of S. typhimurium (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T783 95636-95718 Sentence denotes 2016). d) Conductometry data for varying concentrations of B. subtilis (Yoo et al.
T784 95719-95725 Sentence denotes 2017).
T785 95727-95753 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.2 Pulse voltammetry
T786 95754-95852 Sentence denotes Pulse voltammetry is a type of voltammetry in which the electrical potential is applied in pulses.
T787 95853-96020 Sentence denotes The technique has the advantage of improved speed and sensitivity relative to traditional voltammetric techniques (Bard and Faulkner, 2000; Molina and González, 2016).
T788 96021-96235 Sentence denotes In staircase voltammetry, the electrical potential is pulsed in a series of stair steps and the current is measured following each step change, which reduces the effect of capacitive charging on the current signal.
T789 96236-96391 Sentence denotes Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is a type of staircase voltammetry that applies a symmetric square-wave pulse superimposed on a staircase potential waveform.
T790 96392-96460 Sentence denotes The forward pulse of the waveform coincides with the staircase step.
T791 96461-96624 Sentence denotes In differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the electrical potential is scanned with a series of fixed amplitude pulses and superimposed on a changing base potential.
T792 96625-96781 Sentence denotes The current is measured before the pulse application and again at the end of the pulse, which allows for the decay of the nonfaradaic current (Scott, 2016).
T793 96782-96922 Sentence denotes For example, Iqbal et al. used SWV with AuNP-modified carbon electrodes for detection of C. parvum in samples taken from fruit (Iqbal et al.
T794 96923-96929 Sentence denotes 2015).
T795 96930-97042 Sentence denotes Kitajima et al. also used SWV with Au microelectrodes to detect norovirus at a LOD of 10 PFU/mL (Kitajima et al.
T796 97043-97049 Sentence denotes 2016).
T797 97050-97184 Sentence denotes Cheng et al. used DPV and a nanostructured alumina electrode for detection of dengue type 2 virus with a LOD of 1 PFU/mL (Cheng et al.
T798 97185-97191 Sentence denotes 2012).
T799 97192-97304 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5b, Bhardwaj et al. used DPV with a carbon-based electrode to detect S. aureus (Bhardwaj et al.
T800 97305-97311 Sentence denotes 2017).
T801 97312-97423 Sentence denotes Additional studies that utilize pulse voltammetry methods forpathogen detection are listed in Table 1, Table 2.
T802 97425-97455 Sentence denotes 3.3.2.3 Stripping voltammetry
T803 97456-97602 Sentence denotes Many of the previously described voltammetric methods can be modified to include a step that pre-concentrates the target on the electrode surface.
T804 97603-97716 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the pre-concentrated target is stripped from the surface by application of an electrical potential.
T805 97717-97842 Sentence denotes In anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), a negative potential is used to pre-concentrate metal ions onto the electrode surface.
T806 97843-97920 Sentence denotes These ions are then stripped from the surface by applied positive potentials.
T807 97921-98190 Sentence denotes Although most commonly used to detect trace amounts of metals, this method has been adapted for pathogen detection by electrocatalytically coating metallic labels on bound targets for oxidative stripping and subsequently measuring the current response (Abbaspour et al.
T808 98191-98197 Sentence denotes 2015).
T809 98198-98334 Sentence denotes Chen et al. used stripping voltammetry with a polymer-CNT composite-based electrode to detect E. coli at a LOD of 13 CFU/mL (Chen et al.
T810 98335-98341 Sentence denotes 2014).
T811 98342-98404 Sentence denotes In that study, the biosensor was first incubated with E. coli.
T812 98405-98579 Sentence denotes Silica-coated Ag nanoparticles conjugated with anti-E.coli were subsequently introduced to the system, inducing a binding reaction between the bacteria and the nanoparticles.
T813 98580-98731 Sentence denotes After rinsing non-specifically bound particles, acid was introduced to dissolve Ag(s), and the resulting Ag+-rich solution was characterized using DPV.
T814 98732-98965 Sentence denotes Viswanathan et al. used ASV with screen-printed composite electrodes for multiplexed detection of Campylobacter, S. typhimurium, and E. coli with a LOD of 400 cells/mL, 400 cells/mL, and 800 cells/mL, respectively (Viswanathan et al.
T815 98966-98972 Sentence denotes 2012).
T816 98973-99226 Sentence denotes In that study, antibody-functionalized nanocrystalline bioconjugates were first introduced to biosensor-bound bacteria, the specifically bound particles were dissolved with acid, and the ions were then stripped using a square-wave voltammetric waveform.
T817 99227-99350 Sentence denotes Additional studies using stripping voltammetry for electrochemical detection of pathogens can be found in Table 1, Table 2.
T818 99352-99397 Sentence denotes 3.3.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
T819 99398-99598 Sentence denotes The aforementioned electrochemical methods involved responses based on step changes or continuous sweeps in the applied current or voltage that drove the electrode to a condition far from equilibrium.
T820 99599-99916 Sentence denotes Alternatively, frequency response methods, often referred to as impedance-based or impedimetric methods, are based on frequency response analysis (i.e., the response of the system to periodic applied current or potential waveforms at either a fixed frequency or over a range of frequencies) (Bard and Faulkner, 2000).
T821 99917-100062 Sentence denotes This provides several advantages, including measurement over a wide range of times and frequencies and high precision in time-averaged responses.
T822 100063-100179 Sentence denotes We next discuss impedance-based electrochemical methods for detection of pathogens using electrochemical biosensors.
T823 100180-100311 Sentence denotes In EIS the impedance and phase angle of the system are measured as a function of the frequency of the applied electrical potential.
T824 100312-100547 Sentence denotes EIS is a diverse electrochemical method, which can be done as a faradaic or non-faradaic process, and enables the study of intrinsic material properties, experiment-specific processes, or biorecognition events at the electrode surface.
T825 100548-100670 Sentence denotes EIS is often performed using an applied low-amplitude sinusoidal electrical potential and a three-electrode configuration.
T826 100671-100873 Sentence denotes Equivalent circuit models are commonly fit to experimental impedance and phase angle data to interpret the electrochemical process in terms of passive circuit elements, such as resistors and capacitors.
T827 100874-101129 Sentence denotes For example, the electric double layer is typically modeled as a capacitive element, while the resistance to faradaic charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface is represented as a resistor, often referred to as the charge transfer resistance.
T828 101130-101378 Sentence denotes Additional circuit elements, such as constant-phase or Warburg elements, can also be included to represent other features of the electrochemical cell and process, such transport characteristics of the species at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
T829 101379-101476 Sentence denotes The Randles model is a commonly used equivalent circuit for interpretation of biosensor EIS data.
T830 101477-101683 Sentence denotes The circuit consists of an electrolyte resistance in series with a parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance with the charge transfer resistance and the Warburg impedance element (Randles, 1947).
T831 101684-101766 Sentence denotes Variations of this model have been formulated for a variety of biosensing studies.
T832 101767-102009 Sentence denotes For example, the equivalent circuit model and associated Nyquist plot for electrochemical detection of S. typhimurium using EIS with a poly(pyrrole-co-3-carboxyl-pyrrole) copolymer supported aptamer can be found in Fig. 5c (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T833 102010-102016 Sentence denotes 2016).
T834 102017-102278 Sentence denotes The equivalent circuit model consists of the solution resistance, charge transfer resistance at the copolymer-aptamer/electrolyte interface, and constant phase element for the charge capacitance at the copolymer-aptamer/electrolyte interface (Sheikhzadeh et al.
T835 102279-102285 Sentence denotes 2016).
T836 102286-102535 Sentence denotes While the impedance can be measured across a range of frequencies and interpreted using equivalent circuit models that describe impedance response over a wide frequency range, fixed-frequency measurements are also useful for biosensing applications.
T837 102536-102732 Sentence denotes Fixed-frequency measurements are typically based on the identification of single frequencies or small frequency ranges in the impedance spectra that are most sensitive to molecular binding events.
T838 102733-102833 Sentence denotes Fixed-frequency approaches have the advantage of increasing the sampling frequency of the biosensor.
T839 102834-103106 Sentence denotes As a result, impedance-based electrochemical methods generate biosensor responses in terms of changes in the measured physical quantities (e.g., changes in impedance) or calculated equivalent circuit elements (e.g., double-layer capacitance or charge-transfer resistance).
T840 103107-103225 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 1, Table 2, EIS is one of the most commonly used methods for electrochemical detection of pathogens.
T841 103226-103406 Sentence denotes For example, Zarei et al. used EIS with an Au nanoparticle-modified carbon-based electrode for detection of Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) at a LOD of 1 CFU/mL (Zarei et al.
T842 103407-103413 Sentence denotes 2018).
T843 103414-103570 Sentence denotes Primiceri et al. used EIS with Au interdigitated microelectrode arrays and Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- to detect L. monocytogenes at a LOD of 5 CFU/mL (Primiceri et al.
T844 103571-103577 Sentence denotes 2016).
T845 103578-103721 Sentence denotes Andrade et al. used EIS with a CNT-based electrode for multiplexed detection of E. coli, B. subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrade et al.
T846 103722-103728 Sentence denotes 2015).
T847 103729-103830 Sentence denotes Redox reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface are typically established using a redox probe.
T848 103831-104088 Sentence denotes Owing to its high reversibility, the Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- redox couple has been widely investigated as an electrochemical probe for biosensing applications and is regarded as a standard model for highly reversible electrochemical reactions (Daum and Enke, 1969).
T849 104089-104212 Sentence denotes While useful electrochemical probes, redox reactions may also affect the electrode and immobilized biorecognition elements.
T850 104213-104412 Sentence denotes For example, redox reactions associated with the Fe(CN)6 3 - /4- probe can cause etching of Au electrodes due to the presence of CN− ions when using the redox couple for EIS measurements (Vogt et al.
T851 104413-104419 Sentence denotes 2016).
T852 104420-104568 Sentence denotes This observation warrants further investigation, particularly in the context of establishing the effects on biosensor repeatability and reusability.
T853 104569-104654 Sentence denotes The use of alternative redox probes or electrode materials may mitigate such effects.
T854 104655-104759 Sentence denotes For example, ferrocene and ferrocenemethanol have also been used as redox probes for pathogen detection.
T855 104760-104811 Sentence denotes Ruthenium(III)/ruthenium(II) (Schrattenecker et al.
T856 104812-104860 Sentence denotes 2019) and immobilized quinone pairs (Piro et al.
T857 104861-104908 Sentence denotes 2013) are also potentially useful alternatives.
T858 104909-105099 Sentence denotes Biosensors that use impedance-based methods and whose impedance response can be modeled using equivalent circuit models can be used to calculate the capacitance of the electric double layer.
T859 105100-105363 Sentence denotes The double-layer capacitance is recognized to be sensitive to the structure of the electrode, the characteristics and concentration of analytes at the electrode surface and in the electrolyte, and the characteristics of the electrolyte (Lisdat and Schäfer, 2008).
T860 105364-105493 Sentence denotes As a capacitor, the double-layer is not only dependent on the dielectric material but also the thickness of the dielectric layer.
T861 105494-105590 Sentence denotes Importantly, both characteristics could be affected by molecular binding events on an electrode.
T862 105591-105786 Sentence denotes For example, when a target analyte binds to an immobilized biorecognition element, counter ions around the electrode surface are displaced, leading to a change in the capacitance (Berggren et al.
T863 105787-105793 Sentence denotes 2001).
T864 105794-105950 Sentence denotes The capacitance can be determined from the reactive component of the impedance or by fitting of an equivalent circuit model (Barsoukov and Macdonald, 2018).
T865 105951-106052 Sentence denotes Idil et al. used the capacitive response of a MIP electrode for the detection of E. coli (Idil et al.
T866 106053-106059 Sentence denotes 2017).
T867 106060-106179 Sentence denotes Jantra et al. similarly used the capacitive response of an Au rod electrode for the detection of E. coli (Jantra et al.
T868 106180-106186 Sentence denotes 2011).
T869 106187-106353 Sentence denotes Luka et al. used the capacitive response of an Au interdigitated microelectrode array based on equivalent circuit analysis for the detection of C. parvum (Luka et al.
T870 106354-106360 Sentence denotes 2019).
T871 106361-106507 Sentence denotes See Table 1, Table 2 for a detailed list of studies that have used the capacitive response of an electrochemical biosensor for pathogen detection.
T872 106509-106529 Sentence denotes 3.3.4 Conductometry
T873 106530-106720 Sentence denotes Conductometry methods are those in which the conductivity of the sample solution is monitored using a low-amplitude alternating electrical potential (Dzyadevych and Jaffrezic-Renault, 2014).
T874 106721-106832 Sentence denotes The principle relies on conductivity change in the sample via the production or consumption of charged species.
T875 106833-107036 Sentence denotes The measurement has the advantage of not requiring a reference electrode and can be used to detect both electroactive and electroinactive analytes (Jaffrezic-Renault and Dzyadevych, 2008; Narayan, 2016).
T876 107037-107161 Sentence denotes Given the method can be performed using a two-electrode configuration, conductometric biosensors can be easily miniaturized.
T877 107162-107314 Sentence denotes In addition, they are less vulnerable to many types of interference due to their differential measurement mode (Jaffrezic-Renault and Dzyadevych, 2008).
T878 107315-107449 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 5d, Yoo et al. used a conductometric biosensor with CNT-based electrodes for the detection of B. subtilis (Yoo et al.
T879 107450-107456 Sentence denotes 2017).
T880 107457-107600 Sentence denotes Mannoor et al. used a previously described conductometric biosensor to detect S. aureus and Helicobacter pylori on tooth enamel (Mannoor et al.
T881 107601-107607 Sentence denotes 2012).
T882 107608-107772 Sentence denotes Shen et al. detected two strains of human influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2) using conductometry with a silicon nanowire array at a LOD of 29 viruses/μL (Shen et al.
T883 107773-107779 Sentence denotes 2012).
T884 107780-107911 Sentence denotes Additional studies that have examined the use of conductometric biosensors for pathogen detection can be found in Table 1, Table 2.
T885 107913-107946 Sentence denotes 3.4 Secondary binding approaches
T886 107947-108055 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors would ideally produce sensitive and selective results using label-free protocols.
T887 108056-108256 Sentence denotes However, secondary binding reactions are sometimes required to facilitate the robust detection of pathogens that lack initial labels depending on the biosensor characteristics and measurement demands.
T888 108257-108380 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps can facilitate target labeling, biosensor signal amplification, and verification of target binding.
T889 108381-108553 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps provide useful in situ controls and can increase sensitivity, LOD, dynamic range, and measurement confidence (e.g., verification of target binding).
T890 108554-108681 Sentence denotes Secondary binding steps also provide opportunities for acquiring additional bioanalytical information about the target species.
T891 108682-108844 Sentence denotes Here, we classify assays that use secondary binding steps as labeled approaches in Table 1, Table 2 regardless of if the primary binding step produced a response.
T892 108845-109001 Sentence denotes There is, however, a more subtle distinction if binding of the secondary species is used for amplification or verification purposes as previously discussed.
T893 109002-109082 Sentence denotes Labels often include a biorecognition element-enzyme or -nanoparticle conjugate.
T894 109083-109301 Sentence denotes In electrochemical biosensing applications, such labels often serve the purpose of altering the material properties or transport processes of the electrode-electrolyte interface, often by inducing a secondary reaction.
T895 109302-109463 Sentence denotes Secondary binding of optically-active nanomaterials to captured targets can also enable the use of optical transducers for simultaneous detection or bioanalysis.
T896 109464-109566 Sentence denotes Enzymes are among the most commonly used secondary binding species for label-based pathogen detection.
T897 109567-109708 Sentence denotes As shown in Table 2, electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection that employ enzymes are commonly performed as a sandwich assay format.
T898 109709-109861 Sentence denotes A schematic of secondary binding steps for biosensor amplification based on the binding of HRP-antibody conjugates is shown in Fig. 6 a (Kokkinos et al.
T899 109862-109868 Sentence denotes 2016).
T900 109869-110050 Sentence denotes Hong et al. used HRP-labeled secondary antibodies to amplify the CV and EIS responses of a concanavalin A-functionalized nanostructured Au electrode to detect norovirus (Hong et al.
T901 110051-110057 Sentence denotes 2015).
T902 110058-110307 Sentence denotes Gayathri et al. used an HRP-antibody conjugate to induce an enzyme-assisted reduction reaction with an immobilized thionine-antibody receptor in an H2O2 system for detection of E. coli down to 50 CFU/mL using a sandwich assay format (Gayathri et al.
T903 110308-110314 Sentence denotes 2016).
T904 110315-110596 Sentence denotes Xu et al. used glucose oxidase and monoclonal anti-S. typhimurium to functionalize magnetic bead labels for separation and detection of S. typhimurium on an Au IDAM using EIS and glucose to catalyze the reaction that exhibited a linear working range of 102 to 106 CFU/mL (Xu et al.
T905 110597-110604 Sentence denotes 2016b).
T906 110605-111182 Sentence denotes Fig. 6 Highlight of secondary binding and signal amplification approaches utilized in electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection. a) Four amplification approaches associated with the secondary binding of enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies: (A) electron transfer mediation; (B) nanostructuring of surface for increased rate of charge transfer kinetics; (C) conversion of electrochemically inactive substrate into a detectable electroactive product; (D) catalysis of oxidation of glucose for production of hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical detection (Kokkinos et al.
T907 111183-111296 Sentence denotes 2016). b) Signal amplification via non-selective binding of AuNPs to bound bacterial target (E. coli) (Wan et al.
T908 111297-111303 Sentence denotes 2016).
T909 111304-111405 Sentence denotes In addition to enzymes, secondary binding of nanoparticles has also been used for pathogen detection.
T910 111406-111579 Sentence denotes As shown in Fig. 6b, Wan et al. utilized non-functionalized AuNPs to amplify the EIS response of an antibody-immobilized planar Au electrode to E. coli detection (Wan et al.
T911 111580-111586 Sentence denotes 2016).
T912 111587-111679 Sentence denotes A detailed overview of studies that employ enzymes and nanoparticles is provided in Table 2.
T913 111680-111958 Sentence denotes We remind the reader that while secondary binding steps are useful techniques, assays that avoid secondary binding steps have advantages for bioprocess monitoring and control applications, as they avoid the addition of reagents to a process that may compromise product quality).
T914 111960-111997 Sentence denotes 4 Applications to pathogen detection
T915 111998-112194 Sentence denotes As identified in the previous sections, the application influences the biosensor design and measurement format associated with a given electrochemical biosensor-based assay for pathogen detection.
T916 112195-112394 Sentence denotes We next review applications of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection in food and water safety, environmental monitoring and infection control, medical diagnostics, and bio-threat defense.
T917 112396-112435 Sentence denotes 4.1 Food and water safety applications
T918 112436-112528 Sentence denotes Detection of foodborne and waterborne pathogens is an essential aspect of public healthcare.
T919 112529-112696 Sentence denotes Foodborne and waterborne pathogens originate from a variety of sources and matrices and typically infect humans through the consumption of contaminated food and water.
T920 112697-112796 Sentence denotes Waterborne pathogens are responsible for about 2.2 million deaths annually worldwide (Pandey et al.
T921 112797-112887 Sentence denotes 2014), and contaminated food-related deaths amount to around 420,000 annually (WHO, 2015).
T922 112888-113113 Sentence denotes In 2019, the United States suffered an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium in turkey products caused 358 infections across 42 states, demonstrating the importance of detecting pathogens in food sources (CDC, 2019).
T923 113114-113410 Sentence denotes While biosensors for pathogen detection are critical to water and food safety in developed regions, biosensors are particularly important aspects of public healthcare in remote and under-developed regions due to relatively reduced infrastructure and resources for food and water quality analysis.
T924 113411-113626 Sentence denotes For example, in 2014, a cholera outbreak linked to V. cholerae in Ghana, which has been associated with poor environmental water management and sanitation issues, infected over 20,000 individuals (Ohene-Adjei et al.
T925 113627-113633 Sentence denotes 2017).
T926 113634-113727 Sentence denotes The selective detection of pathogens in food and water remains a global healthcare challenge.
T927 113728-113855 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been written on biosensors for food and water safety (Baeumner, 2003; Bozal-Palabiyik et al.
T928 113856-113876 Sentence denotes 2018; Leonard et al.
T929 113877-113900 Sentence denotes 2003; Ye et al., 2019).
T930 113901-113970 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T931 113971-114216 Sentence denotes Common foodborne and waterborne pathogens include protozoa, such as C. parvum and G. lamblia, bacteria, such as E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and Campylobacter, and viruses, such as norovirus and rotavirus (Beuchat et al.
T932 114217-114237 Sentence denotes 2013; Cabral, 2010).
T933 114238-114396 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of foodborne and waterborne pathogens can vary by 4–6 orders of magnitude, from a single cell or oocyst to greater than one million cells.
T934 114397-114554 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of S. dysenteriae is 200 CFU (Greig and Todd, 2010), while that of S. aureus is 100,000 CFU (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T935 114555-114778 Sentence denotes Given the extensive use of immunoassays in food and water safety, such as ELISA, it is possible to obtain commercially-available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for a large number of foodborne and waterborne pathogens.
T936 114779-115006 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications associated with process monitoring applications may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate high-throughput analysis, continuous monitoring capability, and biosensor reusability.
T937 115007-115208 Sentence denotes Alternatively, those for water safety applications in under-developed regions may require biosensor designs and measurement formats that facilitate field use, such as sample preparation-free protocols.
T938 115209-115361 Sentence denotes Pathogens can also enter food and water through processing, packaging, distribution, and storage processes (e.g., via workers and pests) (Beuchat et al.
T939 115362-115401 Sentence denotes 2013; Mehrotra, 2016; Ye et al., 2019).
T940 115402-115548 Sentence denotes As a result, biosensors for food and water safety applications should facilitate pathogen detection at various stages of the processing operation.
T941 115549-115791 Sentence denotes Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for food and water safety applications have established new low-cost biosensor designs, portable measurement formats, and flexible form-factors and are discussed further in the following sections.
T942 115793-115857 Sentence denotes 4.2 Environmental monitoring and infection control applications
T943 115858-115992 Sentence denotes In addition to foodborne and waterborne pathogens, the detection of environmental pathogens is also an important aspect of healthcare.
T944 115993-116131 Sentence denotes For example, diseases associated with environmental pathogens are one of the leading causes of death in low-income economies (WHO, 2018a).
T945 116132-116224 Sentence denotes For example, malaria was reported to cause an estimated 435,000 deaths in 2017 (WHO, 2018b).
T946 116225-116448 Sentence denotes Environmental pathogens are microorganisms that typically spend a substantial part of their lifecycle outside human hosts, but when introduced to humans through contact or inhalation cause disease with measurable frequency.
T947 116449-116533 Sentence denotes Thus, environmental pathogens are often targets in medical diagnostics applications.
T948 116534-116774 Sentence denotes However, here, we choose to distinguish environmental monitoring applications, which require pathogen detection in the environment (e.g., in air or on surfaces), from medical diagnostics applications, which require detection in body fluids.
T949 116775-116853 Sentence denotes Thus, the distinction is based on the matrix in which the pathogen is present.
T950 116854-117083 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, which require biosensors capable of analyzing pathogen-containing complex matrices, such as a water or food matrix, environmental pathogens are present in multiple types of matrices.
T951 117084-117392 Sentence denotes While environmental pathogens can enter the body through direct physical contact, they can also be transmitted through aerosols or interaction with organisms that serve as vectors for the infectious agent, such as mosquitos in the case of Plasmodium falciparum (the infectious agent associated with malaria).
T952 117393-117640 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of environmental pathogens often requires analysis of matrices, such as air, and objects, such as the surfaces of biomedical devices or objects within healthcare facilities, that are present in the human environment (Lai et al.
T953 117641-117647 Sentence denotes 2009).
T954 117648-117772 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been provided on the detection of environmental pathogens (Baeumner, 2003; Justino et al.
T955 117773-117779 Sentence denotes 2017).
T956 117780-117885 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the most common environmental pathogens found both in and outside of clinical settings.
T957 117886-118106 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in a non-clinical setting include Legionella spp., which cause Legionnellosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Naegleria fowleri, which causes amoebic meningitis.
T958 118107-118208 Sentence denotes In addition to bacteria and protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and insects are also environmental pathogens.
T959 118209-118661 Sentence denotes Common environmental pathogens in clinical settings associated with healthcare-acquired infections include drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile (CD) (Hookman and Barkin, 2009), which causes CD-associated diarrhea and antibiotic-induced colitis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which causes severe infections in various parts of the body, including the urinary tract (Gordon and Lowy, 2008).
T960 118662-118814 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of environmental pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen as well as age and health of the individual.
T961 118815-118963 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of CD is less than 10 spores, while that of MRSA is greater than 100,000 organisms (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007).
T962 118964-119159 Sentence denotes While it is possible to obtain antibodies for foodborne and waterborne pathogens, it can be challenging to obtain antibodies for various environmental pathogens, including protozoa and nematodes.
T963 119160-119281 Sentence denotes Thus, traditional bioanalytical techniques, such as PCR, are often utilized for the detection of environmental pathogens.
T964 119282-119475 Sentence denotes Similar to food and water safety applications, biosensor-based assays for environmental pathogen detection applications also utilize measurement formats that facilitate the analysis of liquids.
T965 119476-119566 Sentence denotes However, they also require measurement formats for the detection of aerosolized pathogens.
T966 119567-119819 Sentence denotes In addition to airborne transmission, environmental pathogens are transmitted by direct surface contact (similar to many foodborne pathogens), which is a significant mode of transmission in healthcare settings (e.g., of healthcare-acquired infections).
T967 119820-120082 Sentence denotes Standardized guidelines for disinfecting and sterilizing the surfaces of medical equipment, assistive technologies, counters, and doors, among other surfaces, have emerged as an important aspect of infection control in modern healthcare facilities (Fraise et al.
T968 120083-120089 Sentence denotes 2008).
T969 120090-120250 Sentence denotes Thus, the detection of pathogens on the surfaces of biomedical devices and objects present in healthcare facilities is an important research area (Kramer et al.
T970 120251-120269 Sentence denotes 2006; Weber et al.
T971 120270-120276 Sentence denotes 2010).
T972 120277-120511 Sentence denotes For example, bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment has been examined as a source of intensive care unit-acquired infections, a global healthcare challenge, especially when caused by MDR pathogens (Russotto et al.
T973 120512-120518 Sentence denotes 2015).
T974 120519-120606 Sentence denotes Hospital-acquired infections are prevalent causes of morbidity in patients (Orsi et al.
T975 120607-120613 Sentence denotes 2002).
T976 120614-120800 Sentence denotes This problem has only been exasperated by the rise of MDR CD, as well as drug-resistant strains of Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Salmonella, S. aureus, and S. dysenteriae (Ventola, 2015).
T977 120801-120933 Sentence denotes In addition to clinical pathogens, it is also of interest to detect pathogens in non-clinical settings (Faucher and Charette, 2015).
T978 120934-121124 Sentence denotes Toxin-producing algae, such as cyanobacteria and sulphate-reducing bacteria, are also important targets for electrochemical biosensors associated with the prevention of water-based diseases.
T979 121126-121162 Sentence denotes 4.3 Medical diagnostic applications
T980 121163-121349 Sentence denotes The field of medical diagnostics heavily relies on the identification and quantification of pathogens found in body fluids, including whole blood, stool, urine, mucus, saliva, or sputum.
T981 121350-121580 Sentence denotes Diagnostic assays based on traditional bioanalytical techniques for detection of pathogens in body fluids are the gold standard and serve an essential role in healthcare by enabling the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
T982 121581-121821 Sentence denotes Biosensors offer a complementary diagnostic platform that enable rapid and cost-effective measurements, high sensitivity, and the ability to make measurements in complex matrices that pose challenges to traditional bioanalytical techniques.
T983 121822-122012 Sentence denotes Studies suggest that rapid diagnostic testing can potentially reduce the chance of hospitalization, duration of hospitalization and antimicrobial use, and mortality rates (Barenfanger et al.
T984 122013-122034 Sentence denotes 2000; Beekmann et al.
T985 122035-122055 Sentence denotes 2003; Dierkes et al.
T986 122056-122074 Sentence denotes 2009; Rappo et al.
T987 122075-122081 Sentence denotes 2016).
T988 122082-122305 Sentence denotes For example, repeated rapid screening programs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection is recommended as a means of increasing quality-adjusted life years of health for citizens in the United States (Paltiel et al.
T989 122306-122312 Sentence denotes 2006).
T990 122313-122452 Sentence denotes Additionally, the need for rapid antibody screening has been identified as an important aspect of mitigating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
T991 122453-122689 Sentence denotes Several comprehensive reviews have been published on traditional bioanalytical assays and biosensor-based assays for pathogen detection in medical diagnostics applications (Ahmed et al., 2014; da Silva et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2014).
T992 122690-122884 Sentence denotes Common pathogens include the aforementioned foodborne, waterborne, and environmental pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium and Plasmodium spp.), as well as additional airborne and bloodborne pathogens.
T993 122885-123040 Sentence denotes Pathogens such as Mycobacterium, HIV, and Plasmodium falciparum, represent some of the top causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide (WHO, 2018a).
T994 123041-123336 Sentence denotes Other common pathogens associated with medical diagnostics applications include those that cause respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and diarrheal diseases, such as CD and MRSA, which can be life-threatening to the children, elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems.
T995 123337-123526 Sentence denotes Other airborne and bloodborne pathogens of interest include the influenza virus, COVID-19, hepatitis virus, rabies virus, and bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumonia and Bordetella pertussis.
T996 123527-123714 Sentence denotes The infectious dose of airborne and bloodborne pathogens also varies by orders of magnitude depending on the pathogen, the method of contraction, and the age and health of the individual.
T997 123715-123958 Sentence denotes For example, the infectious dose of influenza is between 100–1000 particles (Gürtler, 2006), while the median infectious dose of HIV can vary, for example, from two RNA copies to 65,000 depending on the strain and source (Reid and Juma, 2009).
T998 123959-124106 Sentence denotes The diagnostically-relevant concentration of pathogens in each type of matrix must be considered when designing a biosensor for pathogen detection.
T999 124107-124223 Sentence denotes For example, the detection of bacteria in blood versus urine exhibit different diagnostic thresholds (Kelley, 2017).
T1000 124224-124288 Sentence denotes Such knowledge can inform the need for sample preparation steps.
T1001 124290-124341 Sentence denotes 4.4 Biological defense and bio-threat applications
T1002 124342-124478 Sentence denotes The potential for the weaponization of pathogens drives the need for rapid and sensitive biosensors for biological defense applications.
T1003 124479-124696 Sentence denotes Biosensor applications to biological defense and bio-threat are related to the aforementioned applications in food and water safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics but consider weaponized pathogens.
T1004 124697-124962 Sentence denotes However, while pathogens found in environmental monitoring applications are often native and endogenous agents, pathogens found in biological defense and bio-threat applications are often exogenous agents, which may have been weaponized and intentionally dispersed.
T1005 124963-125191 Sentence denotes For example, pathogen-based bio-threat situations typically involve the overt or covert introduction of an exogenous pathogen into either the food or water supply or environments which with humans closely interact (Cirino et al.
T1006 125192-125211 Sentence denotes 2004; Mirski et al.
T1007 125212-125242 Sentence denotes 2014; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1008 125243-125383 Sentence denotes The reader is directed to various comprehensive reviews on biosensor-based assays for the detection of biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1009 125384-125414 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1010 125415-125476 Sentence denotes Common targets include the aforementioned airborne pathogens.
T1011 125477-125684 Sentence denotes In addition to the aforementioned naturally-occurring pathogens, pathogens for bio-threat may include engineered pathogens, such as genetically-modified viruses that can be transmitted via airborne pathways.
T1012 125685-125859 Sentence denotes B. anthracis (Anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague), and vaccinia virus are among several pathogens that have been utilized or suggested as biowarfare agents (Christopher et al.
T1013 125860-125890 Sentence denotes 1997; Shah and Wilkins, 2003).
T1014 125891-126142 Sentence denotes While pathogen-based bio-threats may be introduced to the water and food supply, the detection of pathogen-based bio-threats in air is particularly critical to biowarfare defense, as they may be introduced into the battlefield in the form of aerosols.
T1015 126143-126305 Sentence denotes Further, the dispersal of pathogen-based bio-threats by air in facilities (e.g., via air-handling systems) represents a significant domestic bioterrorism concern.
T1016 126306-126529 Sentence denotes Thus, biosensor-based assays for bio-threat applications should be low-cost and portable to enable integration with existing physical systems (e.g., facilities) and movement with the warfighter or drones on the battlefield.
T1017 126530-126806 Sentence denotes Having discussed transduction elements, biorecognition elements, electrochemical methods, measurement formats, and pathogen detection applications, we next discuss the present challenges and future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensor-based pathogen detection.
T1018 126808-126907 Sentence denotes 5 Present challenges and future directions for pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors
T1019 126908-127112 Sentence denotes Here, we discuss the present challenges and future directions associated with pathogen detection using electrochemical biosensors to identify future research opportunities and emerging areas in the field.
T1020 127114-127188 Sentence denotes 5.1 Emerging electrode materials, fabrication processes, and form factors
T1021 127189-127302 Sentence denotes The ability to create robust, low-cost biosensors for pathogen detection is a significant challenge in the field.
T1022 127303-127390 Sentence denotes One of the primary methods of reducing cost is decreasing the material cost per device.
T1023 127391-127495 Sentence denotes Carbon-based electrodes (e.g., graphite, graphene, CNTs), such as those shown in Fig. 7 a (Afonso et al.
T1024 127496-127521 Sentence denotes 2016) and 7b (Wang et al.
T1025 127522-127638 Sentence denotes 2013), are now being examined as potential alternatives to relatively more expensive metallic or ceramic electrodes.
T1026 127639-127761 Sentence denotes Many of these carbon-based materials are also nanoscale in structure, and thus offer advantages regarding nanostructuring.
T1027 127762-127897 Sentence denotes Similarly, polymer-based electrodes have also been examined as low-cost alternatives to metal electrodes as described in Section 2.1.3.
T1028 127898-128067 Sentence denotes For example, Afonso et al. used a home craft cutter printer as a highly accessible means of fabricating high quantities of disposable carbon-based sensors (Afonso et al.
T1029 128068-128074 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1030 128075-128238 Sentence denotes Fig. 7 State-of-the-art developments in electrochemical biosensors for pathogens. a) Low-cost, flexible, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (Afonso et al.
T1031 128239-128295 Sentence denotes 2016). b) Free-standing graphene electrodes (Wang et al.
T1032 128296-128398 Sentence denotes 2013). c) Paper-based substrates for pathogen detection using electrochemical methods (Bhardwaj et al.
T1033 128399-128479 Sentence denotes 2017). d) Wearable wireless bacterial biosensor for tooth enamel (Mannoor et al.
T1034 128480-128581 Sentence denotes 2012). e) Smartphone-enabled signal processing for field-based environmental monitoring (Jiang et al.
T1035 128582-128588 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1036 128589-128722 Sentence denotes In addition to reducing the material cost per device, efforts to reduce the manufacturing cost of biosensors have also been examined.
T1037 128723-128803 Sentence denotes 3D printing processes have emerged as popular methods for biosensor fabrication.
T1038 128804-128879 Sentence denotes For example, 3D printing is compatible with flexible and curved substrates.
T1039 128880-129063 Sentence denotes 3D printing has also been used for the fabrication of various components of electrochemical biosensors, such as electrodes, substrates, fluid handling components, or device packaging.
T1040 129064-129194 Sentence denotes In particular, 3D printing has emerged as a useful fabrication platform for microfluidic-based analytical platforms (Waheed et al.
T1041 129195-129201 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1042 129202-129315 Sentence denotes For example, to date, 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of electrode-integrated microfluidics (Erkal et al.
T1043 129316-129385 Sentence denotes 2014), 3D microfluidics, organ-conforming microfluidics (Singh et al.
T1044 129386-129450 Sentence denotes 2017a), and transducer-integrated microfluidics (Cesewski et al.
T1045 129451-129457 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1046 129458-129621 Sentence denotes Thus, 3D printing may serve as an important fabrication platform for the creation of wearable microfluidic-based electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T1047 129622-129790 Sentence denotes The ability to quantify the level of pathogens on the surfaces of objects (e.g., skin, food, and medical equipment) remains a present challenge in the biosensing field.
T1048 129791-129909 Sentence denotes Wearable biomedical devices have emerged as promising tools for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and health monitoring.
T1049 129910-130011 Sentence denotes The application constraints of wearable devices require them to be lightweight and simple to operate.
T1050 130012-130222 Sentence denotes Wearable devices can provide continuous monitoring of body fluids, such as blood and sweat, allowing patients to obtain real-time bioanalytical information without the inconvenience of facility-based screening.
T1051 130223-130394 Sentence denotes To date, biosensors have been incorporated into a variety of wearable devices, including contact lenses, clothing, bandages, rings, and tattoos (Bandodkar and Wang, 2014).
T1052 130395-130498 Sentence denotes This is a rapidly emerging area linked to smartphone technology for biosensor actuation and monitoring.
T1053 130499-130684 Sentence denotes The rise of flexible electronics has also contributed to the success of incorporating electrochemical biosensors into flexible textiles, which has enhanced their wearability (Rim et al.
T1054 130685-130691 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1055 130692-130893 Sentence denotes Although most wearable electrochemical biosensors are used to detect small molecules, such as lactate, glucose, or electrolytes, there is increasing interest in their application to pathogen detection.
T1056 130894-131049 Sentence denotes Challenges include biocompatibility (e.g., reduction of skin irritation), device power consumption, and biosensor-tissue mechanical and geometric matching.
T1057 131050-131257 Sentence denotes Because of the small sample size of body fluid secretions and the need to transport the sample to the electrode surface, microfluidic formats are now emerging for wearable bioanalytical systems (Singh et al.
T1058 131258-131265 Sentence denotes 2017a).
T1059 131267-131293 Sentence denotes 5.2 Detection of protozoa
T1060 131294-131462 Sentence denotes Importantly, the size of the pathogen may have a significant impact on a given electrochemical biosensor's performance based on the type of electrochemical method used.
T1061 131463-131543 Sentence denotes For example, pathogens can range greater than three orders of magnitude in size.
T1062 131544-131623 Sentence denotes For example, the diameter of norovirus was estimated at 27 nm (Robilotti et al.
T1063 131624-131695 Sentence denotes 2015), while the diameter of G. lamblia oocysts is ~14 μm (Adam, 2001).
T1064 131696-131808 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors for the detection of protozoa-based pathogens is an area requiring further attention.
T1065 131809-132012 Sentence denotes Protozoa, as large pathogens, achieve relatively less coverage of the electrode than small pathogens, thereby having a relatively smaller effect on charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
T1066 132013-132133 Sentence denotes C. parvum is at present the most commonly detected protozoa using electrochemical biosensors (see Table 1) (Iqbal et al.
T1067 132134-132152 Sentence denotes 2015) (Luka et al.
T1068 132153-132159 Sentence denotes 2019).
T1069 132161-132194 Sentence denotes 5.3 Detection of plant pathogens
T1070 132195-132485 Sentence denotes While the majority of infectious agents detected using electrochemical biosensors are human pathogens, emerging agricultural applications of electrochemical biosensors, such as in smart agriculture, suggest the need for biosensors capable of detecting plant pathogens (Khater et al., 2017).
T1071 132486-132665 Sentence denotes For example, crop yield losses associated with plant pathogens range from 8.1 to 41.1% based on global production of wheat, rice, maize, potato, and soybean (Savary et al., 2019).
T1072 132666-132746 Sentence denotes Common plant pathogens include viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes.
T1073 132747-132916 Sentence denotes Chartuprayoon et al. recently established a polypyrrole nanoribbon-based chemiresistive immunosensor for detection of viral plant pathogens (Chartuprayoon et al., 2013).
T1074 132918-132944 Sentence denotes 5.4 Multiplexed detection
T1075 132945-133086 Sentence denotes Multiplexed detection of pathogens has emerged as a technique for phenotype identification and identification of multiple pathogenic threats.
T1076 133087-133242 Sentence denotes Multiplexing can be achieved via various approaches, but typically involves the use of multiple transducers that exhibit different biorecognition elements.
T1077 133243-133411 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy for multiplexed bacterial detection by Li et al. via immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-V. cholerae on AuNPs is shown in Fig. 4b (Li et al.
T1078 133412-133418 Sentence denotes 2017).
T1079 133419-133551 Sentence denotes Spatially-distributed biorecognition elements on a single electrode or multiple electrodes can also provide multiplexing capability.
T1080 133552-133724 Sentence denotes For example, a strategy based on the immobilization of anti-E. coli and anti-S. aureus within a microfluidic chamber created by Tian et al. is shown in Fig. 4c (Tian et al.
T1081 133725-133731 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1082 133733-133783 Sentence denotes 5.5 Saturation-free continuous monitoring formats
T1083 133784-133907 Sentence denotes The inability to regenerate biosensors is a major hindrance to biosensor-based process monitoring and control applications.
T1084 133908-134109 Sentence denotes While various biosensors must be disposed of after a single use, the regeneration of biosensor surfaces using chemical approaches has been leveraged as an approach for creating multiple-use biosensors.
T1085 134110-134305 Sentence denotes Biosensor regeneration approaches typically involve chemically-mediated dissociation of the target from the immobilized biorecognition element or removal of the biorecognition element altogether.
T1086 134306-134519 Sentence denotes This can be accomplished through acid-base mediated regeneration, detergents, glycine, and urea as well as achieved by thermal regeneration, plasma cleaning, or even direct electrochemical desorption (Goode et al.
T1087 134520-134538 Sentence denotes 2015; Huang et al.
T1088 134539-134566 Sentence denotes 2010; Zelada-Guillen et al.
T1089 134567-134573 Sentence denotes 2010).
T1090 134574-134797 Sentence denotes For example, Dweik et al. used a combination of organic (acetone) and plasma cleaning protocols to regenerate an Au interdigitated microelectrode array after detection of E. coli to use devices five times each (Dweik et al.
T1091 134798-134804 Sentence denotes 2012).
T1092 134805-135085 Sentence denotes Johnson and Mutharasan used a liquid-phase hydrogen peroxide-mediated UV-photooxidation process for regeneration of biosensor surfaces as an alternative to aggressive chemical treatments, such as those based on the use of high- or low-pH solutions (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2013b).
T1093 135086-135331 Sentence denotes We note that an ideal biosensor regeneration (i.e., cleaning) approach for process monitoring applications would remove the captured target in situ using a chemical-free approach and preserve the biorecognition layer for subsequent measurements.
T1094 135333-135378 Sentence denotes 5.6 Low-cost, single-use portable biosensors
T1095 135379-135500 Sentence denotes The creation of environmentally-friendly disposable substrates is a present challenge for low-cost single-use biosensors.
T1096 135501-135620 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates have recently emerged as attractive alternatives to costlier ceramic substrates (Martinez et al.
T1097 135621-135627 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1098 135628-135746 Sentence denotes Paper-based substrates can also eliminate the need for supporting fluid handling components through capillary effects.
T1099 135747-135872 Sentence denotes For example, paper substrates can be patterned with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to direct fluid flow (Carrilho et al.
T1100 135873-135879 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1101 135880-136002 Sentence denotes Paper-based devices are also relatively environmentally friendly in terms of material sourcing, disposal, and degradation.
T1102 136003-136235 Sentence denotes However, the potential toxicity of materials that may have been deposited on paper substrates, such as nanomaterials, should still be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a disposable single-use biosensing platform.
T1103 136236-136373 Sentence denotes For example, the long-term environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials remain active areas of research (Colvin, 2003; Klaine et al.
T1104 136374-136391 Sentence denotes 2008; Lead et al.
T1105 136392-136398 Sentence denotes 2018).
T1106 136399-136593 Sentence denotes Although paper-based devices have historically been most commonly used with colorimetric sensing techniques, they have been increasingly investigated for electrochemical biosensing (Ahmed et al.
T1107 136594-136615 Sentence denotes 2016; Meredith et al.
T1108 136616-136622 Sentence denotes 2016).
T1109 136623-136684 Sentence denotes A highlight of paper-based substrates is provided in Fig. 7c.
T1110 136685-136838 Sentence denotes The need for water safety and medical diagnostics in remote and under-developed regions has led to the demand for low-cost portable biosensing platforms.
T1111 136839-137075 Sentence denotes One of the major challenges in creating portable biosensors for field use is the need to establish sample preparation-free protocols (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and miniaturize components for actuation, data acquisition, and readout.
T1112 137076-137212 Sentence denotes However, device miniaturization also presents measurement challenges, such as increasing the biosensor signal-to-noise ratio (Wei et al.
T1113 137213-137219 Sentence denotes 2009).
T1114 137220-137391 Sentence denotes Further, portable biosensing platforms should exhibit biorecognition elements that remain stable for extended periods and at a variety of temperatures and humidity levels.
T1115 137392-137611 Sentence denotes The measurement robustness associated with the analysis of small sample volumes also requires further attention with the use of emerging low-cost materials, fabrication approaches, and transduction methods (Kumar et al.
T1116 137612-137630 Sentence denotes 2013; Luppa et al.
T1117 137631-137662 Sentence denotes 2016; Narayan, 2016; Wan et al.
T1118 137663-137669 Sentence denotes 2013).
T1119 137670-138003 Sentence denotes The elimination of sample preparation steps from biosensor-based assays represents a significant advantage relative to traditional bioanalytical techniques (Johnson and Mutharasan, 2012) and is an important advantage and consideration for single-use biosensors and remote biosensing applications based on portable low-cost platforms.
T1120 138004-138163 Sentence denotes Sample preparation-free protocols can improve measurement confidence, repeatability, and reduce TTR, which are important aspects of healthcare decision-making.
T1121 138164-138330 Sentence denotes For example, it has been shown that a reduction in turnaround time for diagnostic assays could have a positive effect on clinical treatment outcomes (Davenport et al.
T1122 138331-138347 Sentence denotes 2017; Sin et al.
T1123 138348-138354 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1124 138355-138546 Sentence denotes When sample preparation is required, integrated alternatives to manual techniques, such as microfluidic processes, may provide a new path toward achieving rapid and robust pathogen detection.
T1125 138547-138817 Sentence denotes For example, separation and pre-concentration steps have been increasingly examined for integration with microfluidic-based biosensor platforms to reduce the number of steps, materials needed, and required technical personnel, and thus TTR (Bunyakul and Baeumner, 2014).
T1126 138819-138856 Sentence denotes 5.7 Wireless transduction approaches
T1127 138857-139122 Sentence denotes The examination of wireless transduction and monitoring approaches has an important role in creating portable and wearable biosensing platforms for pathogen detection and distributed sensing systems for infection control and process monitoring (Ghafar-Zadeh, 2015).
T1128 139123-139293 Sentence denotes Wireless biosensing platforms are also essential to the creation of implantable and integrated biosensors for pathogen detection, including those for medical diagnostics.
T1129 139294-139480 Sentence denotes For example, as previously referenced, Mannoor et al. fabricated a conformal biosensor for bacteria detection on tooth enamel based on a radiofrequency (RF) link approach (Mannoor et al.
T1130 139481-139501 Sentence denotes 2012) (see Fig. 7d).
T1131 139502-139583 Sentence denotes Wireless transduction approaches remains an emerging area for pathogen detection.
T1132 139584-139706 Sentence denotes An example of smartphone-enabled wireless signal processing for detection of E. coli can be found in Fig. 7e (Jiang et al.
T1133 139707-139713 Sentence denotes 2014).
T1134 139715-139729 Sentence denotes 6 Conclusions
T1135 139730-139819 Sentence denotes Here, we provided a critical review of electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection.
T1136 139820-139933 Sentence denotes Biosensor transduction elements and biorecognition elements for electrochemical pathogen detection were reviewed.
T1137 139934-140123 Sentence denotes Bacteria remain the most commonly detected pathogens using electrochemical biosensors, though the detection of viruses and protozoa have been increasingly examined over the past five years.
T1138 140124-140307 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors now exhibit LODs as low as a single plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL and colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL and dynamic ranges that span multiple orders of magnitude.
T1139 140308-140530 Sentence denotes While planar Au electrodes remain the most commonly utilized working electrode, nanostructured electrodes derived from a variety of engineering materials, including polymers and composites, have been increasingly examined.
T1140 140531-140674 Sentence denotes Present challenges and future directions in the field were discussed, including a need for further low-cost, reusable, and wearable biosensors.
T1141 140675-140830 Sentence denotes Electrochemical biosensors offer great potential as resources for improving global healthcare, such as preventing the spread of highly contagious diseases.
T1142 140832-140865 Sentence denotes Declaration of competing interest
T1143 140866-141036 Sentence denotes The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
T1144 141038-141068 Sentence denotes Appendix A Supplementary data
T1145 141069-141147 Sentence denotes The following is the Supplementary data to this article:Multimedia component 1
T1146 141149-141165 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments:
T1147 141166-141361 Sentence denotes The authors are grateful for the generous support of the United States 10.13039/100000001National Science Foundation (CBET-1650601 and CMMI-1739318), which provided funding for the reported work.
T1148 141362-141475 Sentence denotes Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112214.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32364936-16934970-7712879 4652-4656 16934970 denotes 2007
32364936-25628612-7712880 4741-4745 25628612 denotes 2015
32364936-12067606-7712881 4791-4795 12067606 denotes 2002
32364936-12672591-7712882 4812-4816 12672591 denotes 2003
32364936-24524681-7712883 5768-5772 24524681 denotes 2014
32364936-27779849-7712884 5859-5863 27779849 denotes 2016
32364936-11261847-7712885 6652-6656 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-18176631-7712886 7481-7485 18176631 denotes 2007
32364936-20563563-7712887 7499-7503 20563563 denotes 2010
32364936-25608959-7712888 7517-7521 25608959 denotes 2016
32364936-28903304-7712889 7542-7546 28903304 denotes 2007
32364936-18756197-7712890 7670-7674 18756197 denotes 2008
32364936-27600222-7712891 8016-8020 27600222 denotes 2015
32364936-27600222-7712892 8360-8364 27600222 denotes 2015
32364936-16934970-7712893 8464-8468 16934970 denotes 2007
32364936-26506111-7712894 8502-8506 26506111 denotes 2016
32364936-29182930-7712895 8736-8740 29182930 denotes 2018
32364936-29756447-7712896 9783-9787 29756447 denotes 2018
32364936-29182930-7712897 9830-9834 29182930 denotes 2018
32364936-30557008-7712898 9855-9859 30557008 denotes 2019
32364936-26339688-7712899 9894-9898 26339688 denotes 2015
32364936-11261847-7712900 10246-10250 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-11261847-7712901 10953-10957 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-29096109-7712902 14535-14539 29096109 denotes 2018
32364936-25301685-7712903 14586-14590 25301685 denotes 2015
32364936-28001145-7712904 14650-14654 28001145 denotes 2017
32364936-29743664-7712905 14697-14701 29743664 denotes 2018
32364936-15626625-7712906 15959-15963 15626625 denotes 2005
32364936-15936099-7712907 16264-16268 15936099 denotes 2006
32364936-17523594-7712908 16547-16551 17523594 denotes 2007
32364936-18715043-7712909 16662-16666 18715043 denotes 2008
32364936-18706337-7712910 16869-16873 18706337 denotes 2008
32364936-18678481-7712911 16976-16980 18678481 denotes 2008
32364936-19072262-7712912 17098-17102 19072262 denotes 2008
32364936-18217725-7712913 17195-17199 18217725 denotes 2008
32364936-19477111-7712914 17293-17297 19477111 denotes 2009
32364936-19663392-7712915 17431-17435 19663392 denotes 2009
32364936-19569156-7712916 17668-17672 19569156 denotes 2009
32364936-19481924-7712917 17765-17769 19481924 denotes 2009
32364936-18823768-7712918 17887-17891 18823768 denotes 2009
32364936-19334738-7712919 18007-18011 19334738 denotes 2009
32364936-20673624-7712920 18121-18125 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-20961052-7712921 18231-18235 20961052 denotes 2010
32364936-19932018-7712922 18369-18373 19932018 denotes 2010
32364936-20833013-7712923 18610-18614 20833013 denotes 2010
32364936-20833013-7712924 18754-18758 20833013 denotes 2010
32364936-20956332-7712925 18857-18861 20956332 denotes 2010
32364936-21241851-7712926 19246-19250 21241851 denotes 2011
32364936-20888216-7712927 19928-19932 20888216 denotes 2011
32364936-21354779-7712928 20056-20060 21354779 denotes 2011
32364936-22502614-7712929 20372-20376 22502614 denotes 2012
32364936-22763420-7712930 20504-20508 22763420 denotes 2012
32364936-22731392-7712931 20652-20656 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-22119072-7712932 20780-20784 22119072 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712933 20906-20910 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712934 21044-21048 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712935 21184-21188 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-22154169-7712936 21285-21289 22154169 denotes 2012
32364936-22035288-7712937 21381-21385 22035288 denotes 2012
32364936-22453836-7712938 21509-21513 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-22453836-7712939 21640-21644 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-23085745-7712940 21753-21757 23085745 denotes 2012
32364936-22608418-7712941 21954-21958 22608418 denotes 2012
32364936-22456097-7712942 22083-22087 22456097 denotes 2012
32364936-23510137-7712943 22326-22330 23510137 denotes 2013
32364936-23220066-7712944 22494-22498 23220066 denotes 2013
32364936-23500360-7712945 22746-22750 23500360 denotes 2013
32364936-23811484-7712946 22862-22866 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-23428735-7712947 22940-22944 23428735 denotes 2013
32364936-23870918-7712948 23367-23371 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-23238324-7712949 23475-23479 23238324 denotes 2013
32364936-23058659-7712950 23547-23551 23058659 denotes 2013
32364936-24325983-7712951 23674-23678 24325983 denotes 2014
32364936-24872904-7712952 23769-23773 24872904 denotes 2014
32364936-24445115-7712953 23900-23904 24445115 denotes 2014
32364936-24906084-7712954 24136-24140 24906084 denotes 2014
32364936-24400685-7712955 24262-24266 24400685 denotes 2014
32364936-25847459-7712956 24590-24594 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712957 24703-24707 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712958 24816-24820 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25847459-7712959 24919-24923 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-25460610-7712960 25296-25300 25460610 denotes 2015
32364936-25263315-7712961 25438-25442 25263315 denotes 2015
32364936-26402591-7712962 25667-25671 26402591 denotes 2016
32364936-26402591-7712963 25791-25795 26402591 denotes 2016
32364936-26836649-7712964 26431-26435 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-26765527-7712965 26680-26684 26765527 denotes 2016
32364936-27096467-7712966 26798-26802 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-27096467-7712967 27035-27039 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-28226280-7712968 27510-27514 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-27751788-7712969 27663-27667 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-28649024-7712970 27791-27795 28649024 denotes 2017
32364936-27551996-7712971 27907-27911 27551996 denotes 2017
32364936-27657842-7712973 28717-28721 27657842 denotes 2017
32364936-28372186-7712974 28850-28854 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-30413894-7712975 28966-28970 30413894 denotes 2018
32364936-30195404-7712976 29449-29453 30195404 denotes 2019
32364936-19477111-7712977 30464-30468 19477111 denotes 2009
32364936-25460610-7712978 30645-30649 25460610 denotes 2015
32364936-15590296-7712979 30891-30895 15590296 denotes 2005
32364936-29610519-7712980 31106-31110 29610519 denotes 2018
32364936-19837415-7712981 32648-32652 19837415 denotes 2010
32364936-23870918-7712982 33372-33376 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-21354779-7712983 33389-33393 21354779 denotes 2011
32364936-27096467-7712984 33407-33411 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-22119072-7712985 33423-33427 22119072 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712986 33448-33452 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-28372186-7712987 33525-33529 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-27096467-7712988 33568-33572 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-22608454-7712989 33613-33617 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-22608454-7712990 33874-33878 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-23870918-7712991 34038-34042 23870918 denotes 2013
32364936-25360485-7712992 34839-34843 25360485 denotes 2014
32364936-15590296-7712993 36251-36255 15590296 denotes 2005
32364936-16966811-7712994 36416-36420 16966811 denotes 2006
32364936-17045791-7712995 36909-36913 17045791 denotes 2007
32364936-18424027-7712996 37116-37120 18424027 denotes 2008
32364936-19233634-7712997 37541-37545 19233634 denotes 2009
32364936-19716286-7712998 37768-37772 19716286 denotes 2009
32364936-20615685-7712999 38203-38207 20615685 denotes 2010
32364936-20956078-7713000 38387-38391 20956078 denotes 2011
32364936-22290389-7713001 38606-38610 22290389 denotes 2012
32364936-22647532-7713002 38859-38863 22647532 denotes 2012
32364936-23811483-7713003 39096-39100 23811483 denotes 2013
32364936-23994166-7713004 39310-39314 23994166 denotes 2013
32364936-25220163-7713005 39489-39493 25220163 denotes 2014
32364936-24180352-7713006 39711-39715 24180352 denotes 2014
32364936-26176211-7713007 39968-39972 26176211 denotes 2015
32364936-25241123-7713008 40161-40165 25241123 denotes 2015
32364936-25820789-7713009 40334-40338 25820789 denotes 2015
32364936-26251911-7713010 40479-40483 26251911 denotes 2015
32364936-26435738-7713011 40685-40689 26435738 denotes 2015
32364936-25254625-7713012 40878-40882 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-26320785-7713013 41126-41130 26320785 denotes 2015
32364936-25562742-7713014 41312-41316 25562742 denotes 2015
32364936-27040944-7713019 42362-42366 27040944 denotes 2016
32364936-26695279-7713020 42583-42587 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713021 42693-42697 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-28382165-7713022 43080-43084 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-28382165-7713023 43270-43274 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-29053256-7713024 43439-43443 29053256 denotes 2017
32364936-29455027-7713025 43667-43671 29455027 denotes 2018
32364936-28756324-7713026 43849-43853 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-30609580-7713027 44010-44014 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30609580-7713028 44174-44178 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30609580-7713029 44334-44338 30609580 denotes 2019
32364936-30847572-7713030 44529-44533 30847572 denotes 2019
32364936-29897358-7713031 44875-44879 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-19041235-7713032 45534-45538 19041235 denotes 2009
32364936-15936099-7713033 45970-45974 15936099 denotes 2006
32364936-22453836-7713034 46084-46088 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-20419506-7713035 46651-46655 20419506 denotes 2010
32364936-19606287-7713036 46668-46672 19606287 denotes 2009
32364936-25254625-7713037 46885-46889 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-23220066-7713038 46903-46907 23220066 denotes 2013
32364936-27879709-7713039 47555-47559 27879709 denotes 2008
32364936-18715043-7713040 48263-48267 18715043 denotes 2008
32364936-22731392-7713041 48458-48462 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-32262272-7713042 48591-48595 32262272 denotes 2014
32364936-19837415-7713043 48917-48921 19837415 denotes 2010
32364936-19893517-7713044 49593-49597 19893517 denotes 2009
32364936-16510943-7713045 49946-49950 16510943 denotes 2006
32364936-23811484-7713046 50656-50660 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-28075594-7713047 51128-51132 28075594 denotes 2017
32364936-28075594-7713048 51595-51599 28075594 denotes 2017
32364936-28382165-7713049 52209-52213 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-25254625-7713050 52857-52861 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-19663392-7713051 53213-53217 19663392 denotes 2009
32364936-25254625-7713052 53735-53739 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-22142422-7713053 53752-53756 22142422 denotes 2012
32364936-28829912-7713054 53773-53777 28829912 denotes 2017
32364936-32214951-7713055 54635-54639 32214951 denotes 2011
32364936-12632403-7713056 55170-55174 12632403 denotes 2003
32364936-18023250-7713057 55378-55382 18023250 denotes 2007
32364936-19068327-7713058 55699-55703 19068327 denotes 2008
32364936-21241851-7713059 56496-56500 21241851 denotes 2011
32364936-18523759-7713060 56620-56624 18523759 denotes 2008
32364936-23101954-7713061 56729-56733 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-29897358-7713063 56987-56991 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-24416758-7713064 57331-57335 24416758 denotes 2014
32364936-17532612-7713065 57348-57352 17532612 denotes 2007
32364936-25402969-7713066 57782-57786 25402969 denotes 2015
32364936-28756324-7713067 58543-58547 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-28756324-7713068 58756-58760 28756324 denotes 2018
32364936-25196161-7713069 59689-59693 25196161 denotes 2014
32364936-25608959-7713070 62233-62237 25608959 denotes 2016
32364936-24982325-7713071 62482-62486 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-16822577-7713072 62967-62971 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-3298441-7713073 62989-62993 3298441 denotes 1987
32364936-16822577-7713074 63406-63410 16822577 denotes 2006
32364936-22408533-7713075 63699-63703 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-25263315-7713076 65005-65009 25263315 denotes 2015
32364936-23356211-7713077 65670-65674 23356211 denotes 2013
32364936-22408533-7713078 65829-65833 22408533 denotes 2009
32364936-22169951-7713079 66225-66229 22169951 denotes 2012
32364936-18633532-7713080 66441-66445 18633532 denotes 2008
32364936-26434765-7713081 66893-66897 26434765 denotes 2015
32364936-22200920-7713082 67567-67571 22200920 denotes 2012
32364936-24455181-7713083 67996-68000 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-25866267-7713084 68020-68024 25866267 denotes 2015
32364936-17627883-7713085 68224-68228 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-17627883-7713086 68442-68446 17627883 denotes 2007
32364936-24455181-7713087 69249-69253 24455181 denotes 2013
32364936-19072262-7713088 69915-69919 19072262 denotes 2008
32364936-20673624-7713089 70047-70051 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-20673624-7713090 70300-70304 20673624 denotes 2010
32364936-23085745-7713091 70518-70522 23085745 denotes 2012
32364936-29876564-7713092 71163-71167 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-28863325-7713093 71342-71346 28863325 denotes 2018
32364936-29876564-7713095 71523-71527 29876564 denotes 2018
32364936-27751788-7713096 71914-71918 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-27751788-7713097 72128-72132 27751788 denotes 2017
32364936-22917919-7713098 72164-72168 22917919 denotes 2013
32364936-22100344-7713099 72672-72676 22100344 denotes 2012
32364936-28193351-7713100 72698-72702 28193351 denotes 2017
32364936-18392027-7713101 74253-74257 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-26005094-7713102 78179-78183 26005094 denotes 2015
32364936-28649024-7713103 78589-78593 28649024 denotes 2017
32364936-19458861-7713104 79287-79291 19458861 denotes 2009
32364936-19716286-7713105 79925-79929 19716286 denotes 2009
32364936-19233634-7713106 80113-80117 19233634 denotes 2009
32364936-23058659-7713107 81741-81745 23058659 denotes 2013
32364936-18823768-7713108 81805-81809 18823768 denotes 2009
32364936-20833013-7713109 81873-81877 20833013 denotes 2010
32364936-22731392-7713110 81920-81924 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-22502614-7713111 82949-82953 22502614 denotes 2012
32364936-21889626-7713112 83305-83309 21889626 denotes 2011
32364936-24524681-7713113 86780-86784 24524681 denotes 2014
32364936-18392027-7713114 87445-87449 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-23428735-7713115 87626-87630 23428735 denotes 2013
32364936-18392027-7713116 87855-87859 18392027 denotes 2008
32364936-22453836-7713117 88941-88945 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-11261847-7713118 89442-89446 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-11261847-7713119 90359-90363 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-29756447-7713120 90408-90412 29756447 denotes 2018
32364936-11261847-7713121 90633-90637 11261847 denotes 2001
32364936-24325983-7713122 91827-91831 24325983 denotes 2014
32364936-27096467-7713124 93926-93930 27096467 denotes 2016
32364936-25254625-7713125 94738-94742 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-28372186-7713126 94938-94942 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-28372186-7713127 95248-95252 28372186 denotes 2017
32364936-26836649-7713128 95636-95640 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-28226280-7713129 95719-95723 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-22502614-7713130 97185-97189 22502614 denotes 2012
32364936-25562742-7713131 98191-98195 25562742 denotes 2015
32364936-24872904-7713132 98335-98339 24872904 denotes 2014
32364936-22608454-7713133 98966-98970 22608454 denotes 2012
32364936-26836649-7713134 102010-102014 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-26836649-7713135 102279-102283 26836649 denotes 2016
32364936-30413894-7713136 103407-103411 30413894 denotes 2018
32364936-25847459-7713137 103722-103726 25847459 denotes 2015
32364936-26990929-7713138 104413-104417 26990929 denotes 2016
32364936-30583283-7713139 104812-104816 30583283 denotes 2019
32364936-25587398-7713140 104861-104865 25587398 denotes 2013
32364936-18414837-7713141 105357-105361 18414837 denotes 2008
32364936-27657842-7713142 106053-106057 27657842 denotes 2017
32364936-27879836-7713143 107015-107019 27879836 denotes 2008
32364936-27879836-7713144 107308-107312 27879836 denotes 2008
32364936-28226280-7713145 107450-107454 28226280 denotes 2017
32364936-22453836-7713146 107601-107605 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-22731392-7713147 107773-107777 22731392 denotes 2012
32364936-25254625-7713148 110051-110055 25254625 denotes 2015
32364936-27040944-7713149 110308-110312 27040944 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713151 111297-111301 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-26796138-7713152 111580-111584 26796138 denotes 2016
32364936-25006540-7713153 112797-112801 25006540 denotes 2014
32364936-12920503-7713154 113827-113831 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-30469077-7713155 113894-113898 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-17967057-7713156 114548-114552 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-27195214-7713157 115378-115382 27195214 denotes 2016
32364936-30469077-7713158 115395-115399 30469077 denotes 2019
32364936-20102582-7713159 117641-117645 20102582 denotes 2009
32364936-12920503-7713160 117752-117756 12920503 denotes 2003
32364936-19340897-7713161 118429-118433 19340897 denotes 2009
32364936-18462090-7713162 118655-118659 18462090 denotes 2008
32364936-17967057-7713163 118957-118961 17967057 denotes 2007
32364936-16914034-7713164 120251-120255 16914034 denotes 2006
32364936-26693023-7713165 120512-120516 26693023 denotes 2015
32364936-12002233-7713166 120607-120611 12002233 denotes 2002
32364936-25859123-7713167 120794-120798 25859123 denotes 2015
32364936-25954260-7713168 120927-120931 25954260 denotes 2015
32364936-10921934-7713169 122013-122017 10921934 denotes 2000
32364936-12843051-7713170 122035-122039 12843051 denotes 2003
32364936-19671147-7713171 122056-122060 19671147 denotes 2009
32364936-27225406-7713172 122075-122079 27225406 denotes 2016
32364936-17146064-7713173 122306-122310 17146064 denotes 2006
32364936-24982325-7713174 122640-122644 24982325 denotes 2014
32364936-19948896-7713175 123952-123956 19948896 denotes 2009
32364936-28723142-7713176 124217-124221 28723142 denotes 2017
32364936-15525226-7713177 125192-125196 15525226 denotes 2004
32364936-26695279-7713178 127496-127500 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-23811484-7713179 127522-127526 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-26695279-7713180 128068-128072 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-26695279-7713181 128239-128243 26695279 denotes 2016
32364936-23811484-7713182 128296-128300 23811484 denotes 2013
32364936-22453836-7713183 128480-128484 22453836 denotes 2012
32364936-27146365-7713184 129195-129199 27146365 denotes 2016
32364936-24763966-7713185 129316-129320 24763966 denotes 2014
32364936-29897358-7713187 129451-129455 29897358 denotes 2018
32364936-24853270-7713188 130388-130392 24853270 denotes 2014
32364936-26898945-7713189 130685-130689 26898945 denotes 2016
32364936-25567225-7713191 131624-131628 25567225 denotes 2015
32364936-11432808-7713192 131689-131693 11432808 denotes 2001
32364936-27818053-7713193 132479-132483 27818053 denotes 2017
32364936-30718852-7713194 132659-132663 30718852 denotes 2019
32364936-28382165-7713195 133412-133416 28382165 denotes 2017
32364936-25402969-7713196 134520-134524 25402969 denotes 2015
32364936-19932018-7713197 134539-134543 19932018 denotes 2010
32364936-20961052-7713198 134567-134571 20961052 denotes 2010
32364936-22608418-7713199 134798-134802 22608418 denotes 2012
32364936-20337388-7713200 135873-135877 20337388 denotes 2009
32364936-14520401-7713201 136354-136358 14520401 denotes 2003
32364936-19086204-7713202 136374-136378 19086204 denotes 2008
32364936-29633323-7713203 136392-136396 29633323 denotes 2018
32364936-26410389-7713204 136594-136598 26410389 denotes 2016
32364936-26901771-7713205 136616-136620 26901771 denotes 2016
32364936-23101954-7713206 136997-137001 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-19606287-7713207 137213-137217 19606287 denotes 2009
32364936-24019250-7713208 137612-137616 24019250 denotes 2013
32364936-26808189-7713209 137631-137635 26808189 denotes 2016
32364936-23542064-7713210 137663-137667 23542064 denotes 2013
32364936-23101954-7713211 137851-137855 23101954 denotes 2012
32364936-28248946-7713212 138331-138335 28248946 denotes 2017
32364936-24524681-7713213 138348-138352 24524681 denotes 2014
32364936-25558994-7713214 138811-138815 25558994 denotes 2014
32364936-25648709-7713215 139116-139120 25648709 denotes 2015
32364936-22453836-7713216 139481-139485 22453836 denotes 2012