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PMC:7143804 / 981-48862 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
40 144-164 Species denotes Covid-19 coronavirus Tax:2697049
41 181-187 Species denotes People Tax:9606
42 392-398 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
43 562-579 Species denotes Coxiella burnetii Tax:777
44 591-610 Species denotes Mycobacterium bovis Tax:1765
45 612-618 Species denotes bovine Tax:9913
46 807-813 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
47 885-898 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
48 944-952 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
49 1055-1061 Species denotes people Tax:9606
50 724-735 Species denotes Escherichia Tax:562
51 103-111 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
52 209-217 Disease denotes Zoonoses MESH:D015047
53 429-437 Disease denotes zoonotic MESH:D015047
54 524-532 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
55 541-551 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
56 583-588 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
57 619-631 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
58 668-681 Disease denotes Salmonellosis MESH:D012480
59 1145-1153 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
63 2244-2252 Gene denotes helicase Gene:164045
64 1769-1774 Species denotes human Tax:9606
65 1760-1768 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
69 4492-4500 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
70 5052-5057 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
71 5088-5090 Chemical denotes Cu MESH:D003300
76 6300-6320 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane MESH:C013830
77 6322-6326 Chemical denotes PDMS MESH:C013830
78 6737-6760 Chemical denotes cyclic olefin copolymer
79 6762-6765 Chemical denotes COC
86 7237-7242 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
87 7376-7381 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
88 7434-7437 Chemical denotes COC
89 7446-7451 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
90 7571-7576 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
91 8234-8239 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
95 8510-8517 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
96 9036-9041 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
97 9073-9078 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
99 15014-15019 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
107 16138-16141 Chemical denotes COC
108 16142-16145 Chemical denotes H2O
109 16146-16149 Chemical denotes COC
110 17080-17083 Chemical denotes COC
111 17088-17091 Chemical denotes H2O
112 17445-17448 Chemical denotes COC
113 17456-17459 Chemical denotes H2O
119 18186-18189 Chemical denotes COC
120 18257-18260 Chemical denotes H2O
121 18670-18673 Chemical denotes COC
122 18674-18677 Chemical denotes H2O
123 18678-18681 Chemical denotes COC
129 19241-19246 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
130 19710-19712 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
131 19717-19719 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
132 19747-19749 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
133 19753-19755 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
136 20769-20771 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
137 20776-20778 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
145 21171-21180 Chemical denotes copolymer
146 21225-21243 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon MESH:D006844
147 21245-21255 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
148 21301-21307 Chemical denotes ethene MESH:C036216
149 21555-21565 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
150 22477-22488 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
151 21709-21723 Disease denotes heater failure MESH:D006333
154 22778-22789 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
155 23075-23086 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
164 23409-23414 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
165 23481-23486 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
166 23722-23724 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
167 23728-23730 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
168 24273-24278 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
169 24329-24334 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
170 23435-23443 Disease denotes backside
171 24530-24539 CellLine denotes a Heraeus CVCL:S575
180 25052-25055 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
181 25061-25064 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
182 24826-24833 Chemical denotes acetone MESH:D000096
183 24845-24850 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
184 24852-24859 Chemical denotes ethanol MESH:D000431
185 24865-24876 Chemical denotes isopropanol MESH:D019840
186 24954-24956 Chemical denotes N2
187 24776-24784 Disease denotes backside
195 26862-26865 Chemical denotes H2O
196 27035-27038 Chemical denotes COC
197 27043-27046 Chemical denotes H2O
198 27229-27232 Chemical denotes COC
199 27237-27240 Chemical denotes H2O
200 27435-27438 Chemical denotes H2O
201 27443-27446 Chemical denotes COC
204 29397-29402 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
205 29251-29259 Disease denotes stresses MESH:D000079225
213 30707-30709 Chemical denotes N2
214 30860-30871 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
215 31036-31046 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
216 31072-31078 Chemical denotes ethene MESH:C036216
217 31093-31103 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
218 31138-31156 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon MESH:D006844
219 31256-31267 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
221 32030-32035 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
227 32177-32179 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
228 32184-32186 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
229 32388-32393 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
230 32457-32462 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
231 32523-32532 Chemical denotes polyimide
237 32715-32720 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
238 32773-32778 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
239 33308-33311 Chemical denotes TCR
240 33378-33380 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
241 33385-33387 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
248 33427-33432 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
249 34066-34068 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
250 34073-34075 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
251 34315-34320 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
252 34334-34336 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
253 34352-34354 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
255 34535-34540 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
259 34777-34780 Chemical denotes TCR
260 34809-34814 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
261 35230-35233 Chemical denotes TCR
263 35449-35451 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
266 35939-35941 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
267 36643-36648 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
270 38114-38117 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
271 38071-38074 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
277 38731-38736 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
278 38832-38837 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
279 39033-39041 Chemical denotes EvaGreen
280 39334-39339 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
281 39678-39683 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
285 39857-39859 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
286 39989-39994 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
287 40048-40053 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
290 40487-40489 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
291 40500-40505 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
296 41369-41374 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
297 41411-41413 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
298 41514-41519 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
299 41721-41728 Chemical denotes cyanine
303 44746-44754 Gene denotes helicase Gene:164045
304 44559-44567 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
305 45702-45719 Disease denotes zoonoses diseases MESH:D015047
307 46408-46413 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867

LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 13284-13287 https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00063MO denotes CAD

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T4 1919-1940 Body_part denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T5 1942-1945 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T6 1971-1974 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T7 1978-1994 Body_part denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T8 1996-1999 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T9 2161-2164 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T10 2168-2171 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T11 2369-2372 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T12 2376-2379 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T13 2522-2525 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T14 2530-2533 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T15 2644-2647 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T16 3662-3665 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T17 4588-4591 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T18 5788-5791 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T19 5795-5798 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T20 7484-7490 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T21 8524-8527 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T22 9310-9313 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T23 10161-10167 Body_part denotes genome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116
T24 10217-10220 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T25 10274-10277 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T26 10404-10407 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T27 10603-10606 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T28 10713-10716 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T29 10767-10770 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T30 10910-10913 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T31 11686-11689 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T32 12371-12374 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T33 13012-13014 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T35 13015-13018 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T36 13454-13457 Body_part denotes CAM http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67214
T37 13869-13878 Body_part denotes trapezoid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma23724
T38 13989-13999 Body_part denotes trapezoids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma23724
T39 14807-14809 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T40 14814-14822 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T41 15322-15324 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T43 16026-16029 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T44 16778-16786 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T45 18732-18740 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T46 25190-25193 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T47 25254-25256 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T49 25257-25260 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T50 30138-30140 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T52 32471-32475 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T53 33662-33664 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T54 33668-33676 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T55 34582-34584 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T56 34588-34596 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T57 36076-36079 Body_part denotes map http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67847
T58 37513-37516 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T59 37664-37666 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T61 37667-37670 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T62 37820-37827 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T63 38213-38216 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T64 38578-38580 Body_part denotes AG http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T65 38656-38658 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T67 38659-38662 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T68 39014-39017 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T69 39598-39600 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T70 39604-39612 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T71 40996-40999 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T72 41168-41176 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T73 41684-41687 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T74 41774-41777 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T75 41840-41843 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T76 42258-42261 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T77 42400-42403 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T78 42434-42437 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T79 42882-42885 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T80 43085-43088 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T81 43339-43342 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T82 44642-44645 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T83 44742-44745 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T84 44792-44795 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T85 44896-44904 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T86 45034-45037 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T87 45457-45460 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T88 45528-45531 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T89 45606-45609 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T90 45656-45659 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T91 47015-47020 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T92 47022-47027 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938
T93 47029-47035 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T94 47076-47081 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T95 47092-47095 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T96 47154-47158 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T97 47189-47192 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 6703-6708 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T2 15070-15075 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T3 22979-22984 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T4 24175-24180 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T5 32471-32475 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T6 35508-35513 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T7 38562-38566 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T8 38957-38961 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T9 39076-39080 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T10 39301-39305 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T11 39445-39449 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T12 39643-39647 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T13 41139-41143 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T14 47015-47020 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T15 47022-47027 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912
T16 47029-47035 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T17 47221-47234 Body_part denotes bodily fluids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T8 103-111 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T9 209-217 Disease denotes Zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T10 524-532 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T11 541-551 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 581-588 Disease denotes Q-fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019186
T13 612-631 Disease denotes bovine tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025136
T14 619-631 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T15 668-681 Disease denotes Salmonellosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000827
T16 699-717 Disease denotes Campylobacteriosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005688
T17 5543-5546 Disease denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000922
T18 5577-5580 Disease denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000922
T19 8639-8668 Disease denotes Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021681
T20 13284-13287 Disease denotes CAD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005010|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018922
T22 13566-13569 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T24 21845-21848 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T26 22751-22754 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T28 24842-24844 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T29 25683-25685 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T30 25711-25713 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T31 30324-30328 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T32 30394-30398 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T33 30596-30600 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T34 32560-32562 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T35 40497-40499 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T36 44559-44567 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T37 45702-45710 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T9 47-48 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 227-228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 251-257 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T12 338-345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T13 355-366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 denotes vertebrates
T14 380-387 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T15 392-398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T16 452-460 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T17 462-469 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T18 807-813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T19 993-994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 1116-1123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T21 1563-1564 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T22 1572-1573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 1769-1774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T24 1778-1784 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T25 1958-1966 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T26 2012-2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T27 2027-2028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 2341-2343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T29 2355-2356 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 2401-2402 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 2431-2432 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 2548-2555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T33 2801-2802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 2833-2838 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T35 3163-3164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 3341-3342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 3348-3355 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T38 3653-3658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T39 4009-4010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 4048-4049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T41 4415-4416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 4553-4554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43 4560-4567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T44 4664-4665 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 5233-5234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46 5341-5342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 5507-5508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T48 5639-5640 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 5769-5770 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 5776-5783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T51 5846-5849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050884 denotes ten
T52 5936-5943 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T53 5977-5978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 6421-6422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 6621-6623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T56 6938-6945 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T57 7022-7024 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T58 7119-7120 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T59 7210-7212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T60 7255-7256 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T61 7336-7337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62 7464-7465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T63 7484-7490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T64 7502-7509 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T65 7502-7509 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T66 7787-7790 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T67 7791-7792 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68 8496-8497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 8620-8632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T70 8716-8723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes Devices
T71 8747-8748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T72 8932-8933 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T73 8934-8940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T74 8991-8998 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focuses
T75 9351-9352 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 9592-9598 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T77 10032-10033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T78 10057-10058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79 10143-10144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 10222-10224 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T81 10326-10327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T82 10585-10586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T83 10625-10626 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T84 11163-11164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T85 11204-11205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 11508-11509 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 11677-11678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88 11914-11915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T89 12080-12083 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T90 12319-12320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 12464-12471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T92 12595-12596 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 12618-12619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T94 12659-12663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2, a
T95 12851-12853 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T96 13256-13260 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T97 13536-13537 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T98 13566-13569 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T99 13805-13806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T100 14227-14228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T101 14437-14438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T102 14551-14552 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 14640-14641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T104 14823-14824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T105 14914-14915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T106 15012-15013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 15088-15089 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T108 15557-15558 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T109 15617-15618 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T110 15894-15896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T111 16024-16025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T112 16136-16137 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T113 16169-16175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T114 16628-16631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T115 16712-16714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T116 16712-16714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T117 16787-16788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T118 16825-16826 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T119 16864-16866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T120 16864-16866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T121 17034-17035 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T122 17290-17291 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T123 17417-17418 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 17589-17590 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 17598-17599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T126 17641-17644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T127 17645-17646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T128 17938-17939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T129 18056-18058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0004265 denotes ht
T130 18203-18209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T131 18447-18453 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T132 18530-18531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 18630-18637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T134 18741-18742 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T135 18778-18787 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extremely
T136 18868-18869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T137 19113-19114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T138 19290-19291 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T139 19328-19335 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extreme
T140 19455-19459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007803 denotes mm a
T141 19956-19957 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T142 20010-20011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T143 20076-20082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3. (4)
T144 20121-20123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T145 20152-20154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T146 20245-20247 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T147 20802-20803 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T148 20822-20823 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T149 20929-20930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T150 21269-21270 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T151 21585-21586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T152 21731-21732 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T153 21845-21848 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T154 21862-21863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T155 21971-21972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T156 22044-22046 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T157 22069-22070 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T158 22298-22299 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T159 22426-22433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T160 22446-22447 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 22515-22517 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4c
T162 22545-22546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T163 22751-22754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T164 22863-22866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T165 22971-22972 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T166 23281-23287 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T167 23324-23326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T168 23407-23408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T169 23488-23490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T170 23567-23569 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T171 23570-23573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T172 23574-23575 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T173 23867-23868 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T174 23921-23923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0037161 denotes en
T175 24041-24042 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T176 24418-24422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T177 24530-24531 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T178 24643-24644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T179 24667-24678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes Instruments
T180 24878-24880 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 45
T181 25017-25018 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T182 25496-25497 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T183 25670-25671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T184 25672-25675 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001002 denotes 162
T185 25683-25685 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T186 25711-25713 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T187 25827-25828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 25957-25958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T189 27542-27543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T190 27733-27734 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 27831-27832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T192 27972-27973 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T193 28142-28143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T194 28173-28174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T195 28187-28188 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T196 28209-28210 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T197 28263-28264 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T198 28590-28592 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T199 28623-28624 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T200 28669-28670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T201 28755-28756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T202 28845-28851 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T203 29163-29165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T204 29395-29396 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T205 29430-29433 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T206 29956-29957 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T207 30076-30077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T208 30322-30323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T209 30512-30513 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 31422-31423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T211 31482-31484 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008149 denotes NE
T212 31550-31551 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T213 31703-31706 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T214 32284-32288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T215 32348-32352 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Test
T216 32469-32470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 32520-32522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003788 denotes HN
T218 32560-32562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T219 32654-32658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T220 32681-32682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T221 32839-32840 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T222 33355-33358 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T223 33370-33373 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T224 33385-33391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008516 denotes Pt [67
T225 33443-33444 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T226 33559-33560 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T227 33662-33664 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T228 33677-33680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes C.1
T229 34008-34011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes C−1
T230 34092-34095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T231 34112-34115 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T232 34164-34167 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T233 34168-34169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T234 34224-34227 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T235 34582-34584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T236 34597-34600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002105 denotes C.2
T237 34597-34600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051742 denotes C.2
T238 34765-34771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T239 34909-34910 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T240 35065-35066 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T241 35142-35143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T242 35159-35163 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T243 35169-35170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T244 35205-35206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T245 35439-35445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T246 35572-35575 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002199 denotes car
T247 35698-35699 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T248 36040-36050 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes facing the
T249 36069-36070 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T250 36176-36177 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T251 36366-36367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T252 36641-36642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T253 36713-36714 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T254 36852-36858 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T255 36943-36944 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T256 37138-37139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T257 37462-37463 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T258 37788-37790 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T259 37828-37836 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T260 37852-37853 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T261 37884-37885 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T262 37912-37918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T263 38052-38053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T264 38299-38300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T265 38387-38389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T266 38562-38566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T267 38796-38798 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003064 denotes im
T268 38891-38892 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T269 38957-38961 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T270 39076-39080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T271 39095-39096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T272 39254-39255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T273 39301-39305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T274 39323-39324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T275 39445-39449 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T276 39598-39600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T277 39643-39647 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T278 40007-40011 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T279 40037-40038 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T280 40122-40123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T281 40222-40223 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T282 40437-40442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tubes
T283 40584-40585 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T284 40692-40693 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T285 40812-40815 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T286 40816-40817 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T287 40906-40912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T288 40916-40917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T289 41139-41143 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T290 41200-41206 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T291 41588-41594 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T292 41650-41651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T293 41701-41702 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T294 41811-41812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T295 41997-41998 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T296 42121-42124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001343 denotes aim
T297 42746-42747 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T298 42784-42785 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T299 43066-43072 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T300 43121-43122 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T301 43257-43263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T302 43280-43281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T303 43423-43424 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T304 43598-43599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T305 43918-43924 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T306 44159-44165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T307 44355-44361 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T308 44396-44402 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T309 44507-44508 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T310 44509-44515 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T311 44613-44619 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T312 45032-45033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T313 45118-45119 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T314 45373-45374 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T315 45455-45456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T316 45533-45535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T317 45604-45605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T318 45671-45678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T319 45680-45682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T320 45690-45695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T321 45734-45741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T322 45743-45745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T323 45766-45767 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T324 45872-45873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T325 45945-45946 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T326 46133-46134 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T327 46170-46171 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T328 46339-46341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T329 46397-46398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T330 46555-46556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T331 46794-46797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T332 46866-46869 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T333 47015-47020 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T334 47015-47020 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T335 47076-47081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T336 47154-47158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T337 47221-47234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes bodily fluids
T338 47406-47407 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T339 47461-47462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T340 47511-47512 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T341 47545-47546 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T342 47547-47553 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T343 47590-47591 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T344 47635-47636 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T345 47687-47688 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T346 47751-47752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T347 47767-47768 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T4 278-283 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T5 1300-1305 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T6 1919-1940 Chemical denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T7 1936-1940 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T8 1942-1945 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T9 1971-1974 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T10 1978-1994 Chemical denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T11 1990-1994 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T12 1996-1999 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T13 2161-2164 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14 2168-2171 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T15 2278-2281 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T16 2369-2372 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T17 2376-2379 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T18 2388-2391 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T19 2522-2525 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T20 2530-2533 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T21 2644-2647 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T22 3662-3665 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T23 4492-4500 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T24 4588-4591 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T25 5088-5090 Chemical denotes Cu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28694
T26 5543-5546 Chemical denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8066
T27 5577-5580 Chemical denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8066
T28 5788-5791 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T29 5795-5798 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T30 5850-5858 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T31 5883-5889 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T32 6300-6320 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48137|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61466|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T36 6322-6326 Chemical denotes PDMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T38 6737-6750 Chemical denotes cyclic olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33642
T39 6744-6750 Chemical denotes olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32878|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33641
T41 6751-6760 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T43 6762-6765 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T44 7046-7049 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T45 7257-7260 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T46 7434-7437 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T47 7510-7517 Chemical denotes solvent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46787
T48 7586-7589 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T49 7670-7673 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T50 7690-7692 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T51 7783-7786 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T52 7823-7825 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T53 7843-7846 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T54 8072-8075 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T55 8140-8147 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T56 8510-8517 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T58 8524-8527 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T59 9125-9128 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T60 9227-9230 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T61 9310-9313 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T62 10034-10037 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T63 10136-10139 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T64 10217-10220 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T65 10274-10277 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T66 10404-10407 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T67 10411-10414 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T68 10603-10606 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T69 10615-10623 Chemical denotes molecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T70 10713-10716 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T71 10742-10747 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T72 10767-10770 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T73 10910-10913 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T74 10960-10967 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T75 11022-11030 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T76 11046-11053 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T77 11686-11689 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T78 11798-11801 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T79 11916-11922 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T80 12371-12374 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T81 12387-12390 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T82 12771-12784 Chemical denotes food coloring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_77182
T83 12785-12788 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T84 13015-13018 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T85 13038-13040 Chemical denotes GE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73801
T86 13122-13125 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T87 13126-13134 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T88 13566-13569 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T89 14145-14152 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T90 14595-14602 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T91 15745-15748 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T92 15861-15864 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T93 16026-16029 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T94 16138-16141 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T95 16142-16145 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T96 16146-16149 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T97 17080-17083 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T98 17088-17091 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T99 17445-17448 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T100 17456-17459 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T101 17467-17470 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T102 17591-17594 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T103 17647-17649 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T104 18102-18104 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T107 18186-18189 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T108 18257-18260 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T109 18670-18673 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T110 18674-18677 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T111 18678-18681 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T112 19710-19712 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T113 19717-19719 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T115 19747-19749 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T116 19753-19755 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T118 20088-20090 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T119 20152-20154 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T121 20168-20170 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T122 20180-20182 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T124 20245-20247 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T126 20261-20263 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T127 20279-20281 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T129 20428-20430 Chemical denotes Pi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35780
T130 20686-20688 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T131 20692-20694 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T133 20769-20771 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T134 20776-20778 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T136 20993-20996 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T137 21171-21180 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T139 21225-21243 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33663
T140 21232-21243 Chemical denotes hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24632
T141 21245-21255 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T142 21301-21307 Chemical denotes ethene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18153
T143 21335-21338 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T144 21441-21451 Chemical denotes Kunststoff http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T145 21469-21479 Chemical denotes Kunststoff http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T146 21555-21565 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T147 21603-21605 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T148 21845-21848 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T149 21871-21873 Chemical denotes WF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74874
T150 21902-21904 Chemical denotes SA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35962|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38358|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45373|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74801
T154 22477-22488 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T155 22571-22574 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T156 22751-22754 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T157 22778-22789 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T158 22859-22862 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T159 23075-23086 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T160 23488-23490 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T161 23567-23569 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T162 23722-23724 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T163 23728-23730 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T165 23756-23762 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T166 23921-23923 Chemical denotes en http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30347
T167 24059-24061 Chemical denotes CE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3663
T168 24364-24367 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T169 24826-24833 Chemical denotes acetone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15347
T170 24845-24850 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T171 24852-24859 Chemical denotes ethanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16236
T172 24954-24956 Chemical denotes N2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17997
T173 25190-25193 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T174 25209-25215 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T175 25257-25260 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T176 25308-25311 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T177 25683-25685 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T178 25711-25713 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T179 26199-26205 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T180 26862-26865 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T181 26870-26873 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T182 27035-27038 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T183 27043-27046 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T184 27229-27232 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T185 27237-27240 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T186 27435-27438 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T187 27443-27446 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T188 27666-27673 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T189 28555-28558 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T190 29065-29072 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T191 29163-29165 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T192 29352-29355 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T193 29722-29725 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T194 29994-30002 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T195 30314-30317 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T196 30553-30556 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T197 30631-30634 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T198 30707-30709 Chemical denotes N2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17997
T199 30812-30815 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T200 30860-30871 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T201 30941-30951 Chemical denotes copolymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T203 31036-31046 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T204 31072-31078 Chemical denotes ethene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18153
T205 31093-31103 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T206 31138-31156 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33663
T207 31145-31156 Chemical denotes hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24632
T208 31235-31249 Chemical denotes polar solvents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48354
T209 31241-31249 Chemical denotes solvents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46787
T210 31256-31267 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T211 31468-31470 Chemical denotes Co http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27638
T212 31482-31484 Chemical denotes NE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73824
T213 31699-31702 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T214 32146-32149 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T215 32177-32179 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T216 32184-32186 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T218 32523-32532 Chemical denotes polyimide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53232|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61484
T220 32560-32562 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T221 32692-32694 Chemical denotes Si http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T222 33378-33380 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T223 33385-33387 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T225 33445-33448 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T226 34066-34068 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T227 34073-34075 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T229 34136-34139 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T230 34334-34336 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T231 34352-34354 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T233 35449-35451 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T234 35709-35712 Chemical denotes Pro http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50342
T235 35939-35941 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T236 36618-36621 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T237 36643-36648 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T238 37513-37516 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T239 37588-37591 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T240 37667-37670 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T241 37715-37718 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T242 37820-37827 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T243 37926-37929 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T244 38213-38216 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T245 38509-38512 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T246 38578-38580 Chemical denotes AG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27569|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_40618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73757
T249 38659-38662 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T250 38707-38710 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T251 38731-38736 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T252 38770-38772 Chemical denotes RV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73823
T253 38796-38798 Chemical denotes im http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30366
T254 38832-38837 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T255 38991-38998 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T256 39014-39017 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T257 39042-39045 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T258 39046-39054 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T259 39176-39179 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T260 39334-39339 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T261 39533-39541 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T262 39678-39683 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T263 39794-39797 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T264 39857-39859 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T265 39989-39994 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T266 40048-40053 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T267 40457-40463 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T268 40500-40505 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T269 40536-40538 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T272 40668-40675 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T273 40808-40811 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T274 40918-40925 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T275 40955-40961 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T276 40974-40980 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T277 40996-40999 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T278 41029-41036 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T279 41369-41374 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T280 41411-41413 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T281 41514-41519 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T282 41684-41687 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T283 41742-41745 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T284 41774-41777 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T285 41786-41790 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T286 41840-41843 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T287 41852-41856 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T288 41882-41886 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T289 41992-41995 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T290 42258-42261 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T291 42400-42403 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T292 42434-42437 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T293 42506-42509 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T294 42882-42885 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T295 43085-43088 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T296 43110-43113 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T297 43232-43234 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T298 43307-43310 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T299 43339-43342 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T300 43384-43387 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T301 43542-43545 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T302 43742-43745 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T303 43833-43836 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T304 44007-44010 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T305 44642-44645 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T306 44716-44719 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T307 44729-44732 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T308 44742-44745 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T309 44792-44795 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T310 44896-44904 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T311 45034-45037 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T312 45096-45101 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T313 45297-45300 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T314 45457-45460 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T315 45528-45531 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T316 45606-45609 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T317 45656-45659 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T318 45727-45733 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T319 46408-46413 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T320 47092-47095 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T321 47189-47192 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T322 47240-47248 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T323 47343-47346 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T324 47356-47359 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T325 47566-47573 Chemical denotes essence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48318

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T2 583-588 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T3 2644-2661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T4 3662-3679 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T5 4588-4605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T6 8524-8541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T7 13015-13032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T8 24470-24478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T9 25257-25274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T10 33746-33754 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T11 34550-34555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T12 37513-37530 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA Amplification
T13 37667-37684 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T14 37801-37812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T15 38213-38230 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T16 38659-38676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T17 42258-42275 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T18 42882-42899 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T19 43085-43103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplifications
T20 44642-44660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplifications
T21 44792-44807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006260 denotes DNA replication
T22 45576-45589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003968 denotes transcriptase
T23 45576-45589 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003899 denotes transcriptase
T24 47159-47164 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes lysis
T25 47269-47274 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes lysis

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T9 0-2 Sentence denotes 1.
T10 3-15 Sentence denotes Introduction
T11 16-76 Sentence denotes Diseases were and can still be a major problem in the world.
T12 77-112 Sentence denotes Examples are outbreaks of zoonoses.
T13 113-208 Sentence denotes One very recent example is the Covid-19 coronavirus outbreak in the People’s Republic of China.
T14 209-272 Sentence denotes Zoonoses are also a widespread problem in animal husbandry [1].
T15 273-399 Sentence denotes This group encompasses diseases which can be transferred between animals (usually vertebrates) and between animals and humans.
T16 400-501 Sentence denotes They are transmitted through zoonotic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) [2,3,4].
T17 502-765 Sentence denotes Examples of bacterial zoonoses are the infections caused by Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis), and by species of the Salmonella (Salmonellosis), Campylobacter (Campylobacteriosis), and Escherichia (Escherichiasis) genus [2,5].
T18 766-837 Sentence denotes These diseases are of potential risk for humans and livestock of farms.
T19 838-957 Sentence denotes Poon et al. show that early-stage detection of coronaviruses positively influence the survival chances of patients [6].
T20 958-1103 Sentence denotes An outbreak among the livestock of a farm is often disastrous to the owner of that farm, and for people living in the proximity of that farm [7].
T21 1104-1258 Sentence denotes Often, more animals of the livestock are infected and the whole livestock is exterminated out of precaution, which could lead to bankruptcy of the farmer.
T22 1259-1392 Sentence denotes Therefore, early-stage detection of this group of diseases, and other diseases as well, is often the key to save lives and livestock.
T23 1393-1562 Sentence denotes As these diseases are also encountered at remote locations and in developing countries, it is desired that such detection equipment is portable and as cheap as possible.
T24 1563-1631 Sentence denotes A lab-on-a-chip platform can be used for this early-stage detection.
T25 1632-1820 Sentence denotes In the early stage of diseases, the agent, and therefore its genetic material, is only present in low concentrations within the infected human or animal, making detection rather difficult.
T26 1821-2104 Sentence denotes One way to overcome this low concentration is to amplify the genetic material of the agent, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in case of bacteria and DNA or ribonucleic acid (RNA) in case of viruses, until a certain threshold is reached and detection of the disease is made possible.
T27 2105-2466 Sentence denotes When this amplification reaction is specific to certain DNA or RNA sequences, for example, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [6,8], helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) [9,10], or loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) [11], and when a fluorescent DNA or RNA binding dye is used, a simple yes-or-no answer for a specific disease can be obtained.
T28 2468-2472 Sentence denotes 1.1.
T29 2473-2489 Sentence denotes State-of-the-Art
T30 2490-2569 Sentence denotes In the past, several chip-based DNA and RNA amplification devices are reported.
T31 2570-2677 Sentence denotes It goes beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the state-of-the-art of DNA amplification chips in-depth.
T32 2678-2766 Sentence denotes There are several good review papers written on this topic [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
T33 2767-2839 Sentence denotes Readers are referred to these for a comprehensive overview of the field.
T34 2840-3030 Sentence denotes In this paper, the state-of-the-art is divided into several discussion points, i.e., the heating method, the temperature control method, and the substrate material and fabrication technique.
T35 3031-3073 Sentence denotes These points will be discussed separately.
T36 3074-3140 Sentence denotes With respect to heat supply, different methods have been employed.
T37 3141-3253 Sentence denotes Almassian et al. give a comprehensive overview of different possible heating methods in their review paper [12].
T38 3254-3403 Sentence denotes Not all of the mentioned methods are easy to implement in low-cost and portable lab-on-a-chip devices due to their bulkiness or implementation costs.
T39 3404-3513 Sentence denotes Examples of these rather difficult methods are using heating via induction, infrared, or microwave radiation.
T40 3514-3641 Sentence denotes Others are not useful due ot their challenging temperature control, like with heating up the system using exothermic reactions.
T41 3642-3725 Sentence denotes Within the field of DNA amplification, different mechanisms of amplification exist.
T42 3726-3811 Sentence denotes Some are based on thermo cycling processes, e.g., PCR, whereas others are isothermal.
T43 3812-3899 Sentence denotes The use of an isothermal amplification technique puts less requirements on the heaters.
T44 3900-4093 Sentence denotes Isothermal processes are either truly isothermal or consisting of three different temperatures, as they have a thermal denaturation step before and a termination step after the elongation step.
T45 4094-4243 Sentence denotes The switching between these temperature steps does not have to be as fast as with thermal cycling steps in, for example, PCR amplification reactions.
T46 4244-4376 Sentence denotes The use of less temperature variations makes it easier to maintain the set temperature as there is less heating an cooling involved.
T47 4377-4501 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it eliminates the use of a continuous flow approach in systems with low thermal conductivities, e.g., polymers.
T48 4502-4576 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is easier to implement within lab-on-a-chip devices [17,21].
T49 4577-4734 Sentence denotes Isothermal DNA amplification reactions can already be performed by putting the chip on a commercially available hotplate [22,23] or Peltier elements [24,25].
T50 4735-4796 Sentence denotes However, these heating systems are bulky and power-consuming.
T51 4797-4884 Sentence denotes Therefore, they are not useful for portable equipment or operation at remote locations.
T52 4885-4950 Sentence denotes Miniaturizing heaters lowers the bulkiness and power consumption.
T53 4951-5139 Sentence denotes Miniaturized heaters can be integrated as integrated resistive heaters, e.g., as deposited thin-film metal [26,27,28,29] or as laminated Cu foil [30], or as micro-Peltier elements [31,32].
T54 5140-5319 Sentence denotes These miniaturized heaters can be implemented directly onto the microfluidic chip [28] or on a different substrate and leter incorporated onto the microfluidic chip [33,34,35,36].
T55 5320-5443 Sentence denotes The geometry of such a heater contributes significantly to the uniformity of the heat distribution within the chip [26,37].
T56 5444-5570 Sentence denotes One method to accurately control the temperature is the use of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controlled thermostat.
T57 5571-5703 Sentence denotes These PID controllers are coupled to the electrical heaters and use a thermocouple as feedback-loop to the controller [22,23,24,25].
T58 5704-5813 Sentence denotes There are various materials that can be used to fabricate lab-on-a-chip devices for DNA or RNA amplification.
T59 5814-5949 Sentence denotes In the past 15 years, more than ten polymers, ceramic materials, and metals have successfully been used to fabricate such devices [15].
T60 5950-6029 Sentence denotes The major property playing a role here is the biocompatibility of the material.
T61 6030-6118 Sentence denotes The surface of the microfluidic structure should not inhibit the amplification reaction.
T62 6119-6272 Sentence denotes This biocompatibility can be an intrinsic property of the material or the surface can be modified or coated to achieve this [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
T63 6273-6403 Sentence denotes One often used material is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [22,23,31,32,34,35,38], which can be processed using soft lithography [39].
T64 6404-6521 Sentence denotes However, this is a fabrication technology used in academia and is not suitable for upscaling to mass production [40].
T65 6522-6625 Sentence denotes Fabrication methods suitable for mass production are thermoforming/embossing or injection molding [41].
T66 6626-6845 Sentence denotes One of the materials which is biocompatible and suitable for both industrial scale fabrication technologies is cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) [42], which is one of the materials used in the past as well [28,36,43,44,45].
T67 6846-7026 Sentence denotes Guckenberger et al. estimates the costs of injection molding of only 50 simple microfluidic devices on $47, but this becomes cheaper when the mass production stage is reached [41].
T68 7027-7100 Sentence denotes Another benefit of COC is the possibility to shape it using micromilling.
T69 7101-7214 Sentence denotes This technique is a rapid prototyping technology and therefore very useful within proof-of-concept projects [41].
T70 7215-7303 Sentence denotes Integrating resistive metal tracks onto a COC substrate have also been done in the past.
T71 7304-7523 Sentence denotes Some papers describe the use of a surface modification step done before metal deposition in order to enhance adhesion between the COC and the metal layer, like a pretreatment with plasma [46] or an organic solvent [47].
T72 7524-7606 Sentence denotes Other papers describe the direct deposition of metal onto the COC surface [28,48].
T73 7607-7706 Sentence denotes Chung et al. specifically, fabricated an amplification chip in COC with integrated Au heaters [28].
T74 7707-7837 Sentence denotes However, their system required heating from both sides as the used grade of COC has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 130 °C.
T75 7838-7941 Sentence denotes This COC could not withstand the required heater temperatures to have enough heat flux into the system.
T76 7942-8076 Sentence denotes They had to heat up the heater to temperatures above 130 °C, which caused cracking of the heater tracks due to deformation of the COC.
T77 8077-8181 Sentence denotes With their double-sided heating they ensured that the reaction mixture had the desired PCR temperatures.
T78 8182-8336 Sentence denotes However, double-sided heating doubles the amount of metal required, increases the amount of fabrication steps, and therefore increases the price per chip.
T79 8338-8342 Sentence denotes 1.2.
T80 8343-8361 Sentence denotes The Presented Work
T81 8362-8715 Sentence denotes The work presented at the 4th Microfluidic Handling Systems conference and which is extended in this paper aims at the development of a disposable, polymer-based DNA amplification lab-on-chip system with integrated resistive heater based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diagnostics Initiative (SDI) ASSURED criteria.
T82 8716-8903 Sentence denotes Devices which are ASSURED are (A) affordable, (S) sensitive, (S) specific, (U) user-friendly, (R) robust and rapid, (E) equipment-free, and (D) deliverable to those who need them [20,49].
T83 8904-8979 Sentence denotes The first step towards such a device is the development of the chip itself.
T84 8980-9079 Sentence denotes This paper focuses on the choice of substrate material, metal deposition method, and type of metal.
T85 9080-9237 Sentence denotes Although, it is mentioned above that PCR and HDA are sequence specific, the reaction chosen is the isothermal multiple displacement amplification (MDA) [50].
T86 9238-9516 Sentence denotes This reaction is more straightforward [51], as it amplifies any present DNA, and is therefore better suitable as a proof-of-principle amplification reaction to show the functioning of the integrated heater and the biocompatibility of the substrate after the fabrication process.
T87 9517-9656 Sentence denotes The use of an isothermal amplification technique also simplifies the final device and lowers its footprint, as there are no pumps required.
T88 9657-9812 Sentence denotes In this research, external analysis methods are used which do not contribute to the WHO-SDI ASSURED criteria due to their bulkiness, costs, and difficulty.
T89 9813-9939 Sentence denotes However, suggestions and comments on the integration of low-cost detection methods, which are ASSURED, are given in Section 5.
T90 9941-9945 Sentence denotes 1.3.
T91 9946-9981 Sentence denotes Multiple Displacement Amplification
T92 9982-10135 Sentence denotes The proof-of-principle amplification of choice is a MDA reaction, which is a non-specific isothermal method of amplification performed around 30 °C [50].
T93 10136-10226 Sentence denotes MDA is a method of whole genome amplification (WGA), as it amplifies all present DNA [52].
T94 10227-10297 Sentence denotes It is commonly used when the initial amount of DNA sample is very low.
T95 10298-10433 Sentence denotes After the WGA is performed, a sequence specific amplification can be done since the quality the amplified DNA by MDA is very high [53].
T96 10434-10570 Sentence denotes The amplification reaction is illustrated below in Figure 1 (the contour of the amplified sequence is highlighted in black for clarity).
T97 10571-10787 Sentence denotes Starting with a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule, a denaturation step at 95 °C is required, giving the random hexamer-primers and the ϕ29 DNA polymerase access to the bases of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) strands.
T98 10788-10857 Sentence denotes The hexamers anneal themself to aleatory parts of the ssDNA sequence.
T99 10858-10926 Sentence denotes These hexamers work as initiation sites for the ϕ29 DNA polymerases.
T100 10927-11041 Sentence denotes After denaturation at 95 °C, the mixture is cooled down to ice temperature and the rest of the reagents are added.
T101 11042-11242 Sentence denotes The mixture is heated up to ~30 °C so the polymerase starts to complete the complementary ssDNA sequence, creating again a dsDNA strand, eventually it encounters a hexamer from another annealing site.
T102 11243-11380 Sentence denotes Once this happens the polymerase will lift up that hexamer and starts to separate the amplified sequence formed from that annealing site.
T103 11381-11478 Sentence denotes As the polymerase displaces the formed strand ahead of it, it continues to complete the sequence.
T104 11479-11698 Sentence denotes The displaced strand becomes a new ssDNA strand and therefore, it gives new sites for more primers to attach and initiation sites for the polymerase, continuing the amplification, and thus creating a web of DNA strands.
T105 11699-11785 Sentence denotes Finally, the inactivation of the polymerase is done by heating up the system to 65 °C.
T106 11786-12030 Sentence denotes Even though MDA is considered an isothermal process, prior to the reaction and to the addition of most reactants, the dsDNA and a buffer are heated up to 95 °C to denature the dsDNA to ssDNA and to give hexamers the initial access to the ssDNA.
T107 12031-12111 Sentence denotes After the amplification reaction, the polymerase has to be inactivated at 65 °C.
T108 12112-12255 Sentence denotes However, this does not require fast temperature changes, as would be the case with, for example, the temperature cycling in PCR amplifications.
T109 12256-12472 Sentence denotes This, together with the robustness of the amplification (it is a self-limiting reaction that amplifies all present DNA [50]) makes MDA perfectly suitable as proof-of-principle amplification reaction for such devices.
T110 12474-12476 Sentence denotes 2.
T111 12477-12499 Sentence denotes Design and Fabrication
T112 12501-12505 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T113 12506-12535 Sentence denotes Microfluidic Structure Design
T114 12536-12648 Sentence denotes The microfluidic structure consists of two chambers, i.e., a reaction chamber and a temperature monitor chamber.
T115 12649-12700 Sentence denotes In Figure 2, a close-up of the final chip is shown.
T116 12701-12789 Sentence denotes For clarity reasons, the two microfluidic structures are colored with food coloring dye.
T117 12790-13238 Sentence denotes The reaction chamber is based on the work of Bruijns et al. [36] and its dimensions are chosen in such way that the internal volume of the reaction chamber is the same as the reaction volume of the used Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) together with the EvaGreen dye solution (Biotium, Fremont, CA, USA), while maintaining an as low as possible surface-area-to-volume ratio [44].
T118 13239-13584 Sentence denotes Using SolidWorks 2018 computer-aided design (CAD) software (Dassault Systemes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France), the 3D image of the chip is drawn and with the use of the AutoDesk HSMWorks computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) plug-in (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), this image is transferred into a computer numerical control (CNC) milling code.
T119 13585-13673 Sentence denotes The total chip size is 3 cm by 3 cm and contains an inlet and outlet of 1.5 mm diameter.
T120 13674-13771 Sentence denotes The inlet and outlet are of such size that the reaction chamber can be filled using pipette tips.
T121 13772-13864 Sentence denotes In between the inlet and outlet, a rectangular reaction chamber of 10 mm by 3 mm is located.
T122 13865-13966 Sentence denotes Two trapezoid structures are placed in the tapered channels between the inlet/outlet and the chamber.
T123 13967-14011 Sentence denotes The function of these trapezoids is twofold:
T124 14012-14172 Sentence denotes First, they minimize the dead volume between the inlet/outlet and the reaction chamber, locating as much as possible of the reaction mixture inside the chamber.
T125 14173-14226 Sentence denotes Second, they provide support for the chamber closure.
T126 14227-14384 Sentence denotes A stadium-shaped channel of 1.5 mm wide and 1.0 mm deep is located next to the reaction chamber, in such way that this channel is also covered by the heater.
T127 14385-14436 Sentence denotes This channel serves as temperature monitor chamber.
T128 14437-14540 Sentence denotes A thermocouple is inserted in this channel for real-time monitoring of the temperature inside the chip.
T129 14541-14635 Sentence denotes This way, a more accurate temperature of the reaction mixture inside the chip can be obtained.
T130 14636-14706 Sentence denotes Via a feedback loop, the input potential can be changed when required.
T131 14707-14796 Sentence denotes In Figure 3, the SolidWorks design of the chamber-based chip with both chambers is shown.
T132 14797-14873 Sentence denotes In Figure A1, in Appendix A, the technical drawing of the chip can be found.
T133 14875-14879 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T134 14880-14913 Sentence denotes Resistive Heater Structure Design
T135 14914-15087 Sentence denotes A resistive heater structure will be placed at the bottom side of the chip using shadow masks and a metal deposition method capable of being used for large-scale production.
T136 15088-15191 Sentence denotes A meandering heater design is chosen, as this minimizes the input power required to heat up the heater.
T137 15192-15545 Sentence denotes This is evident from Equation (1), which is the relation between Joule’s law, Ohm’s law, and Pouillet’s law. (1) P=Across−section∗V2ρres,i∗lheater Here, P is the input power, Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor, V is the input potential, ρres,i is the resistivity of resistor material i, and lheater is the length of the resistor.
T138 15546-15744 Sentence denotes This makes a meandering structure, or any other narrow line structure, a quite often used pattern for heaters or electrodes within micro-electromechanical structures and microfluidics [26,29,54,55].
T139 15745-15979 Sentence denotes MDA is being done at temperatures of around 30 °C [50], which is lower than, for example, temperatures required for HDA (64 °C) [9] or LAMP (65 °C) [11] and the required PCR temperatures of Chung et al. (95 °C, 54 °C, and 72 °C) [28].
T140 15980-16057 Sentence denotes However, most amplification methods require a DNA denaturation step at 95 °C.
T141 16058-16747 Sentence denotes Equation (2) is used to make an estimation of the required heating powers for a COC–H2O–COC stack (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil, but the thermal properties of this foil are unknown). (2) P=ΔTRth=ΔT∗Aheated∗κCOClCOC,1+κH2OlH2O+κCOClCOC,2+h Here, Rth is defined as the sum of all thermal resistances in series: (3) Rth=1h×Aheated+∑isubstancesliκi×Aheated Here, P is the required power, ΔT is the temperature difference, Rth is the thermal resistance, Aheated is the heated area, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (being 10 W m−2 K−1 for convection to air [56]), κi is the thermal conductivity of substance i, and li is the thickness of substance i.
T142 16748-16789 Sentence denotes Values for κi can be found in Appendix B.
T143 16790-16870 Sentence denotes From Equation (3), the product Rth×A can be defined as the sum of 1/h and li/κi.
T144 16871-17093 Sentence denotes Based on this summation, one can conclude that the convective heat transfer to the air is the most present heat transfer mechanism within the system (begin almost a factor 100 higher than the heat lost in the COC and H2O).
T145 17094-17286 Sentence denotes This is also evident from solving Equation (2) for every individual temperature differences within the system and also including convective heat transfer directly from the heater into the air.
T146 17287-17547 Sentence denotes If a heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm is assumed, which covers both the reaction chamber and the temperature monitor chamber, and a system consisting of 1 mm COC–0.5 mm H2O–0.1 mm COC is assumed, than the heater temperatures and powers in Table 1 are required.
T147 17548-17661 Sentence denotes These are all in the workable range when a COC of a proper grade is chosen (e.g., TOPAS 6017 has a Tg of 170 °C).
T148 17662-17782 Sentence denotes The only side note here is that at higher temperatures, the temperature gradient through the system also becomes larger.
T149 17783-17860 Sentence denotes This can be eliminated by using double-sided heating, like Chung et al. [28].
T150 17861-18111 Sentence denotes To determine the optimal heater width and heater spacing in the heated area, a parametric study using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a finite element method simulations with the Heat Transfer in Solids (ht) package is done (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA).
T151 18112-18272 Sentence denotes The model is designed such that it consists of two parallel rectangles of COC (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil) with H2O in between.
T152 18273-18357 Sentence denotes The meandering heater are assumed to be lines at the bottom side of the layer stack.
T153 18358-18496 Sentence denotes This reduces the required complexity of the mesh tremendously, as the heater in the real device will be approximately 100 nm in thickness.
T154 18497-18565 Sentence denotes The heater temperature is set at a constant temperature of 303.15 K.
T155 18566-18688 Sentence denotes This makes the heater material independent and the model purely focused on the heat transfer inside the COC–H2O–COC stack.
T156 18689-18743 Sentence denotes All used values and equations are given in Appendix B.
T157 18744-18867 Sentence denotes The layer stack is meshed with an extremely fine mapped mesh consisting of 280.650 elements with average quality of 0.9966.
T158 18868-19032 Sentence denotes A parametric sweep from 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, in steps of 0.1 mm, is done for both the heater width (wheater) and the heater spacing (sheater), giving 324 combinations.
T159 19033-19216 Sentence denotes The simulations are solved by using the fully coupled, direct Pardiso solver on a custom-build and 40% CPU overclocked simulation computer, containing the equipment listed in Table 2.
T160 19217-19412 Sentence denotes To validate whether the metal tracks can withstand the required current, a quick analysis is done for the four extreme cases (i.e., wheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm and sheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm).
T161 19413-19532 Sentence denotes In the same heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm a 100 nm (theater) thick heater track consisting of rectangles is assumed.
T162 19533-19638 Sentence denotes The total amount of large and smaller interconnecting rectangles for all 4 cases is estimated in Table 3.
T163 19639-20033 Sentence denotes Based on the polynomial approximation equations for the resistivity of Au and Pt (ρres,i, where i is either Au or Pt) which COMSOL MultiPhysics 5.3a uses (Equations (4) and (5)) and Equation (6) an estimation is made for the required input currents and the created current densities (defined as Ii/Across−section, in A m−2) when the heater is operated at 129.4 mW to get a temperature of 95 °C.
T164 20034-20323 Sentence denotes These estimations are also given in Table 3. (4) ρres,Au(T)=−2.210068×10−9+9.057611×10−11∗Tfor60≤T<400−4.632985×10−14∗T2+6.950205×−17∗T3 (5) ρres,Pt(T)=−1.927892×10−8+5.233699×10−10∗Tfor160≤T<600−4.107885×10−13∗T2+6.694129×−16∗T3−4.447775×10−19∗T4 (6) Ii=PRi=P∗Across−sectionρres,i∗lheater
T165 20324-20641 Sentence denotes In which ρres,i is the resistivity, T is the temperature, Ii is the current going through the resistor, Pi is the input power, R is the resistance of the resistor, lheater is the length of the resistor, and Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor defined as width times thickness (wheater×theater).
T166 20642-20695 Sentence denotes The subscript i denotes the material, being Au or Pt.
T167 20696-20847 Sentence denotes All these current densities are below the critical current densities for Au and Pt, which are around 1010 A m−2 [57] and 1011 A m−2 [58], respectively.
T168 20848-20974 Sentence denotes Therefore, any possible combination of heater width and heater spacing will give a resistive that can withstand its operation.
T169 20976-20980 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T170 20981-20992 Sentence denotes Fabrication
T171 20993-21165 Sentence denotes COC [42] is chosen as polymeric substrate because of its biocompatibility, optical transparency, physical resistance, chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and price.
T172 21166-21317 Sentence denotes This copolymer consists of two monomers, an apolar bridged cyclic hydrocarbon (norbornene) monomer and a linear, lesser apolar, linear ethene monomers.
T173 21318-21513 Sentence denotes Injection molded COC plates (10 cm by 10 cm and 1.5 mm thickness) of the grade TOPAS 6017 (see Figure 4a) are obtained via Kunststoff-Zentrum Leipzig (Kunststoff-Zentrum gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany).
T174 21514-21616 Sentence denotes This grade is chosen because of its high norbornene content, giving it a relatively high Tg of 170 °C.
T175 21617-21789 Sentence denotes This minimizes the chance of melting during the milling process and decreases the chance of heater failure due to a deforming substrate during operation of the heater [28].
T176 21790-21959 Sentence denotes The microfluidic structure explained in Section 2.1 is CNC-milled using a Mikron WF 21C milling machine (Mikron SA Agno, Agno, Switzerland), as can be seen in Figure 4b.
T177 21960-22048 Sentence denotes Milling is a very fast prototyping technique and chosen because of its flexibility [41].
T178 22049-22139 Sentence denotes The milling creates a surface roughness, which increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio.
T179 22140-22282 Sentence denotes This roughness increases the chance of inhibition during the amplification due to the interaction of the used chemicals with the surface [44].
T180 22283-22434 Sentence denotes It also causes a considerable loss of optical transparency, which could obstruct the potential use of in situ fluorescence detection in future devices.
T181 22435-22519 Sentence denotes Therefore, a chemical post-treatment with cyclohexane vapor is done (see Figure 4c).
T182 22520-22750 Sentence denotes Such treatment dissolves a thin outer layer of the COC substrate and causes reflowing of the surface roughness due to the surface tension of the material, restoring the optical transparency and reducing the surface roughness [59].
T183 22751-22849 Sentence denotes CNC milling and subsequent cyclohexane vapor post-treatment are less suitable for mass production.
T184 22850-22914 Sentence denotes However, COC has the possibility of being injection molded [42].
T185 22915-22962 Sentence denotes The used substrates are made using this method.
T186 22963-23203 Sentence denotes This is a large-scale production method and could lower the costs of the eventual product and it eliminates the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment, as injection-molded chips would have the same optical transparency as the pristine substrates.
T187 23204-23328 Sentence denotes Guckenberger et al. mention production costs of $ 47 per simple microfluidic device when only 50 pieces are fabricated [41].
T188 23329-23406 Sentence denotes This price is expected to drop drastically when large numbers are fabricated.
T189 23407-23566 Sentence denotes A metal is deposited on the backside of the substrate using two laser-cut metal (Mo) shadow masks to outline the shape of the resistive heater (see Figure 4d).
T190 23567-23698 Sentence denotes Mo has a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than stainless steel, and therefore gives less deformation during the deposition.
T191 23699-23801 Sentence denotes Metals of interest are Au or Pt, which are commonly used metals to function as resistive heaters [54].
T192 23802-24129 Sentence denotes The deposition methods studied are DC magnetron sputtering using a custom-build machine (Techno Centrum voor Onderwijs en Onderzoek, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands) and e-beam physical vapor deposition (evaporation) using a Balzers BAK 600 CE (Oerlikon Balzers limited, Balzers, Principality of Liechtenstein).
T193 24130-24268 Sentence denotes Both deposition methods are capable of large-scale production, which will lower the production costs in the large-volume production stage.
T194 24269-24713 Sentence denotes The metal and deposition method will be chosen based on the metal adhesion performances on the COC substrate, which is studied using the Scotch tape test [60,61], and the resistance versus temperature behavior in the range 20 °C to 100 °C, which is measured in a Heraeus T5025 oven (Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), customized with electrical readout and connected to a custom-build National Instruments LabVIEW program (Austin, TX, USA).
T195 24715-24719 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T196 24720-24729 Sentence denotes Operation
T197 24730-24882 Sentence denotes The chambers with the resistive heater on the backside, are intensively cleaned by rinsing with acetone, MilliQ DI water, ethanol, and isopropanol [45].
T198 24883-24961 Sentence denotes Each cleaning step was done 3 times and the chips are blow dried using N2 gas.
T199 24962-25185 Sentence denotes After drying, the chambers are closed using Microseal “B” PCR plate sealing foil from Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), which is cut in the proper size and manually attached on top of the substrate (see Figure 4e).
T200 25186-25435 Sentence denotes The DNA, reactants and buffer solutions from the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and an EvaGreen fluorescence dye are pipetted inside the chip using the inlet aperture, after which the inlet and outlet are closed using the same PCR foil.
T201 25436-25617 Sentence denotes An input potential is applied on the resistive heater using a Keithley 2602 SYSTEM SourceMeter (Cleveland, OH, USA) until they acquire the desired temperature for the amplification.
T202 25618-25792 Sentence denotes The temperature is real-time monitored by inserting a 162 series RS Technics thermocouple K (RS Components B.V., Haarlem, The Netherlands) in the temperature monitor chamber.
T203 25793-25889 Sentence denotes The thermocouple is read out with a Tenma 72-7715 Thermometer (Premier Farnell Ltd., Leeds, UK).
T204 25890-25993 Sentence denotes The source and the read-out of the thermocouple are operated using a custom-programmed LabVIEW program.
T205 25994-26142 Sentence denotes The initial potential is based on the heater characterization measurements, but will be adjusted according to the feedback-loop of the thermocouple.
T206 26143-26309 Sentence denotes Detection of the amplification is done ex-situ by using quartz cuvets and an Horiba Scientific FluoroMax+ spectrofluorometer (Horiba Scientific, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
T207 26311-26313 Sentence denotes 3.
T208 26314-26336 Sentence denotes Results and Discussion
T209 26338-26342 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T210 26343-26381 Sentence denotes COMSOL MultiPhysics Simulation Results
T211 26382-26479 Sentence denotes In Figure 5, the results of heat transfer simulations of two different heater spacings are shown.
T212 26480-26604 Sentence denotes The heater width for both geometries is 0.3 mm, while the heater spacing in Figure 5b,c are 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively.
T213 26605-26732 Sentence denotes In Figure 6a–d, tables with the results of the full parametric sweep for different heater widths and heater spacings are shown.
T214 26733-26919 Sentence denotes Figure 6a shows the temperature deviation between the highest and lowest temperature at the top of the chamber, i.e., the second H2O and COC interface (ΔTtopofchamber=Ttop,max−Ttop,min).
T215 26920-27097 Sentence denotes Figure 6b shows the deviation between the highest and lowest temperature inside the chamber, i.e., between the two COC and H2O interfaces (ΔTacrosschamber=Tbottom,max−Ttop,min).
T216 27098-27289 Sentence denotes Figure 6c shows the temperature deviation between the highest and lowest temperature at the bottom of the chamber, i.e., the first COC and H2O interface (ΔTbottomofchamber=Tbot,max−Tbot,min).
T217 27290-27496 Sentence denotes Figure 6d shows the deviation between the set heater temperature of 30 °C and the lowest temperature at the top of the chamber, i.e., the second H2O and COC interface (ΔTdeviationfromsetT=Theater−Ttop,min).
T218 27497-27674 Sentence denotes As can be seen from the results in Figure 6, a combination of small heater widths and heater spacings will result in smaller temperature differences inside the reaction mixture.
T219 27675-27789 Sentence denotes This is evident as smaller heater spacings will result in a better coverage of the heated area by heater material.
T220 27790-27944 Sentence denotes The smaller heater widths will result in a smaller heater cross-sectional area, and thus can be operated at lower powers, as is evident from Equation (1).
T221 27945-28098 Sentence denotes Resulting in the fact that a densely packed meander structure with small heater widths and small heater spacings can dissipate more heat into the system.
T222 28099-28262 Sentence denotes Based on these results and its simplicity, a meandering heater pattern of a heater with a width of 0.3 mm and a spacing of 0.3 mm in between the lines is designed.
T223 28263-28464 Sentence denotes A side note on the chosen heater width and heater spacing is that according to the simulations, the temperature differences within the chamber are less than ±0.3 °C for the most unfavorable dimensions.
T224 28465-28597 Sentence denotes This temperature difference is still well-accepted in the temperature window in which the MDA reaction takes place (25 °C to 35 °C).
T225 28598-28737 Sentence denotes However, as pointed out, a smaller cross-sectional area will result in a lower power consumption and therefore these dimensions are chosen.
T226 28738-28857 Sentence denotes It is known that a meandering heater structure does not give the optimal temperature distribution over the device [26].
T227 28858-29073 Sentence denotes Therefore, the heater lines are longer than the width of the reaction chamber, and thus also covering the bulk material outside the chamber in order to improve the temperature uniformity inside the reaction mixture.
T228 29074-29209 Sentence denotes The heater pattern is divided over two shadow masks to minimize the length of the narrow Mo tracks in between the meandering structure.
T229 29210-29260 Sentence denotes This prevents curvature due to intrinsic stresses.
T230 29261-29356 Sentence denotes See Figure 7 for the outlines of both shadow masks, together with the resulting pattern on COC.
T231 29357-29455 Sentence denotes The use of two shadow masks will give a metal track in which small parts has the double thickness.
T232 29456-29492 Sentence denotes Here, the temperature will be lower.
T233 29493-29618 Sentence denotes The system is designed such that these thicker parts are outside the reaction chamber and temperature control chamber region.
T234 29620-29624 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T235 29625-29636 Sentence denotes Fabrication
T236 29638-29670 Sentence denotes Milling and Optical Transparency
T237 29671-29765 Sentence denotes The milling increased the surface roughness of the COC plates also increases the surface area.
T238 29766-29905 Sentence denotes Inhibition of the amplification can be caused by large surface areas as the used chemicals have more surface to have interaction with [44].
T239 29906-30244 Sentence denotes The created surface roughness is visualized using a FEI Sirion high resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and measured using a Bruker Icon Dimension AFM in tapping mode with Bruker Tespa-V2 cantilevers (Bruker Nano Surfaces, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) and Gwyddion 2.52 open source freeware [62].
T240 30245-30279 Sentence denotes The results are shown in Figure 8.
T241 30280-30339 Sentence denotes The surface roughness of pristine COC had a RRMS of 3.5 nm.
T242 30340-30412 Sentence denotes This increased two orders of magnitude after milling (RRMS of 310.1 nm).
T243 30413-30612 Sentence denotes With the reported surface treatment [44,59] we were capable of decreasing the surface roughness to a value even lower than that of pristine COC and the lowest reported in literature (RRMS of 0.9 nm).
T244 30613-30824 Sentence denotes For this grade of COC (TOPAS 6017) it worked the best to do four short exposures of 5 s, with N2 blow drying after each exposure, instead of one longer exposure, as is more common in other grades of COC [44,59].
T245 30825-30974 Sentence denotes The difference in duration for the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment can be explained by the different ratios of the copolymers present in each grade.
T246 30975-31088 Sentence denotes As the grade number increase, the ratio changes towards more norbornene monomers and less linear ethene monomers.
T247 31089-31276 Sentence denotes The norbornene is more apolar due to the bridged cyclic hydrocarbon present in its molecular structure and therefore, will dissolve faster in non-polar solvents, like cyclohexane (vapor).
T248 31277-31358 Sentence denotes Lowering the surface roughness also increased the optical transmittance fivefold.
T249 31359-31459 Sentence denotes Transmittance measurements in the visible range are done using a Woollam M-2000UI ellipsometer (J.A.
T250 31460-31491 Sentence denotes Woollam Co., Lincoln, NE, USA).
T251 31492-31542 Sentence denotes The results can be seen in Figure 9 and Figure 10.
T252 31543-31782 Sentence denotes Having a high optical transparency in the visible range can be desired when in situ fluorescence detection will be implemented (e.g., EvaGreen fluorescence dye has an excitation wavelength of 500 nm and emission wavelength of 525 nm [63]).
T253 31783-32023 Sentence denotes However, as in situ fluorescence detection is not used yet in this system and can also be done through the transparent PCR plate sealing foil, no further effort is put into optimizing this procedure to get even better optical transmittance.
T254 32025-32029 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T255 32030-32044 Sentence denotes Metal Adhesion
T256 32045-32160 Sentence denotes To get reliable heaters, four possible options are investigated for their adhesion properties to the COC substrate.
T257 32161-32347 Sentence denotes The adhesion of Au and Pt deposited by either evaporation or DC magnetron sputtering is investigated using the Scotch tape test [60,61] before and after temperature cycling up to 100 °C.
T258 32348-32606 Sentence denotes Test patterns consisting of rectangular metal strips of 2 mm by 14 mm are fabricated by depositing 100 nm of metal using a hand-made shadow mask made out of DuPont Kapton® HN polyimide film of 0.05 mm thickness (RS Components B.V., Haarlem, The Netherlands).
T259 32607-32659 Sentence denotes See Table 4 for the results of the Scotch tape test.
T260 32660-32975 Sentence denotes Normally, heating up a glass or Si substrate with thin metal strips while measuring the resistance (RT) in these metal strips at certain temperature intervals (T) yields directly a linear relation, which can be fitted with RT/R0=1+αT−T0 [64], in which α is the the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) value.
T261 32976-33142 Sentence denotes The thin-film TCR values have to be measured as they differ from the bulk TCR values due to its dependency on layer purity, grain size, and deposition method [65,66].
T262 33143-33323 Sentence denotes Belser and Hicklin also lists other attributes, such as surface roughness, porosity, and adsorbed materials present in or on the substrate which could influence the TCR value [64].
T263 33324-33393 Sentence denotes The bulk TCR values are 0.0034 K−1 and 0.0037 K−1 for Au and Pt [67].
T264 33394-33515 Sentence denotes The TCR characterizations of the metal strips on a COC substrate did not yield trustworthy TCR values at the first cycle.
T265 33516-33681 Sentence denotes The first temperature cycle can be seen as a kind of thermal annealing, and therefore gives an hysteresis in the graphs, as can be seen in Figure A2 in Appendix C.1.
T266 33682-33755 Sentence denotes After this first cycle, the values more or less show the linear behavior.
T267 33756-33881 Sentence denotes The resulting TCR of this linear part is in agreement with the TCR ranges of Belser and Hicklin [64] and is given in Table 4.
T268 33882-34017 Sentence denotes Belser and Hicklin used for their experiments substrates with coefficients of linear thermal expansion lower than 1.2 × 10−5 °C−1 [64].
T269 34018-34135 Sentence denotes The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for Au and Pt are 1.42 × 10−5 K−1 and 0.88 × 10−5 K−1, respectively [68].
T270 34136-34233 Sentence denotes COC of the grade TOPAS 6017 has a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of 6.0 × 10−5 K−1 [42].
T271 34234-34328 Sentence denotes This mismatch in coefficients of linear thermal expansion can give strain in the metal layers.
T272 34329-34486 Sentence denotes Both Au [69,70,71] and Pt [72,73,74] are used as strain-sensitive gauges, and thus are sensitive to strain-induced geometry changes due to thermal expansion.
T273 34487-34556 Sentence denotes Another effect influencing the TCR value of the metal layer is aging.
T274 34557-34678 Sentence denotes As can be seen in Figure A3 in Appendix C.2, the TCR value already changes after two weeks storing in ambient conditions.
T275 34679-34747 Sentence denotes This could be due to adsorbed materials present on the surface [64].
T276 34748-34864 Sentence denotes However, in this device, the TCR is not of importance as the metal structure will not be used as temperature sensor.
T277 34865-34959 Sentence denotes Real-time temperature sensing is done using a thermocouple in the temperature monitor chamber.
T278 34960-35100 Sentence denotes The resistance of the heater structure changes with temperature; thus, the dissipated power changes when a fixed voltage or current is used.
T279 35101-35225 Sentence denotes However, the results in Section 3.4 show a 25 h stability test with a constant input potential and only a ±1.5 °C deviation.
T280 35226-35328 Sentence denotes The TCR can become more important when other (higher) temperatures are required for the amplification.
T281 35329-35479 Sentence denotes Based on the results in Table 4, the choice of heater material and deposition method to be used in the actual device is Au deposited using sputtering.
T282 35480-35611 Sentence denotes Sputtering is an industrial-scale technique that is already being used in, for example, the car mirror and headlight industry [75].
T283 35613-35617 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T284 35618-35634 Sentence denotes Chip Functioning
T285 35635-35775 Sentence denotes Characterization of the actual heat distribution is done using a FLIR One Pro iOS thermal camera (FLIR Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, OR, USA).
T286 35776-35938 Sentence denotes Thermal images of the heat distribution are made at the side of the substrate without the resistor, whereas different input powers are used to heat up the heater.
T287 35939-36145 Sentence denotes Au reflects the infrared radiation of the environment directly, therefore an image with the resistor facing the camera would give a heat map of the surrounding and not of the real temperature of the heater.
T288 36146-36246 Sentence denotes These measurements also gives a better insight of the heat distribution inside the reaction chamber.
T289 36247-36311 Sentence denotes The images are processed using the FLIR postprocessing freeware.
T290 36312-36368 Sentence denotes Results of these measurements are shown in Figure 11a,b.
T291 36369-36435 Sentence denotes The results are in good agreement with the estimations in Table 1.
T292 36436-36818 Sentence denotes The slight deviation between the values can be explained by the fact that the heated area in the calculations had an assumed value, the thermal camera measurements used 1.5 mm thick COC substrates without a water-filled chamber, the actual resistors have small parts wich have a double thickness due to the two used shadow masks, and rounding of the values used in the calculations.
T293 36819-36942 Sentence denotes The reliability of the heater is tested by inserting the thermocouple into the temperature control chamber (see Figure 3a).
T294 36943-37055 Sentence denotes A constant input potential of 4 V is applied using the Keithley source and the temperature is measured for 25 h.
T295 37056-37207 Sentence denotes This exceeds the required operation time at least twelve-fold, meaning that it is a good indication for the reliability of the heater and thermocouple.
T296 37208-37244 Sentence denotes The results are shown in Figure 11c.
T297 37245-37506 Sentence denotes To perform on-chip amplifications, the resistive heater on the chip is connected to the Keithley source using crocodile connections and the thermocouple is inserted in the temperature control chamber and connected to a Tenma 72-7715 Thermometer (see Figure 12).
T298 37508-37512 Sentence denotes 3.5.
T299 37513-37530 Sentence denotes DNA Amplification
T300 37531-37719 Sentence denotes First, to determine the temperature window of operation, MDA reactions are performed at 25 °C and 30 °C using the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and EvaGreen fluorescence dye.
T301 37720-37869 Sentence denotes From the literature, we know that this reaction does not work above 35 °C due to degradation of the protein activity in presence of a substrate [44].
T302 37870-38016 Sentence denotes In Figure 13, a graph of the fluorescence signal during MDA reactions at 25 °C and 30 °C, together with their non template control (NTC) is shown.
T303 38017-38392 Sentence denotes These reactions are carried out in a conventional Bio-Rad CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and the results show that the chosen proof-of-principle DNA amplification reaction is temperature dependent to some extent, but that there is a wide range of temperatures at which the amplification can be performed, i.e., 25°C to 35°C.
T304 38393-38508 Sentence denotes This makes the functioning of the integrated resistive heater less critical than the stability shown in Figure 11c.
T305 38509-38711 Sentence denotes MDA reactions are also performed inside an Eppendorf tube (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) and inside the chip, again using the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and EvaGreen fluorescence dye.
T306 38712-38826 Sentence denotes As heat supply the water bath of an IKA Rotary Evaporator RV 8V (IKA-Werke, Staufen im Breisgau, Germany) is used.
T307 38827-38930 Sentence denotes This water bath is according to its specification stable within a range of the set temperature ±0.1 °C.
T308 38931-39055 Sentence denotes The chip and an Eppendorf tube are loaded with the reaction mixture containing the DNA sample and the EvaGreen dye solution.
T309 39056-39189 Sentence denotes Here, the Eppendorf tube is serving as a control to show that the fabrication steps of the chips are not inhibiting the MDA reaction.
T310 39190-39280 Sentence denotes The inlet and outlet of the chip are sealed with the Microseal “B” PCR plate sealing foil.
T311 39281-39417 Sentence denotes The closed chip and tube are heated up in a separate water bath to 95 °C and kept at that temperature for 3 min to denaturate the dsDNA.
T312 39418-39552 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the chip and tube are cooled down by placing it in an ice bath for 5 min after which the rest of the reagents are added.
T313 39553-39615 Sentence denotes The complete mixtures are according to Table A3 in Appendix D.
T314 39616-39789 Sentence denotes After closing the chip and tube again, they are placed in the water bath of the rotary evaporater and left there for 90 min, after which the reaction is terminated at 65 °C.
T315 39790-39900 Sentence denotes The MDA is also performed inside the chip, but with the integrated Au resistive heater serving as heat source.
T316 39901-39945 Sentence denotes The set up shown schematically in Figure 12.
T317 39946-40012 Sentence denotes The same procedure is followed as with the water bath heated test.
T318 40013-40059 Sentence denotes Denaturation is done in a separate water bath.
T319 40060-40283 Sentence denotes The heater is driven by an input potential of 3.2 V to get to a temperature of 30 °C and at the end of the reaction, the system is heated up to 65 °C by applying a potential of 9.2 V in order to terminate the amplification.
T320 40284-40354 Sentence denotes In Figure 14 the logged temperature during the amplification is shown.
T321 40355-40545 Sentence denotes After the amplifications, the reaction mixtures are pipetted out of the chips and tubes and into 1 mL quartz cuvettes containing 55 μL MilliQ DI water (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
T322 40546-40663 Sentence denotes Fluorescence measurements are done in a Horiba Scientific FluoroMax+ spectrofluorometer to verify each amplification.
T323 40664-40839 Sentence denotes The mixture is excitated at a wavelength of 500 nm and the emission spectrum is measured at wavelengths from 510 nm to 550 nm (bounded EvaGreen dye has a peak at 525 nm [63]).
T324 40840-41000 Sentence denotes The measured spectra are normalized by subtracting the background signal of a mixture containing only the reaction buffer, the sample buffer, EvaGreen, and DNA.
T325 41001-41082 Sentence denotes No Enzyme was added to this mixture, therefore no amplification could take place.
T326 41083-41154 Sentence denotes See Figure 15 for the results obtained in the Eppendorf tube and chips.
T327 41155-41249 Sentence denotes Figure A4 in Appendix E shows the background signal which is subtracted from all measurements.
T328 41250-41525 Sentence denotes As can be seen in Figure 15, the spectra of the amplification performed inside the chip, and by applying heat with the water bath as well as with the integrated Au-resistive heater, show the same trend as the amplification performed in the Eppendorf and heated by water bath.
T329 41526-41595 Sentence denotes There is an order of magnitude difference in the fluorescence signal.
T330 41596-41688 Sentence denotes However, the fluorescence intensity cannot be used as a value to quantify the amount of DNA.
T331 41689-41829 Sentence denotes EvaGreen is a bis-intercalating cyanine fluorescence dye consisting of two monomeric DNA-binding dyes which are linked by a flexible spacer.
T332 41830-41972 Sentence denotes These two DNA-binding dyes bind each in between two base pairs, which make them simple and fast, but also nonuniform and non-specific [44,63].
T333 41973-42100 Sentence denotes However, with this dye, a simple yes-or-no answer can be obtained if the amplification took place, as can be seen in Figure 15.
T334 42102-42104 Sentence denotes 4.
T335 42105-42116 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T336 42117-42340 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to fabricate biocompatible, low-cost, and disposable chips with integrated heater, which should be able to perform DNA amplification, and possible in situ fluorescence detection in the near future.
T337 42341-42479 Sentence denotes In this case there is no interest in quantification of the DNA, but only in amplification of DNA until the detection threshold is reached.
T338 42480-42567 Sentence denotes As proof-of-principle the MDA reaction and ex-situ fluorescence measurements were used.
T339 42568-42669 Sentence denotes With the proposed fabrication process, low-cost and biocompatible chips (Figure 12b) were fabricated.
T340 42670-42924 Sentence denotes The integrated resistive heaters on the chips were characterized and showed a temperature stability of ±2 °C over a time period of 25 h, which is at least twelve-fold longer than the required operating times for DNA amplification reactions [6,8,9,10,11].
T341 42925-43037 Sentence denotes The main cause of this period of lowered temperature was due to the fact that the measurement was run overnight.
T342 43038-43163 Sentence denotes With the proof-of-principle device, successful DNA amplifications using MDA inside a disposable polymeric chip were achieved.
T343 43164-43252 Sentence denotes The heat for the reaction was applied using the integrated low-cost Au-resistive heater.
T344 43253-43422 Sentence denotes The device was operated at a suitable temperature for MDA reactions and the amplified DNA was measured using EvaGreen fluorescence dye and an ex situ spectrofluorometer.
T345 43423-43511 Sentence denotes A distinct peak is visible in the reaction mixtures which is absent in the NTC mixtures.
T346 43512-43616 Sentence denotes The operating temperature for MDA reactions is around 30 °C, which is comparable with a nice summer day.
T347 43617-43729 Sentence denotes Using amplification reactions which such low reaction temperatures could encounter problems at warmer locations.
T348 43730-43832 Sentence denotes However, as MDA is not sequence specific, this reaction will not be integrated in the final protocols.
T349 43833-43966 Sentence denotes MDA was only used as proof-of-principle reaction to show the biocompatibility of the device and functioning of the integrated heater.
T350 43967-44093 Sentence denotes Sequence specific amplifications, e.g., HDA and LAMP, are performed at higher temperatures, as will be discussed in Section 5.
T351 44094-44154 Sentence denotes This makes the system less sensitive to the hot summer days.
T352 44155-44306 Sentence denotes The device in its current state is not fully conform the WHO-SDI ASSURED criteria [49] as it still relies on the use of (expensive) external equipment.
T353 44307-44362 Sentence denotes However, the first steps are made to an ASSURED device.
T354 44363-44459 Sentence denotes Future steps which will make the device fully ASSURED are given in the next section (Section 5).
T355 44461-44463 Sentence denotes 5.
T356 44464-44471 Sentence denotes Outlook
T357 44472-44728 Sentence denotes Future steps, which will result in a device for early-stage detection of, for example, zoonoses, include studies on the optimization of this device for sequence specific DNA amplifications (e.g., primer design and reaction optimization), i.e., HDA or LAMP.
T358 44729-44863 Sentence denotes HDA utilizes DNA helicase (an enzyme also used in vitro during DNA replication) to separate the dsDNA instead of thermal denaturation.
T359 44864-45102 Sentence denotes After separation, ssDNA binding proteins hybridize on the ssDNA strands for stabilization, ensuring that the next primer will have time to bind to the ssDNA stripe and a DNA polymerase will extend the primers with the complementary bases.
T360 45103-45272 Sentence denotes This method is a truly isothermal technique in which the separation of the dsDNA can be performed at the same temperature as the amplification reaction, i.e., 64 °C [9].
T361 45273-45352 Sentence denotes LAMP is more similar to MDA in the way it also uses heat to denature the dsDNA.
T362 45353-45537 Sentence denotes After denaturation, a set of four primers (six can be used as well to achieve better selectivity) and a DNA polymerase is used at isothermal conditions (65 °C) to amplify the DNA [11].
T363 45538-45747 Sentence denotes When used in combination with reverse transcriptase, LAMP becomes a RNA amplification method, which could be used for RNA-containing viruses [11], like virus-based zoonoses diseases as the corona viruses [22].
T364 45748-45866 Sentence denotes Despite not being a truly isothermal technique, LAMP offers the possibility to use turbidity as detection method [76].
T365 45867-46026 Sentence denotes Such a detection method would simplify the required equipment even further as a decrease in transmitted light through the chip can be used as detection method.
T366 46027-46093 Sentence denotes Different amplification techniques require different temperatures.
T367 46094-46218 Sentence denotes Based on Table 1 one can conclude that a higher temperature would also give a larger temperature gradient within the system.
T368 46219-46350 Sentence denotes This can be disadvantageous for amplification reactions, as optimal denaturation temperatures are in the range 92 °C to 94 °C [77].
T369 46351-46466 Sentence denotes The denaturation in this research was done in a separate water bath, so this temperature gradient was circumvented.
T370 46467-46675 Sentence denotes However, when on-chip denaturation and/or another amplification technique will be used, a second step will be the optimization of the heater in order to create better temperature uniformity within the system.
T371 46676-46773 Sentence denotes This can be done by using different heater geometries [26,37] or using double-sided heating [28].
T372 46774-46861 Sentence denotes The third step that has to be optimized in the sample collection and work-up procedure.
T373 46862-47043 Sentence denotes One has to think of what kind of samples to collect in order to have the biggest chance of having the agent of the disease present in that sample (i.e., blood, mucus, saliva, etc.).
T374 47044-47111 Sentence denotes Such crude samples contain full cells, with the DNA present within.
T375 47112-47198 Sentence denotes There are different approaches to perform cell lysis in order to extract the DNA [78].
T376 47199-47333 Sentence denotes Various components of bodily fluids, and reagents and products of the lysis are well-known to inhibit the amplification reaction [79].
T377 47334-47405 Sentence denotes However, MDA [80] and HDA [9] could also be performed on crude samples.
T378 47406-47539 Sentence denotes A fourth step in the near-future is the development of a first prototype with all hardware integrated in a single piece of equipment.
T379 47540-47780 Sentence denotes Such a device in its pure essence will consist of a battery to power the heater and detection, a chip holder to firmly keep the chip in its place, a thermocouple for real-time monitoring of the temperature, and a LED light and a photodiode.
T380 47781-47881 Sentence denotes The lamp and photodiode could both be used for fluorescence measurements and turbidity measurements.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32106462-30140679-69893262 269-270 30140679 denotes 1
32106462-25353010-69893263 494-495 25353010 denotes 2
32106462-25958184-69893264 496-497 25958184 denotes 3
32106462-28754024-69893265 498-499 28754024 denotes 4
32106462-25353010-69893266 760-761 25353010 denotes 2
32106462-22519858-69893267 762-763 22519858 denotes 5
32106462-14522060-69893268 954-955 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-22711640-69893269 1100-1101 22711640 denotes 7
32106462-14522060-69893270 2238-2239 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-2999980-69893271 2240-2241 2999980 denotes 8
32106462-15247927-69893272 2284-2285 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893273 2341-2343 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-24030680-69893274 2738-2740 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-19327449-69893275 2747-2749 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-21387067-69893276 2753-2755 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-17553097-69893277 2756-2758 17553097 denotes 18
32106462-22704369-69893278 2762-2764 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-24030680-69893279 3249-3251 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-21387067-69893280 4569-4571 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-22592150-69893281 4572-4574 22592150 denotes 21
32106462-21479543-69893282 4699-4701 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893283 4702-4704 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-21267083-69893284 4727-4729 21267083 denotes 24
32106462-22038328-69893285 4730-4732 22038328 denotes 25
32106462-15269812-69893286 5306-5308 15269812 denotes 33
32106462-18975094-69893287 5309-5311 18975094 denotes 34
32106462-21479543-69893288 5690-5692 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893289 5693-5695 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-21267083-69893290 5696-5698 21267083 denotes 24
32106462-22038328-69893291 5699-5701 22038328 denotes 25
32106462-19327449-69893292 5945-5947 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-24030680-69893293 6244-6246 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-19327449-69893294 6253-6255 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-21387067-69893295 6259-6261 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-17553097-69893296 6262-6264 17553097 denotes 18
32106462-22704369-69893297 6268-6270 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-21479543-69893298 6329-6331 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893299 6332-6334 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-18975094-69893300 6341-6343 18975094 denotes 34
32106462-20218572-69893301 6347-6349 20218572 denotes 38
32106462-28281349-69893302 6517-6519 28281349 denotes 40
32106462-25906246-69893303 6621-6623 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-20066496-69893304 6835-6837 20066496 denotes 43
32106462-31277382-69893305 6841-6843 31277382 denotes 45
32106462-25906246-69893306 7022-7024 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-25906246-69893307 7210-7212 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-24957952-69893308 7602-7604 24957952 denotes 48
32106462-22704369-69893309 8896-8898 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-16786504-69893310 9233-9235 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-16786504-69893311 10131-10133 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-23298390-69893312 10222-10224 23298390 denotes 52
32106462-16786504-69893313 12376-12378 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-26835667-69893314 15737-15739 26835667 denotes 54
32106462-16786504-69893315 15796-15798 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-15247927-69893316 15874-15875 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893317 15894-15896 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-25430135-69893318 20829-20831 25430135 denotes 58
32106462-25906246-69893319 22044-22046 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-25906246-69893320 23324-23326 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-26835667-69893321 23797-23799 26835667 denotes 54
32106462-31277382-69893322 24878-24880 31277382 denotes 45
32106462-14522060-69893323 42911-42912 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-2999980-69893324 42913-42914 2999980 denotes 8
32106462-15247927-69893325 42915-42916 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893326 42920-42922 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-15247927-69893327 45269-45270 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893328 45533-45535 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-21157218-69893329 45680-45682 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-21479543-69893330 45743-45745 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-11708792-69893331 45862-45864 11708792 denotes 76
32106462-2003928-69893332 46346-46348 2003928 denotes 77
32106462-9327537-69893333 47329-47331 9327537 denotes 79
32106462-11959976-69893334 47348-47350 11959976 denotes 80
32106462-15247927-69893335 47361-47362 15247927 denotes 9