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PMC:7143804 / 15856-21955 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
99 139-144 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
107 1263-1266 Chemical denotes COC
108 1267-1270 Chemical denotes H2O
109 1271-1274 Chemical denotes COC
110 2205-2208 Chemical denotes COC
111 2213-2216 Chemical denotes H2O
112 2570-2573 Chemical denotes COC
113 2581-2584 Chemical denotes H2O
119 3311-3314 Chemical denotes COC
120 3382-3385 Chemical denotes H2O
121 3795-3798 Chemical denotes COC
122 3799-3802 Chemical denotes H2O
123 3803-3806 Chemical denotes COC
129 4366-4371 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
130 4835-4837 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
131 4842-4844 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
132 4872-4874 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
133 4878-4880 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
136 5894-5896 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
137 5901-5903 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T41 447-449 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T43 1151-1154 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T44 1903-1911 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T45 3857-3865 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T2 195-200 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T105 39-40 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T106 137-138 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 213-214 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T108 682-683 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T109 742-743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T110 1019-1021 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T111 1149-1150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T112 1261-1262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T113 1294-1300 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T114 1753-1756 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T115 1837-1839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T116 1837-1839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T117 1912-1913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T118 1950-1951 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T119 1989-1991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T120 1989-1991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T121 2159-2160 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T122 2415-2416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T123 2542-2543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 2714-2715 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 2723-2724 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T126 2766-2769 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T127 2770-2771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T128 3063-3064 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T129 3181-3183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0004265 denotes ht
T130 3328-3334 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T131 3572-3578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T132 3655-3656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 3755-3762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T134 3866-3867 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T135 3903-3912 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extremely
T136 3993-3994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T137 4238-4239 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T138 4415-4416 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T139 4453-4460 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extreme
T140 4580-4584 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007803 denotes mm a
T141 5081-5082 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T142 5135-5136 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T143 5201-5207 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3. (4)
T144 5246-5248 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T145 5277-5279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T146 5370-5372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T147 5927-5928 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T148 5947-5948 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T149 6054-6055 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T91 870-873 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T92 986-989 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T93 1151-1154 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T94 1263-1266 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T95 1267-1270 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T96 1271-1274 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T97 2205-2208 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T98 2213-2216 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T99 2570-2573 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T100 2581-2584 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T101 2592-2595 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T102 2716-2719 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T103 2772-2774 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T104 3227-3229 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T107 3311-3314 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T108 3382-3385 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T109 3795-3798 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T110 3799-3802 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T111 3803-3806 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T112 4835-4837 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T113 4842-4844 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T115 4872-4874 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T116 4878-4880 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T118 5213-5215 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T119 5277-5279 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T121 5293-5295 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T122 5305-5307 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T124 5370-5372 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T126 5386-5388 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T127 5404-5406 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T129 5553-5555 Chemical denotes Pi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35780
T130 5811-5813 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T131 5817-5819 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T133 5894-5896 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T134 5901-5903 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T133 0-4 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T134 5-38 Sentence denotes Resistive Heater Structure Design
T135 39-212 Sentence denotes A resistive heater structure will be placed at the bottom side of the chip using shadow masks and a metal deposition method capable of being used for large-scale production.
T136 213-316 Sentence denotes A meandering heater design is chosen, as this minimizes the input power required to heat up the heater.
T137 317-670 Sentence denotes This is evident from Equation (1), which is the relation between Joule’s law, Ohm’s law, and Pouillet’s law. (1) P=Across−section∗V2ρres,i∗lheater Here, P is the input power, Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor, V is the input potential, ρres,i is the resistivity of resistor material i, and lheater is the length of the resistor.
T138 671-869 Sentence denotes This makes a meandering structure, or any other narrow line structure, a quite often used pattern for heaters or electrodes within micro-electromechanical structures and microfluidics [26,29,54,55].
T139 870-1104 Sentence denotes MDA is being done at temperatures of around 30 °C [50], which is lower than, for example, temperatures required for HDA (64 °C) [9] or LAMP (65 °C) [11] and the required PCR temperatures of Chung et al. (95 °C, 54 °C, and 72 °C) [28].
T140 1105-1182 Sentence denotes However, most amplification methods require a DNA denaturation step at 95 °C.
T141 1183-1872 Sentence denotes Equation (2) is used to make an estimation of the required heating powers for a COC–H2O–COC stack (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil, but the thermal properties of this foil are unknown). (2) P=ΔTRth=ΔT∗Aheated∗κCOClCOC,1+κH2OlH2O+κCOClCOC,2+h Here, Rth is defined as the sum of all thermal resistances in series: (3) Rth=1h×Aheated+∑isubstancesliκi×Aheated Here, P is the required power, ΔT is the temperature difference, Rth is the thermal resistance, Aheated is the heated area, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (being 10 W m−2 K−1 for convection to air [56]), κi is the thermal conductivity of substance i, and li is the thickness of substance i.
T142 1873-1914 Sentence denotes Values for κi can be found in Appendix B.
T143 1915-1995 Sentence denotes From Equation (3), the product Rth×A can be defined as the sum of 1/h and li/κi.
T144 1996-2218 Sentence denotes Based on this summation, one can conclude that the convective heat transfer to the air is the most present heat transfer mechanism within the system (begin almost a factor 100 higher than the heat lost in the COC and H2O).
T145 2219-2411 Sentence denotes This is also evident from solving Equation (2) for every individual temperature differences within the system and also including convective heat transfer directly from the heater into the air.
T146 2412-2672 Sentence denotes If a heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm is assumed, which covers both the reaction chamber and the temperature monitor chamber, and a system consisting of 1 mm COC–0.5 mm H2O–0.1 mm COC is assumed, than the heater temperatures and powers in Table 1 are required.
T147 2673-2786 Sentence denotes These are all in the workable range when a COC of a proper grade is chosen (e.g., TOPAS 6017 has a Tg of 170 °C).
T148 2787-2907 Sentence denotes The only side note here is that at higher temperatures, the temperature gradient through the system also becomes larger.
T149 2908-2985 Sentence denotes This can be eliminated by using double-sided heating, like Chung et al. [28].
T150 2986-3236 Sentence denotes To determine the optimal heater width and heater spacing in the heated area, a parametric study using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a finite element method simulations with the Heat Transfer in Solids (ht) package is done (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA).
T151 3237-3397 Sentence denotes The model is designed such that it consists of two parallel rectangles of COC (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil) with H2O in between.
T152 3398-3482 Sentence denotes The meandering heater are assumed to be lines at the bottom side of the layer stack.
T153 3483-3621 Sentence denotes This reduces the required complexity of the mesh tremendously, as the heater in the real device will be approximately 100 nm in thickness.
T154 3622-3690 Sentence denotes The heater temperature is set at a constant temperature of 303.15 K.
T155 3691-3813 Sentence denotes This makes the heater material independent and the model purely focused on the heat transfer inside the COC–H2O–COC stack.
T156 3814-3868 Sentence denotes All used values and equations are given in Appendix B.
T157 3869-3992 Sentence denotes The layer stack is meshed with an extremely fine mapped mesh consisting of 280.650 elements with average quality of 0.9966.
T158 3993-4157 Sentence denotes A parametric sweep from 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, in steps of 0.1 mm, is done for both the heater width (wheater) and the heater spacing (sheater), giving 324 combinations.
T159 4158-4341 Sentence denotes The simulations are solved by using the fully coupled, direct Pardiso solver on a custom-build and 40% CPU overclocked simulation computer, containing the equipment listed in Table 2.
T160 4342-4537 Sentence denotes To validate whether the metal tracks can withstand the required current, a quick analysis is done for the four extreme cases (i.e., wheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm and sheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm).
T161 4538-4657 Sentence denotes In the same heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm a 100 nm (theater) thick heater track consisting of rectangles is assumed.
T162 4658-4763 Sentence denotes The total amount of large and smaller interconnecting rectangles for all 4 cases is estimated in Table 3.
T163 4764-5158 Sentence denotes Based on the polynomial approximation equations for the resistivity of Au and Pt (ρres,i, where i is either Au or Pt) which COMSOL MultiPhysics 5.3a uses (Equations (4) and (5)) and Equation (6) an estimation is made for the required input currents and the created current densities (defined as Ii/Across−section, in A m−2) when the heater is operated at 129.4 mW to get a temperature of 95 °C.
T164 5159-5448 Sentence denotes These estimations are also given in Table 3. (4) ρres,Au(T)=−2.210068×10−9+9.057611×10−11∗Tfor60≤T<400−4.632985×10−14∗T2+6.950205×−17∗T3 (5) ρres,Pt(T)=−1.927892×10−8+5.233699×10−10∗Tfor160≤T<600−4.107885×10−13∗T2+6.694129×−16∗T3−4.447775×10−19∗T4 (6) Ii=PRi=P∗Across−sectionρres,i∗lheater
T165 5449-5766 Sentence denotes In which ρres,i is the resistivity, T is the temperature, Ii is the current going through the resistor, Pi is the input power, R is the resistance of the resistor, lheater is the length of the resistor, and Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor defined as width times thickness (wheater×theater).
T166 5767-5820 Sentence denotes The subscript i denotes the material, being Au or Pt.
T167 5821-5972 Sentence denotes All these current densities are below the critical current densities for Au and Pt, which are around 1010 A m−2 [57] and 1011 A m−2 [58], respectively.
T168 5973-6099 Sentence denotes Therefore, any possible combination of heater width and heater spacing will give a resistive that can withstand its operation.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32106462-26835667-69893314 862-864 26835667 denotes 54
32106462-16786504-69893315 921-923 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-15247927-69893316 999-1000 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893317 1019-1021 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-25430135-69893318 5954-5956 25430135 denotes 58