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PMC:7143804 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
10 162-168 Species denotes bovine Tax:9913
11 190-210 Species denotes Covid-19 coronavirus Tax:2697049
12 235-241 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
13 575-580 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
14 137-145 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
15 155-160 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
16 169-181 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
17 355-363 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
18 864-872 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
19 907-915 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
40 1125-1145 Species denotes Covid-19 coronavirus Tax:2697049
41 1162-1168 Species denotes People Tax:9606
42 1373-1379 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
43 1543-1560 Species denotes Coxiella burnetii Tax:777
44 1572-1591 Species denotes Mycobacterium bovis Tax:1765
45 1593-1599 Species denotes bovine Tax:9913
46 1788-1794 Species denotes humans Tax:9606
47 1866-1879 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
48 1925-1933 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
49 2036-2042 Species denotes people Tax:9606
50 1705-1716 Species denotes Escherichia Tax:562
51 1084-1092 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
52 1190-1198 Disease denotes Zoonoses MESH:D015047
53 1410-1418 Disease denotes zoonotic MESH:D015047
54 1505-1513 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
55 1522-1532 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
56 1564-1569 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
57 1600-1612 Disease denotes tuberculosis MESH:D014376
58 1649-1662 Disease denotes Salmonellosis MESH:D012480
59 2126-2134 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
63 3225-3233 Gene denotes helicase Gene:164045
64 2750-2755 Species denotes human Tax:9606
65 2741-2749 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
69 5473-5481 Chemical denotes polymers MESH:D011108
70 6033-6038 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
71 6069-6071 Chemical denotes Cu MESH:D003300
76 7281-7301 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane MESH:C013830
77 7303-7307 Chemical denotes PDMS MESH:C013830
78 7718-7741 Chemical denotes cyclic olefin copolymer
79 7743-7746 Chemical denotes COC
86 8218-8223 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
87 8357-8362 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
88 8415-8418 Chemical denotes COC
89 8427-8432 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
90 8552-8557 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
91 9215-9220 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
95 9491-9498 Chemical denotes polymer MESH:D011108
96 10017-10022 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
97 10054-10059 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
99 15995-16000 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
107 17119-17122 Chemical denotes COC
108 17123-17126 Chemical denotes H2O
109 17127-17130 Chemical denotes COC
110 18061-18064 Chemical denotes COC
111 18069-18072 Chemical denotes H2O
112 18426-18429 Chemical denotes COC
113 18437-18440 Chemical denotes H2O
119 19167-19170 Chemical denotes COC
120 19238-19241 Chemical denotes H2O
121 19651-19654 Chemical denotes COC
122 19655-19658 Chemical denotes H2O
123 19659-19662 Chemical denotes COC
129 20222-20227 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
130 20691-20693 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
131 20698-20700 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
132 20728-20730 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
133 20734-20736 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
136 21750-21752 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
137 21757-21759 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
145 22152-22161 Chemical denotes copolymer
146 22206-22224 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon MESH:D006844
147 22226-22236 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
148 22282-22288 Chemical denotes ethene MESH:C036216
149 22536-22546 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
150 23458-23469 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
151 22690-22704 Disease denotes heater failure MESH:D006333
154 23759-23770 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
155 24056-24067 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
164 24390-24395 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
165 24462-24467 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
166 24703-24705 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
167 24709-24711 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
168 25254-25259 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
169 25310-25315 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
170 24416-24424 Disease denotes backside
171 25511-25520 CellLine denotes a Heraeus CVCL:S575
180 26033-26036 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
181 26042-26045 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
182 25807-25814 Chemical denotes acetone MESH:D000096
183 25826-25831 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
184 25833-25840 Chemical denotes ethanol MESH:D000431
185 25846-25857 Chemical denotes isopropanol MESH:D019840
186 25935-25937 Chemical denotes N2
187 25757-25765 Disease denotes backside
195 27843-27846 Chemical denotes H2O
196 28016-28019 Chemical denotes COC
197 28024-28027 Chemical denotes H2O
198 28210-28213 Chemical denotes COC
199 28218-28221 Chemical denotes H2O
200 28416-28419 Chemical denotes H2O
201 28424-28427 Chemical denotes COC
204 30378-30383 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
205 30232-30240 Disease denotes stresses MESH:D000079225
213 31688-31690 Chemical denotes N2
214 31841-31852 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
215 32017-32027 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
216 32053-32059 Chemical denotes ethene MESH:C036216
217 32074-32084 Chemical denotes norbornene MESH:C046060
218 32119-32137 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon MESH:D006844
219 32237-32248 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
221 33011-33016 Chemical denotes Metal MESH:D008670
227 33158-33160 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
228 33165-33167 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
229 33369-33374 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
230 33438-33443 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
231 33504-33513 Chemical denotes polyimide
237 33696-33701 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
238 33754-33759 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
239 34289-34292 Chemical denotes TCR
240 34359-34361 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
241 34366-34368 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
248 34408-34413 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
249 35047-35049 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
250 35054-35056 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
251 35296-35301 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
252 35315-35317 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
253 35333-35335 Chemical denotes Pt MESH:D010984
255 35516-35521 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
259 35758-35761 Chemical denotes TCR
260 35790-35795 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
261 36211-36214 Chemical denotes TCR
263 36430-36432 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
266 36920-36922 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
267 37624-37629 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
270 39095-39098 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
271 39052-39055 Gene denotes Rad Gene:6236
277 39712-39717 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
278 39813-39818 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
279 40014-40022 Chemical denotes EvaGreen
280 40315-40320 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
281 40659-40664 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
285 40838-40840 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
286 40970-40975 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
287 41029-41034 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
290 41468-41470 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
291 41481-41486 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
296 42350-42355 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
297 42392-42394 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
298 42495-42500 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
299 42702-42709 Chemical denotes cyanine
303 45727-45735 Gene denotes helicase Gene:164045
304 45540-45548 Disease denotes zoonoses MESH:D015047
305 46683-46700 Disease denotes zoonoses diseases MESH:D015047
307 47389-47394 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
313 50626-50634 Gene denotes helicase Gene:164045
314 50612-50615 Chemical denotes H2O
315 50616-50621 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
316 50760-50768 Chemical denotes nitrogen MESH:D009584
317 50815-50853 Disease denotes reaction PDMS polydimethylsiloxane PID MESH:D064420
319 51447-51452 Chemical denotes Water MESH:D014867
321 51457-51460 Chemical denotes H2O
323 52335-52340 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
325 52927-52950 Chemical denotes Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
329 54099-54104 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
330 54114-54117 Chemical denotes COC
331 54260-54265 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
333 54375-54377 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
337 54492-54495 Chemical denotes TCR
338 54582-54585 Chemical denotes TCR
339 54593-54598 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
341 54681-54683 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
349 55051-55053 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
350 55045-55047 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
351 55039-55041 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
352 55033-55035 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
353 55027-55029 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
354 55021-55023 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
355 55002-55007 Chemical denotes Water MESH:D014867
363 55566-55568 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
364 55596-55598 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
365 55590-55592 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
366 55584-55586 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
367 55578-55580 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
368 55572-55574 Gene denotes μL Gene:4591
369 55547-55552 Chemical denotes Water MESH:D014867
459 56415-56417 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
460 56500-56518 Chemical denotes blue food coloring
461 56572-56589 Chemical denotes red food coloring
464 57319-57330 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
465 57397-57402 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
467 58882-58887 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670
470 59054-59065 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
471 59219-59230 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
474 59330-59341 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
475 59481-59492 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
479 59730-59741 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
480 59851-59862 Chemical denotes cyclohexane MESH:C506365
481 59882-59885 Chemical denotes COC
483 60017-60019 Chemical denotes Au MESH:D006046
485 60904-60909 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
489 61047-61050 Chemical denotes MDA
490 61181-61186 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
491 61605-61610 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
493 62333-62338 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
495 62853-62858 Chemical denotes metal MESH:D008670

LitCovid_Glycan-Motif-Structure

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 14265-14268 https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00063MO denotes CAD
T2 50410-50413 https://glytoucan.org/Structures/Glycans/G00063MO denotes CAD

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 11-14 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T2 479-482 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T3 920-923 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T4 2900-2921 Body_part denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T5 2923-2926 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T6 2952-2955 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T7 2959-2975 Body_part denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T8 2977-2980 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T9 3142-3145 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T10 3149-3152 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T11 3350-3353 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T12 3357-3360 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T13 3503-3506 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T14 3511-3514 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T15 3625-3628 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T16 4643-4646 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T17 5569-5572 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T18 6769-6772 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T19 6776-6779 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T20 8465-8471 Body_part denotes plasma http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma62970
T21 9505-9508 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T22 10291-10294 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T23 11142-11148 Body_part denotes genome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116
T24 11198-11201 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T25 11255-11258 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T26 11385-11388 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T27 11584-11587 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T28 11694-11697 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T29 11748-11751 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T30 11891-11894 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T31 12667-12670 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T32 13352-13355 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T33 13993-13995 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T35 13996-13999 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T36 14435-14438 Body_part denotes CAM http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67214
T37 14850-14859 Body_part denotes trapezoid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma23724
T38 14970-14980 Body_part denotes trapezoids http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma23724
T39 15788-15790 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T40 15795-15803 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T41 16303-16305 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T43 17007-17010 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T44 17759-17767 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T45 19713-19721 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T46 26171-26174 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T47 26235-26237 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T49 26238-26241 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T50 31119-31121 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T52 33452-33456 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T53 34643-34645 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T54 34649-34657 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T55 35563-35565 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T56 35569-35577 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T57 37057-37060 Body_part denotes map http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67847
T58 38494-38497 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T59 38645-38647 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T61 38648-38651 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T62 38801-38808 Body_part denotes protein http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T63 39194-39197 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T64 39559-39561 Body_part denotes AG http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma61898
T65 39637-39639 Body_part denotes V2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma13443|http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68615
T67 39640-39643 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T68 39995-39998 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T69 40579-40581 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T70 40585-40593 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T71 41977-41980 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T72 42149-42157 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T73 42665-42668 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T74 42755-42758 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T75 42821-42824 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T76 43239-43242 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T77 43381-43384 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T78 43415-43418 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T79 43863-43866 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T80 44066-44069 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T81 44320-44323 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T82 45623-45626 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T83 45723-45726 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T84 45773-45776 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T85 45877-45885 Body_part denotes proteins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257
T86 46015-46018 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T87 46438-46441 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T88 46509-46512 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T89 46587-46590 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T90 46637-46640 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T91 47996-48001 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670
T92 48003-48008 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66938
T93 48010-48016 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma59862
T94 48057-48062 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T95 48073-48076 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T96 48135-48139 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T97 48170-48173 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T98 50436-50439 Body_part denotes CAM http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67214
T99 50560-50563 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T100 50564-50585 Body_part denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T101 50608-50611 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T102 50929-50932 Body_part denotes RNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T103 50933-50949 Body_part denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095
T104 51005-51008 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T105 51150-51156 Body_part denotes genome http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84116
T106 51202-51210 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T107 51244-51246 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T108 51273-51276 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T109 51361-51369 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T110 51433-51441 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T111 51557-51559 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T112 51634-51636 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T113 51699-51701 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T114 51959-51961 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T115 51964-51966 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T116 52071-52073 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T117 52177-52179 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T118 52300-52302 Body_part denotes A1 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66592
T119 52913-52921 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T120 53027-53029 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T121 53351-53355 Body_part denotes body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135
T122 53469-53471 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T123 53738-53740 Body_part denotes A6 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66574
T124 53785-53787 Body_part denotes A6 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66574
T125 53802-53810 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T126 53998-54006 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T127 54329-54331 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T128 54386-54394 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T129 54435-54437 Body_part denotes A2 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66595
T130 54613-54615 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T131 54795-54803 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T132 54912-54914 Body_part denotes A3 http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma66599
T133 54987-54990 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T134 55065-55068 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T135 55124-55127 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T136 55174-55182 Body_part denotes Appendix http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14542
T137 55532-55535 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T138 55889-55892 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T139 56344-56347 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T140 56462-56465 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T141 56634-56637 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T142 56906-56909 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T143 56979-56988 Body_part denotes trapezoid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma23724
T144 57465-57469 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056
T145 58677-58682 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T146 58724-58729 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T147 60563-60566 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T148 61017-61020 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412
T149 61354-61357 Body_part denotes DNA http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74412

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 7684-7689 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T2 16051-16056 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T3 23960-23965 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T4 25156-25161 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T5 33452-33456 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T6 36489-36494 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T7 39543-39547 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T8 39938-39942 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T9 40057-40061 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T10 40282-40286 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T11 40426-40430 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T12 40624-40628 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T13 42120-42124 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T14 47996-48001 Body_part denotes blood http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178
T15 48003-48008 Body_part denotes mucus http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000912
T16 48010-48016 Body_part denotes saliva http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001836
T17 48202-48215 Body_part denotes bodily fluids http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314
T18 55055-55059 Body_part denotes Tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T19 55087-55091 Body_part denotes Tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T20 56906-56909 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
T21 57562-57567 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T22 58091-58096 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T23 59263-59268 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542
T24 61110-61114 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T25 61216-61220 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T26 61486-61490 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 137-145 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T2 153-160 Disease denotes Q-fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019186
T3 162-181 Disease denotes bovine tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025136
T4 169-181 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T5 355-363 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T6 864-872 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T7 907-915 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T8 1084-1092 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T9 1190-1198 Disease denotes Zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T10 1505-1513 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T11 1522-1532 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T12 1562-1569 Disease denotes Q-fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019186
T13 1593-1612 Disease denotes bovine tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025136
T14 1600-1612 Disease denotes tuberculosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018076
T15 1649-1662 Disease denotes Salmonellosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000827
T16 1680-1698 Disease denotes Campylobacteriosis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005688
T17 6524-6527 Disease denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000922
T18 6558-6561 Disease denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000922
T19 9620-9649 Disease denotes Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021681
T20 14265-14268 Disease denotes CAD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005010|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018922
T22 14547-14550 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T24 22826-22829 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T26 23732-23735 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T28 25823-25825 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T29 26664-26666 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T30 26692-26694 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T31 31305-31309 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T32 31375-31379 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T33 31577-31581 Disease denotes RRMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005314
T34 33541-33543 Disease denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0010725
T35 41478-41480 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T36 45540-45548 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T37 46683-46691 Disease denotes zoonoses http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0025481
T38 49178-49181 Disease denotes TCO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011312
T39 50410-50413 Disease denotes CAD http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005010|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018922
T41 50469-50472 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134
T43 50546-50548 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T44 50850-50853 Disease denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0000922
T45 51013-51042 Disease denotes Sexually Transmitted Diseases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021681
T46 53256-53258 Disease denotes MI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005068
T47 54999-55001 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T48 55544-55546 Disease denotes DI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018849
T49 56799-56802 Disease denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0015285|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0019134

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 235-241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T2 246-252 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T3 353-354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 414-415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 466-467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 675-678 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T7 883-889 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T8 891-896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Tests
T9 1028-1029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 1208-1209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1232-1238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T12 1319-1326 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T13 1336-1347 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_7742 denotes vertebrates
T14 1361-1368 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T15 1373-1379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T16 1433-1441 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T17 1443-1450 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T18 1788-1794 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes humans
T19 1974-1975 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 2097-2104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animals
T21 2544-2545 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T22 2553-2554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 2750-2755 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T24 2759-2765 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_33208 denotes animal
T25 2939-2947 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T26 2993-3000 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T27 3008-3009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 3322-3324 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T29 3336-3337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 3382-3383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 3412-3413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 3529-3536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T33 3782-3783 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 3814-3819 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T35 4144-4145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 4322-4323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T37 4329-4336 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T38 4634-4639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007688 denotes field
T39 4990-4991 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T40 5029-5030 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T41 5396-5397 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T42 5534-5535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T43 5541-5548 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T44 5645-5646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T45 6214-6215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T46 6322-6323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 6488-6489 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T48 6620-6621 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T49 6750-6751 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T50 6757-6764 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T51 6827-6830 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050884 denotes ten
T52 6917-6924 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T53 6958-6959 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 7402-7403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 7602-7604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T56 7919-7926 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T57 8003-8005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T58 8100-8101 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T59 8191-8193 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T60 8236-8237 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T61 8317-8318 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62 8445-8446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T63 8465-8471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001969 denotes plasma
T64 8483-8490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T65 8483-8490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T66 8768-8771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T67 8772-8773 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T68 9477-9478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 9601-9613 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T70 9697-9704 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes Devices
T71 9728-9729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T72 9913-9914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T73 9915-9921 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T74 9972-9979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focuses
T75 10332-10333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T76 10573-10579 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T77 11013-11014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T78 11038-11039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79 11124-11125 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 11203-11205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T81 11307-11308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T82 11566-11567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T83 11606-11607 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T84 12144-12145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T85 12185-12186 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T86 12489-12490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 12658-12659 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T88 12895-12896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T89 13061-13064 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T90 13300-13301 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 13445-13452 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T92 13576-13577 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 13599-13600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T94 13640-13644 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001236 denotes 2, a
T95 13832-13834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T96 14237-14241 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001185 denotes 2018
T97 14517-14518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T98 14547-14550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T99 14786-14787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T100 15208-15209 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T101 15418-15419 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T102 15532-15533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 15621-15622 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T104 15804-15805 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T105 15895-15896 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T106 15993-15994 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T107 16069-16070 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T108 16538-16539 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T109 16598-16599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T110 16875-16877 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T111 17005-17006 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T112 17117-17118 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T113 17150-17156 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T114 17609-17612 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T115 17693-17695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T116 17693-17695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T117 17768-17769 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T118 17806-17807 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T119 17845-17847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001022 denotes li
T120 17845-17847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007314 denotes li
T121 18015-18016 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T122 18271-18272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T123 18398-18399 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 18570-18571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 18579-18580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T126 18622-18625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T127 18626-18627 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T128 18919-18920 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T129 19037-19039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0004265 denotes ht
T130 19184-19190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T131 19428-19434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T132 19511-19512 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 19611-19618 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009985 denotes focused
T134 19722-19723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T135 19759-19768 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extremely
T136 19849-19850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T137 20094-20095 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T138 20271-20272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T139 20309-20316 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extreme
T140 20436-20440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007803 denotes mm a
T141 20937-20938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T142 20991-20992 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T143 21057-21063 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001302 denotes 3. (4)
T144 21102-21104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T145 21133-21135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T146 21226-21228 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050160 denotes T2
T147 21783-21784 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T148 21803-21804 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T149 21910-21911 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T150 22250-22251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T151 22566-22567 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T152 22712-22713 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T153 22826-22829 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T154 22843-22844 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T155 22952-22953 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T156 23025-23027 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T157 23050-23051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T158 23279-23280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T159 23407-23414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T160 23427-23428 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T161 23496-23498 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001387 denotes 4c
T162 23526-23527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T163 23732-23735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T164 23844-23847 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T165 23952-23953 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T166 24262-24268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T167 24305-24307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 41
T168 24388-24389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T169 24469-24471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T170 24548-24550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T171 24551-24554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T172 24555-24556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T173 24848-24849 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T174 24902-24904 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0037161 denotes en
T175 25022-25023 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T176 25399-25403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T177 25511-25512 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T178 25624-25625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T179 25648-25659 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes Instruments
T180 25859-25861 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053799 denotes 45
T181 25998-25999 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T182 26477-26478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T183 26651-26652 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T184 26653-26656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001002 denotes 162
T185 26664-26666 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T186 26692-26694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T187 26808-26809 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 26938-26939 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T189 28523-28524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T190 28714-28715 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T191 28812-28813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T192 28953-28954 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T193 29123-29124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T194 29154-29155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T195 29168-29169 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T196 29190-29191 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T197 29244-29245 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T198 29571-29573 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T199 29604-29605 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T200 29650-29651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T201 29736-29737 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T202 29826-29832 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T203 30144-30146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T204 30376-30377 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T205 30411-30414 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T206 30937-30938 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T207 31057-31058 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T208 31303-31304 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T209 31493-31494 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 32403-32404 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T211 32463-32465 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008149 denotes NE
T212 32531-32532 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T213 32684-32687 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T214 33265-33269 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T215 33329-33333 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Test
T216 33450-33451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 33501-33503 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0003788 denotes HN
T218 33541-33543 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008882 denotes RS
T219 33635-33639 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T220 33662-33663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T221 33820-33821 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T222 34336-34339 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T223 34351-34354 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T224 34366-34372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008516 denotes Pt [67
T225 34424-34425 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T226 34540-34541 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T227 34643-34645 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T228 34658-34661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes C.1
T229 34989-34992 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes C−1
T230 35073-35076 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T231 35093-35096 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T232 35145-35148 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T233 35149-35150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T234 35205-35208 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T235 35563-35565 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T236 35578-35581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002105 denotes C.2
T237 35578-35581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051742 denotes C.2
T238 35746-35752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T239 35890-35891 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T240 36046-36047 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T241 36123-36124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T242 36140-36144 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T243 36150-36151 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T244 36186-36187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T245 36420-36426 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T246 36553-36556 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002199 denotes car
T247 36679-36680 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T248 37021-37031 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes facing the
T249 37050-37051 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T250 37157-37158 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T251 37347-37348 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T252 37622-37623 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T253 37694-37695 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T254 37833-37839 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T255 37924-37925 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T256 38119-38120 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T257 38443-38444 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T258 38769-38771 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T259 38809-38817 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T260 38833-38834 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T261 38865-38866 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T262 38893-38899 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T263 39033-39034 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T264 39280-39281 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T265 39368-39370 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T266 39543-39547 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T267 39777-39779 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003064 denotes im
T268 39872-39873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T269 39938-39942 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T270 40057-40061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T271 40076-40077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T272 40235-40236 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T273 40282-40286 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T274 40304-40305 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T275 40426-40430 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T276 40579-40581 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T277 40624-40628 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T278 40988-40992 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T279 41018-41019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T280 41103-41104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T281 41203-41204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T282 41418-41423 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tubes
T283 41565-41566 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T284 41673-41674 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T285 41793-41796 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T286 41797-41798 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T287 41887-41893 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T288 41897-41898 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T289 42120-42124 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T290 42181-42187 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T291 42569-42575 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T292 42631-42632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T293 42682-42683 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T294 42792-42793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T295 42978-42979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T296 43102-43105 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000001343 denotes aim
T297 43727-43728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T298 43765-43766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T299 44047-44053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T300 44102-44103 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T301 44238-44244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T302 44261-44262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T303 44404-44405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T304 44579-44580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T305 44899-44905 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T306 45140-45146 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T307 45336-45342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T308 45377-45383 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T309 45488-45489 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T310 45490-45496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T311 45594-45600 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T312 46013-46014 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T313 46099-46100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T314 46354-46355 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T315 46436-46437 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T316 46514-46516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T317 46585-46586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T318 46652-46659 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T319 46661-46663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T320 46671-46676 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T321 46715-46722 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T322 46724-46726 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T323 46747-46748 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T324 46853-46854 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T325 46926-46927 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T326 47114-47115 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T327 47151-47152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T328 47320-47322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001527 denotes 94
T329 47378-47379 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T330 47536-47537 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T331 47775-47778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T332 47847-47850 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T333 47996-48001 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000178 denotes blood
T334 47996-48001 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000296 denotes blood
T335 48057-48062 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T336 48135-48139 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T337 48202-48215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0006314 denotes bodily fluids
T338 48387-48388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T339 48442-48443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T340 48492-48493 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T341 48526-48527 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T342 48528-48534 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T343 48571-48572 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T344 48616-48617 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T345 48668-48669 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T346 48732-48733 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T347 48748-48749 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T348 50469-50472 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T349 50743-50745 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007815 denotes Mo
T350 51188-51200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T351 51211-51212 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T352 51370-51371 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T353 51442-51443 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T354 51599-51601 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T355 51634-51636 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T356 51699-51701 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T357 51775-51777 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T358 52071-52073 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T359 52075-52077 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T360 52177-52179 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T361 52281-52283 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T362 52922-52923 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T363 53027-53029 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T364 53077-53080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007437 denotes m−1
T365 53077-53080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007448 denotes m−1
T366 53077-53080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007449 denotes m−1
T367 53077-53080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050175 denotes m−1
T368 53077-53080 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052399 denotes m−1
T369 53081-53084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T370 53109-53112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007437 denotes m−1
T371 53109-53112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007448 denotes m−1
T372 53109-53112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007449 denotes m−1
T373 53109-53112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050175 denotes m−1
T374 53109-53112 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052399 denotes m−1
T375 53113-53116 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T376 53306-53308 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T377 53337-53338 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T378 53449-53451 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000005794 denotes CP
T379 53469-53471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T380 53533-53536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007437 denotes m−1
T381 53533-53536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007448 denotes m−1
T382 53533-53536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007449 denotes m−1
T383 53533-53536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050175 denotes m−1
T384 53533-53536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052399 denotes m−1
T385 53537-53540 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T386 53552-53555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007437 denotes m−1
T387 53552-53555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007448 denotes m−1
T388 53552-53555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007449 denotes m−1
T389 53552-53555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050175 denotes m−1
T390 53552-53555 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052399 denotes m−1
T391 53556-53559 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T392 53738-53740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001602 denotes A6
T393 53738-53740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001603 denotes A6
T394 53738-53740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050248 denotes A6
T395 53738-53740 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052463 denotes A6
T396 53785-53787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001602 denotes A6
T397 53785-53787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001603 denotes A6
T398 53785-53787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050248 denotes A6
T399 53785-53787 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0052463 denotes A6
T400 54007-54010 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051741 denotes C.1
T401 54097-54098 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T402 54329-54331 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T403 54395-54398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002105 denotes C.2
T404 54395-54398 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051742 denotes C.2
T405 54435-54437 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001562 denotes A2
T406 54559-54562 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T407 54613-54615 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T408 54672-54673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T409 54736-54739 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T410 54789-54792 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1
T411 54912-54914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001577 denotes A3
T412 55055-55059 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes Tube
T413 55082-55086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4 1
T414 55087-55091 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes Tube
T415 55109-55113 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4 1
T416 55141-55145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4 1
T417 55168-55172 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053794 denotes 4 1
T418 55197-55203 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes Signal
T419 55360-55366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T420 55384-55390 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T421 55472-55478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T422 55618-55625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053001 denotes 1 1 4
T423 55655-55661 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T424 55756-55762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001627 denotes (a), a
T425 55796-55797 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T426 56199-56200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T427 56799-56802 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003099 denotes CNC
T428 56856-56857 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T429 56886-56887 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T430 56906-56909 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eye
T431 57132-57133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T432 57198-57199 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T433 57697-57698 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T434 57777-57778 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T435 57942-57943 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T436 58151-58152 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T437 58232-58233 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T438 58265-58266 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T439 58527-58528 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T440 58677-58682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T441 58724-58729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T442 58773-58774 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T443 58781-58782 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T444 59004-59005 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T445 59025-59028 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002755 denotes d–f
T446 59052-59053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T447 59134-59135 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T448 59172-59173 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T449 59407-59408 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T450 59416-59417 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T451 59438-59439 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T452 59620-59621 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T453 59674-59675 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T454 59914-59915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T455 59976-59978 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T456 60107-60108 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T457 60241-60242 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T458 60296-60297 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T459 60331-60335 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T460 60345-60346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T461 60428-60429 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T462 60477-60478 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T463 60534-60535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T464 60556-60557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes b
T465 60737-60743 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T466 61007-61013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signal
T467 61110-61114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T468 61179-61180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T469 61216-61220 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T470 61320-61321 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T471 61486-61490 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T472 61603-61604 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T473 61715-61722 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/SO_0000418 denotes signals
T474 61875-61876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T475 62239-62246 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes Extreme
T476 62347-62350 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051145 denotes RAM
T477 62516-62523 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes extreme
T478 62648-62649 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T479 62667-62668 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T480 62797-62800 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001180 denotes 203
T481 62868-62873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T482 62936-62940 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T483 62967-62971 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T484 63000-63004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T485 63032-63036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T486 63061-63065 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes Test
T487 63111-63114 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0007052 denotes K−1

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 11-14 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T2 479-482 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T3 920-923 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T4 1259-1264 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T5 2281-2286 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T6 2900-2921 Chemical denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T7 2917-2921 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T8 2923-2926 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T9 2952-2955 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T10 2959-2975 Chemical denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T11 2971-2975 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T12 2977-2980 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T13 3142-3145 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14 3149-3152 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T15 3259-3262 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T16 3350-3353 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T17 3357-3360 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T18 3369-3372 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T19 3503-3506 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T20 3511-3514 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T21 3625-3628 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T22 4643-4646 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T23 5473-5481 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T24 5569-5572 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T25 6069-6071 Chemical denotes Cu http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28694
T26 6524-6527 Chemical denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8066
T27 6558-6561 Chemical denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8066
T28 6769-6772 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T29 6776-6779 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T30 6831-6839 Chemical denotes polymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839
T31 6864-6870 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T32 7281-7301 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48137|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61466|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T36 7303-7307 Chemical denotes PDMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T38 7718-7731 Chemical denotes cyclic olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33642
T39 7725-7731 Chemical denotes olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32878|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33641
T41 7732-7741 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T43 7743-7746 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T44 8027-8030 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T45 8238-8241 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T46 8415-8418 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T47 8491-8498 Chemical denotes solvent http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46787
T48 8567-8570 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T49 8651-8654 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T50 8671-8673 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T51 8764-8767 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T52 8804-8806 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T53 8824-8827 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T54 9053-9056 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T55 9121-9128 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T56 9491-9498 Chemical denotes polymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33839|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T58 9505-9508 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T59 10106-10109 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T60 10208-10211 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T61 10291-10294 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T62 11015-11018 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T63 11117-11120 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T64 11198-11201 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T65 11255-11258 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T66 11385-11388 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T67 11392-11395 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T68 11584-11587 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T69 11596-11604 Chemical denotes molecule http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367
T70 11694-11697 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T71 11723-11728 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T72 11748-11751 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T73 11891-11894 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T74 11941-11948 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T75 12003-12011 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T76 12027-12034 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T77 12667-12670 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T78 12779-12782 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T79 12897-12903 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T80 13352-13355 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T81 13368-13371 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T82 13752-13765 Chemical denotes food coloring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_77182
T83 13766-13769 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T84 13996-13999 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T85 14019-14021 Chemical denotes GE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73801
T86 14103-14106 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T87 14107-14115 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T88 14547-14550 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T89 15126-15133 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T90 15576-15583 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T91 16726-16729 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T92 16842-16845 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T93 17007-17010 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T94 17119-17122 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T95 17123-17126 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T96 17127-17130 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T97 18061-18064 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T98 18069-18072 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T99 18426-18429 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T100 18437-18440 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T101 18448-18451 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T102 18572-18575 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T103 18628-18630 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T104 19083-19085 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T107 19167-19170 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T108 19238-19241 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T109 19651-19654 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T110 19655-19658 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T111 19659-19662 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T112 20691-20693 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T113 20698-20700 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T115 20728-20730 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T116 20734-20736 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T118 21069-21071 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T119 21133-21135 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T121 21149-21151 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T122 21161-21163 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T124 21226-21228 Chemical denotes T2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29298|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75710
T126 21242-21244 Chemical denotes T3 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18258
T127 21260-21262 Chemical denotes T4 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18332|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75602
T129 21409-21411 Chemical denotes Pi http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35780
T130 21667-21669 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T131 21673-21675 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T133 21750-21752 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T134 21757-21759 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T136 21974-21977 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T137 22152-22161 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T139 22206-22224 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33663
T140 22213-22224 Chemical denotes hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24632
T141 22226-22236 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T142 22282-22288 Chemical denotes ethene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18153
T143 22316-22319 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T144 22422-22432 Chemical denotes Kunststoff http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T145 22450-22460 Chemical denotes Kunststoff http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60027
T146 22536-22546 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T147 22584-22586 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T148 22826-22829 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T149 22852-22854 Chemical denotes WF http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74874
T150 22883-22885 Chemical denotes SA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35962|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_38358|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_45373|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74801
T154 23458-23469 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T155 23552-23555 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T156 23732-23735 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T157 23759-23770 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T158 23840-23843 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T159 24056-24067 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T160 24469-24471 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T161 24548-24550 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T162 24703-24705 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T163 24709-24711 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T165 24737-24743 Chemical denotes metals http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33521
T166 24902-24904 Chemical denotes en http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30347
T167 25040-25042 Chemical denotes CE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3663
T168 25345-25348 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T169 25807-25814 Chemical denotes acetone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15347
T170 25826-25831 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T171 25833-25840 Chemical denotes ethanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16236
T172 25935-25937 Chemical denotes N2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17997
T173 26171-26174 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T174 26190-26196 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T175 26238-26241 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T176 26289-26292 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T177 26664-26666 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T178 26692-26694 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T179 27180-27186 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T180 27843-27846 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T181 27851-27854 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T182 28016-28019 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T183 28024-28027 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T184 28210-28213 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T185 28218-28221 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T186 28416-28419 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T187 28424-28427 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T188 28647-28654 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T189 29536-29539 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T190 30046-30053 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T191 30144-30146 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T192 30333-30336 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T193 30703-30706 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T194 30975-30983 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T195 31295-31298 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T196 31534-31537 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T197 31612-31615 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T198 31688-31690 Chemical denotes N2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17997
T199 31793-31796 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T200 31841-31852 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T201 31922-31932 Chemical denotes copolymers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T203 32017-32027 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T204 32053-32059 Chemical denotes ethene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18153
T205 32074-32084 Chemical denotes norbornene http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_52286
T206 32119-32137 Chemical denotes cyclic hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33663
T207 32126-32137 Chemical denotes hydrocarbon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24632
T208 32216-32230 Chemical denotes polar solvents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48354
T209 32222-32230 Chemical denotes solvents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46787
T210 32237-32248 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T211 32449-32451 Chemical denotes Co http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27638
T212 32463-32465 Chemical denotes NE http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73824
T213 32680-32683 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T214 33127-33130 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T215 33158-33160 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T216 33165-33167 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T218 33504-33513 Chemical denotes polyimide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53232|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61484
T220 33541-33543 Chemical denotes RS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73819
T221 33673-33675 Chemical denotes Si http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27573
T222 34359-34361 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T223 34366-34368 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T225 34426-34429 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T226 35047-35049 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T227 35054-35056 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T229 35117-35120 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T230 35315-35317 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T231 35333-35335 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T233 36430-36432 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T234 36690-36693 Chemical denotes Pro http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50342
T235 36920-36922 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T236 37599-37602 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T237 37624-37629 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T238 38494-38497 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T239 38569-38572 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T240 38648-38651 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T241 38696-38699 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T242 38801-38808 Chemical denotes protein http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T243 38907-38910 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T244 39194-39197 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T245 39490-39493 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T246 39559-39561 Chemical denotes AG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27569|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_40618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73757
T249 39640-39643 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T250 39688-39691 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T251 39712-39717 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T252 39751-39753 Chemical denotes RV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73823
T253 39777-39779 Chemical denotes im http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30366
T254 39813-39818 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T255 39972-39979 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T256 39995-39998 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T257 40023-40026 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T258 40027-40035 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T259 40157-40160 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T260 40315-40320 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T261 40514-40522 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T262 40659-40664 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T263 40775-40778 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T264 40838-40840 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T265 40970-40975 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T266 41029-41034 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T267 41438-41444 Chemical denotes quartz http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_46727
T268 41481-41486 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T269 41517-41519 Chemical denotes MA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_474859|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73610|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_90325
T272 41649-41656 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T273 41789-41792 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T274 41899-41906 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T275 41936-41942 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T276 41955-41961 Chemical denotes buffer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35225
T277 41977-41980 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T278 42010-42017 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T279 42350-42355 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T280 42392-42394 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T281 42495-42500 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T282 42665-42668 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T283 42723-42726 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T284 42755-42758 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T285 42767-42771 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T286 42821-42824 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T287 42833-42837 Chemical denotes dyes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T288 42863-42867 Chemical denotes base http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T289 42973-42976 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T290 43239-43242 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T291 43381-43384 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T292 43415-43418 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T293 43487-43490 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T294 43863-43866 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T295 44066-44069 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T296 44091-44094 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T297 44213-44215 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T298 44288-44291 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T299 44320-44323 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T300 44365-44368 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T301 44523-44526 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T302 44723-44726 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T303 44814-44817 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T304 44988-44991 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T305 45623-45626 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T306 45697-45700 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T307 45710-45713 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T308 45723-45726 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T309 45773-45776 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T310 45877-45885 Chemical denotes proteins http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080
T311 46015-46018 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T312 46077-46082 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T313 46278-46281 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T314 46438-46441 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T315 46509-46512 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T316 46587-46590 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T317 46637-46640 Chemical denotes RNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T318 46708-46714 Chemical denotes corona http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37409
T319 47389-47394 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T320 48073-48076 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T321 48170-48173 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T322 48221-48229 Chemical denotes reagents http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33893
T323 48324-48327 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T324 48337-48340 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T325 48547-48554 Chemical denotes essence http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48318
T326 49124-49127 Chemical denotes COC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310
T327 49178-49181 Chemical denotes TCO http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73156
T33625 50402-50404 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T24785 50405-50409 Chemical denotes gold http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_30050
T17487 50469-50472 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T59723 50504-50517 Chemical denotes cyclic olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33642
T39124 50511-50517 Chemical denotes olefin http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32878|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33641
T5398 50518-50527 Chemical denotes copolymer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53310|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60804
T77411 50560-50563 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T42976 50564-50585 Chemical denotes deoxyribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T39672 50581-50585 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T42832 50608-50611 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T86992 50612-50615 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T76600 50616-50621 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T99250 50622-50625 Chemical denotes HDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17314
T85004 50703-50706 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T58905 50743-50745 Chemical denotes Mo http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T27858 50746-50756 Chemical denotes molybdenum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28685
T59668 50757-50759 Chemical denotes N2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17997
T60784 50760-50768 Chemical denotes nitrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25555
T41200 50824-50828 Chemical denotes PDMS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T4197 50829-50849 Chemical denotes polydimethylsiloxane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_31498|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48137|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61466|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_61468
T66807 50850-50853 Chemical denotes PID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_8066
T29312 50887-50889 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T15969 50890-50898 Chemical denotes platinum http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33400
T33 50933-50949 Chemical denotes ribonucleic acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33697
T34 50945-50949 Chemical denotes acid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37527
T35 50963-50971 Chemical denotes electron http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545
T46415 51005-51008 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T37 51108-51110 Chemical denotes Tg http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_9516
T61445 51273-51276 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T29550 51447-51452 Chemical denotes Water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T40 51457-51460 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T41952 51525-51528 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T42 51599-51601 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T89653 51602-51605 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T86499 51667-51670 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T57542 51726-51729 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T11533 51775-51777 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T66816 51778-51781 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T7071 51807-51810 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T12493 51935-51938 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T51965 51969-51972 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T75402 52075-52077 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T80136 52078-52081 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T58943 52182-52185 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T57 52277-52280 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T54057 52281-52283 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T94258 52290-52293 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T24309 52335-52340 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T17347 52346-52349 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T33508 52356-52359 Chemical denotes H2O http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T33600 53256-53258 Chemical denotes MI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_53620|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74704
T38514 53306-53308 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T80519 53449-53451 Chemical denotes CP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3380|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73461
T79571 54155-54157 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T71862 54194-54196 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T63251 54228-54230 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T8885 54240-54252 Chemical denotes contaminants http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_143130
T29877 54375-54377 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T73442 54681-54683 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T33570 54807-54810 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T96396 54841-54848 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T9097 54865-54868 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T15044 54924-54927 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T66557 54987-54990 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T37982 55002-55007 Chemical denotes Water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T32368 55009-55011 Chemical denotes EG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73505
T16547 55065-55068 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T94653 55124-55127 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T14215 55413-55420 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T66121 55532-55535 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T24099 55547-55552 Chemical denotes Water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T80499 55554-55556 Chemical denotes EG http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_73505
T90409 55669-55676 Chemical denotes mixture http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_60004
T40045 55733-55736 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T885 55889-55892 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T8145 56037-56042 Chemical denotes bases http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22695
T5029 56344-56347 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T47277 56415-56417 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T19525 56462-56465 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T45492 56505-56518 Chemical denotes food coloring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_77182
T25777 56519-56522 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T5521 56576-56589 Chemical denotes food coloring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_77182
T80285 56590-56593 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T86250 56634-56637 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T23420 56799-56802 Chemical denotes CNC http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48390
T78992 57319-57330 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T105 59054-59065 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T106 59219-59230 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T85321 59330-59341 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T73782 59481-59492 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T33268 59730-59741 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T70511 59851-59862 Chemical denotes cyclohexane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29005
T50722 60017-60019 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T64976 60413-60416 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T82441 60563-60566 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T114 60666-60679 Chemical denotes food coloring http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_77182
T56745 60680-60683 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T13098 60747-60750 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T117 60904-60909 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T91285 60964-60967 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T44396 61017-61020 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T120 61037-61040 Chemical denotes dye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_37958
T6916 61047-61050 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T61261 61181-61186 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T123 61354-61357 Chemical denotes DNA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16991
T50312 61412-61415 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T125 61542-61545 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T97169 61605-61610 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T57260 61738-61741 Chemical denotes MDA http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_566274
T128 62236-62238 Chemical denotes VI http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75012
T51082 62333-62338 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T81039 62415-62418 Chemical denotes Pro http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50342
T88763 63115-63117 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T132 63151-63153 Chemical denotes Au http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29287
T33445 63186-63188 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318
T135 63227-63229 Chemical denotes Pt http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33364|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75318

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 155-160 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T2 1564-1569 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 11-28 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA Amplification
T2 479-496 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T3 3625-3642 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T4 4643-4660 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T5 5569-5586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T6 9505-9522 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T7 13996-14013 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T8 25451-25459 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T9 26238-26255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T10 34727-34735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T11 35531-35536 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T12 38494-38511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA Amplification
T13 38648-38665 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T14 38782-38793 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T15 39194-39211 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T16 39640-39657 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T17 43239-43256 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T18 43863-43880 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T19 44066-44084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplifications
T20 45623-45641 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplifications
T21 45773-45788 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006260 denotes DNA replication
T22 46557-46570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003968 denotes transcriptase
T23 46557-46570 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0003899 denotes transcriptase
T24 48140-48145 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes lysis
T25 48250-48255 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0019835 denotes lysis
T26 51273-51290 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T27 53990-53995 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T28 54207-54215 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavior
T29 54400-54405 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes Aging
T30 54553-54558 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T31 54641-54646 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007568 denotes aging
T32 56462-56479 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T33 56634-56651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification
T34 60563-60580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006277 denotes DNA amplification

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-69 Sentence denotes Disposable DNA Amplification Chips with Integrated Low-Cost Heaters †
T2 71-79 Sentence denotes Abstract
T3 80-298 Sentence denotes Fast point-of-use detection of, for example, early-stage zoonoses, e.g., Q-fever, bovine tuberculosis, or the Covid-19 coronavirus, is beneficial for both humans and animal husbandry as it can save lives and livestock.
T4 299-373 Sentence denotes The latter prevents farmers from going bankrupt after a zoonoses outbreak.
T5 374-528 Sentence denotes This paper describes the development of a fabrication process and the proof-of-principle of a disposable DNA amplification chip with an integrated heater.
T6 529-789 Sentence denotes Based on the analysis of the milling process, metal adhesion studies, and COMSOL MultiPhysics heat transfer simulations, the first batch of chips has been fabricated and successful multiple displacement amplification reactions are performed inside these chips.
T7 790-890 Sentence denotes This research is the first step towards the development of an early-stage zoonoses detection device.
T8 891-979 Sentence denotes Tests with real zoonoses and DNA specific amplification reactions still need to be done.
T9 981-983 Sentence denotes 1.
T10 984-996 Sentence denotes Introduction
T11 997-1057 Sentence denotes Diseases were and can still be a major problem in the world.
T12 1058-1093 Sentence denotes Examples are outbreaks of zoonoses.
T13 1094-1189 Sentence denotes One very recent example is the Covid-19 coronavirus outbreak in the People’s Republic of China.
T14 1190-1253 Sentence denotes Zoonoses are also a widespread problem in animal husbandry [1].
T15 1254-1380 Sentence denotes This group encompasses diseases which can be transferred between animals (usually vertebrates) and between animals and humans.
T16 1381-1482 Sentence denotes They are transmitted through zoonotic agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) [2,3,4].
T17 1483-1746 Sentence denotes Examples of bacterial zoonoses are the infections caused by Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis), and by species of the Salmonella (Salmonellosis), Campylobacter (Campylobacteriosis), and Escherichia (Escherichiasis) genus [2,5].
T18 1747-1818 Sentence denotes These diseases are of potential risk for humans and livestock of farms.
T19 1819-1938 Sentence denotes Poon et al. show that early-stage detection of coronaviruses positively influence the survival chances of patients [6].
T20 1939-2084 Sentence denotes An outbreak among the livestock of a farm is often disastrous to the owner of that farm, and for people living in the proximity of that farm [7].
T21 2085-2239 Sentence denotes Often, more animals of the livestock are infected and the whole livestock is exterminated out of precaution, which could lead to bankruptcy of the farmer.
T22 2240-2373 Sentence denotes Therefore, early-stage detection of this group of diseases, and other diseases as well, is often the key to save lives and livestock.
T23 2374-2543 Sentence denotes As these diseases are also encountered at remote locations and in developing countries, it is desired that such detection equipment is portable and as cheap as possible.
T24 2544-2612 Sentence denotes A lab-on-a-chip platform can be used for this early-stage detection.
T25 2613-2801 Sentence denotes In the early stage of diseases, the agent, and therefore its genetic material, is only present in low concentrations within the infected human or animal, making detection rather difficult.
T26 2802-3085 Sentence denotes One way to overcome this low concentration is to amplify the genetic material of the agent, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in case of bacteria and DNA or ribonucleic acid (RNA) in case of viruses, until a certain threshold is reached and detection of the disease is made possible.
T27 3086-3447 Sentence denotes When this amplification reaction is specific to certain DNA or RNA sequences, for example, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [6,8], helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) [9,10], or loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) [11], and when a fluorescent DNA or RNA binding dye is used, a simple yes-or-no answer for a specific disease can be obtained.
T28 3449-3453 Sentence denotes 1.1.
T29 3454-3470 Sentence denotes State-of-the-Art
T30 3471-3550 Sentence denotes In the past, several chip-based DNA and RNA amplification devices are reported.
T31 3551-3658 Sentence denotes It goes beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the state-of-the-art of DNA amplification chips in-depth.
T32 3659-3747 Sentence denotes There are several good review papers written on this topic [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
T33 3748-3820 Sentence denotes Readers are referred to these for a comprehensive overview of the field.
T34 3821-4011 Sentence denotes In this paper, the state-of-the-art is divided into several discussion points, i.e., the heating method, the temperature control method, and the substrate material and fabrication technique.
T35 4012-4054 Sentence denotes These points will be discussed separately.
T36 4055-4121 Sentence denotes With respect to heat supply, different methods have been employed.
T37 4122-4234 Sentence denotes Almassian et al. give a comprehensive overview of different possible heating methods in their review paper [12].
T38 4235-4384 Sentence denotes Not all of the mentioned methods are easy to implement in low-cost and portable lab-on-a-chip devices due to their bulkiness or implementation costs.
T39 4385-4494 Sentence denotes Examples of these rather difficult methods are using heating via induction, infrared, or microwave radiation.
T40 4495-4622 Sentence denotes Others are not useful due ot their challenging temperature control, like with heating up the system using exothermic reactions.
T41 4623-4706 Sentence denotes Within the field of DNA amplification, different mechanisms of amplification exist.
T42 4707-4792 Sentence denotes Some are based on thermo cycling processes, e.g., PCR, whereas others are isothermal.
T43 4793-4880 Sentence denotes The use of an isothermal amplification technique puts less requirements on the heaters.
T44 4881-5074 Sentence denotes Isothermal processes are either truly isothermal or consisting of three different temperatures, as they have a thermal denaturation step before and a termination step after the elongation step.
T45 5075-5224 Sentence denotes The switching between these temperature steps does not have to be as fast as with thermal cycling steps in, for example, PCR amplification reactions.
T46 5225-5357 Sentence denotes The use of less temperature variations makes it easier to maintain the set temperature as there is less heating an cooling involved.
T47 5358-5482 Sentence denotes Furthermore, it eliminates the use of a continuous flow approach in systems with low thermal conductivities, e.g., polymers.
T48 5483-5557 Sentence denotes Therefore, it is easier to implement within lab-on-a-chip devices [17,21].
T49 5558-5715 Sentence denotes Isothermal DNA amplification reactions can already be performed by putting the chip on a commercially available hotplate [22,23] or Peltier elements [24,25].
T50 5716-5777 Sentence denotes However, these heating systems are bulky and power-consuming.
T51 5778-5865 Sentence denotes Therefore, they are not useful for portable equipment or operation at remote locations.
T52 5866-5931 Sentence denotes Miniaturizing heaters lowers the bulkiness and power consumption.
T53 5932-6120 Sentence denotes Miniaturized heaters can be integrated as integrated resistive heaters, e.g., as deposited thin-film metal [26,27,28,29] or as laminated Cu foil [30], or as micro-Peltier elements [31,32].
T54 6121-6300 Sentence denotes These miniaturized heaters can be implemented directly onto the microfluidic chip [28] or on a different substrate and leter incorporated onto the microfluidic chip [33,34,35,36].
T55 6301-6424 Sentence denotes The geometry of such a heater contributes significantly to the uniformity of the heat distribution within the chip [26,37].
T56 6425-6551 Sentence denotes One method to accurately control the temperature is the use of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controlled thermostat.
T57 6552-6684 Sentence denotes These PID controllers are coupled to the electrical heaters and use a thermocouple as feedback-loop to the controller [22,23,24,25].
T58 6685-6794 Sentence denotes There are various materials that can be used to fabricate lab-on-a-chip devices for DNA or RNA amplification.
T59 6795-6930 Sentence denotes In the past 15 years, more than ten polymers, ceramic materials, and metals have successfully been used to fabricate such devices [15].
T60 6931-7010 Sentence denotes The major property playing a role here is the biocompatibility of the material.
T61 7011-7099 Sentence denotes The surface of the microfluidic structure should not inhibit the amplification reaction.
T62 7100-7253 Sentence denotes This biocompatibility can be an intrinsic property of the material or the surface can be modified or coated to achieve this [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
T63 7254-7384 Sentence denotes One often used material is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [22,23,31,32,34,35,38], which can be processed using soft lithography [39].
T64 7385-7502 Sentence denotes However, this is a fabrication technology used in academia and is not suitable for upscaling to mass production [40].
T65 7503-7606 Sentence denotes Fabrication methods suitable for mass production are thermoforming/embossing or injection molding [41].
T66 7607-7826 Sentence denotes One of the materials which is biocompatible and suitable for both industrial scale fabrication technologies is cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) [42], which is one of the materials used in the past as well [28,36,43,44,45].
T67 7827-8007 Sentence denotes Guckenberger et al. estimates the costs of injection molding of only 50 simple microfluidic devices on $47, but this becomes cheaper when the mass production stage is reached [41].
T68 8008-8081 Sentence denotes Another benefit of COC is the possibility to shape it using micromilling.
T69 8082-8195 Sentence denotes This technique is a rapid prototyping technology and therefore very useful within proof-of-concept projects [41].
T70 8196-8284 Sentence denotes Integrating resistive metal tracks onto a COC substrate have also been done in the past.
T71 8285-8504 Sentence denotes Some papers describe the use of a surface modification step done before metal deposition in order to enhance adhesion between the COC and the metal layer, like a pretreatment with plasma [46] or an organic solvent [47].
T72 8505-8587 Sentence denotes Other papers describe the direct deposition of metal onto the COC surface [28,48].
T73 8588-8687 Sentence denotes Chung et al. specifically, fabricated an amplification chip in COC with integrated Au heaters [28].
T74 8688-8818 Sentence denotes However, their system required heating from both sides as the used grade of COC has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 130 °C.
T75 8819-8922 Sentence denotes This COC could not withstand the required heater temperatures to have enough heat flux into the system.
T76 8923-9057 Sentence denotes They had to heat up the heater to temperatures above 130 °C, which caused cracking of the heater tracks due to deformation of the COC.
T77 9058-9162 Sentence denotes With their double-sided heating they ensured that the reaction mixture had the desired PCR temperatures.
T78 9163-9317 Sentence denotes However, double-sided heating doubles the amount of metal required, increases the amount of fabrication steps, and therefore increases the price per chip.
T79 9319-9323 Sentence denotes 1.2.
T80 9324-9342 Sentence denotes The Presented Work
T81 9343-9696 Sentence denotes The work presented at the 4th Microfluidic Handling Systems conference and which is extended in this paper aims at the development of a disposable, polymer-based DNA amplification lab-on-chip system with integrated resistive heater based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diagnostics Initiative (SDI) ASSURED criteria.
T82 9697-9884 Sentence denotes Devices which are ASSURED are (A) affordable, (S) sensitive, (S) specific, (U) user-friendly, (R) robust and rapid, (E) equipment-free, and (D) deliverable to those who need them [20,49].
T83 9885-9960 Sentence denotes The first step towards such a device is the development of the chip itself.
T84 9961-10060 Sentence denotes This paper focuses on the choice of substrate material, metal deposition method, and type of metal.
T85 10061-10218 Sentence denotes Although, it is mentioned above that PCR and HDA are sequence specific, the reaction chosen is the isothermal multiple displacement amplification (MDA) [50].
T86 10219-10497 Sentence denotes This reaction is more straightforward [51], as it amplifies any present DNA, and is therefore better suitable as a proof-of-principle amplification reaction to show the functioning of the integrated heater and the biocompatibility of the substrate after the fabrication process.
T87 10498-10637 Sentence denotes The use of an isothermal amplification technique also simplifies the final device and lowers its footprint, as there are no pumps required.
T88 10638-10793 Sentence denotes In this research, external analysis methods are used which do not contribute to the WHO-SDI ASSURED criteria due to their bulkiness, costs, and difficulty.
T89 10794-10920 Sentence denotes However, suggestions and comments on the integration of low-cost detection methods, which are ASSURED, are given in Section 5.
T90 10922-10926 Sentence denotes 1.3.
T91 10927-10962 Sentence denotes Multiple Displacement Amplification
T92 10963-11116 Sentence denotes The proof-of-principle amplification of choice is a MDA reaction, which is a non-specific isothermal method of amplification performed around 30 °C [50].
T93 11117-11207 Sentence denotes MDA is a method of whole genome amplification (WGA), as it amplifies all present DNA [52].
T94 11208-11278 Sentence denotes It is commonly used when the initial amount of DNA sample is very low.
T95 11279-11414 Sentence denotes After the WGA is performed, a sequence specific amplification can be done since the quality the amplified DNA by MDA is very high [53].
T96 11415-11551 Sentence denotes The amplification reaction is illustrated below in Figure 1 (the contour of the amplified sequence is highlighted in black for clarity).
T97 11552-11768 Sentence denotes Starting with a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule, a denaturation step at 95 °C is required, giving the random hexamer-primers and the ϕ29 DNA polymerase access to the bases of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) strands.
T98 11769-11838 Sentence denotes The hexamers anneal themself to aleatory parts of the ssDNA sequence.
T99 11839-11907 Sentence denotes These hexamers work as initiation sites for the ϕ29 DNA polymerases.
T100 11908-12022 Sentence denotes After denaturation at 95 °C, the mixture is cooled down to ice temperature and the rest of the reagents are added.
T101 12023-12223 Sentence denotes The mixture is heated up to ~30 °C so the polymerase starts to complete the complementary ssDNA sequence, creating again a dsDNA strand, eventually it encounters a hexamer from another annealing site.
T102 12224-12361 Sentence denotes Once this happens the polymerase will lift up that hexamer and starts to separate the amplified sequence formed from that annealing site.
T103 12362-12459 Sentence denotes As the polymerase displaces the formed strand ahead of it, it continues to complete the sequence.
T104 12460-12679 Sentence denotes The displaced strand becomes a new ssDNA strand and therefore, it gives new sites for more primers to attach and initiation sites for the polymerase, continuing the amplification, and thus creating a web of DNA strands.
T105 12680-12766 Sentence denotes Finally, the inactivation of the polymerase is done by heating up the system to 65 °C.
T106 12767-13011 Sentence denotes Even though MDA is considered an isothermal process, prior to the reaction and to the addition of most reactants, the dsDNA and a buffer are heated up to 95 °C to denature the dsDNA to ssDNA and to give hexamers the initial access to the ssDNA.
T107 13012-13092 Sentence denotes After the amplification reaction, the polymerase has to be inactivated at 65 °C.
T108 13093-13236 Sentence denotes However, this does not require fast temperature changes, as would be the case with, for example, the temperature cycling in PCR amplifications.
T109 13237-13453 Sentence denotes This, together with the robustness of the amplification (it is a self-limiting reaction that amplifies all present DNA [50]) makes MDA perfectly suitable as proof-of-principle amplification reaction for such devices.
T110 13455-13457 Sentence denotes 2.
T111 13458-13480 Sentence denotes Design and Fabrication
T112 13482-13486 Sentence denotes 2.1.
T113 13487-13516 Sentence denotes Microfluidic Structure Design
T114 13517-13629 Sentence denotes The microfluidic structure consists of two chambers, i.e., a reaction chamber and a temperature monitor chamber.
T115 13630-13681 Sentence denotes In Figure 2, a close-up of the final chip is shown.
T116 13682-13770 Sentence denotes For clarity reasons, the two microfluidic structures are colored with food coloring dye.
T117 13771-14219 Sentence denotes The reaction chamber is based on the work of Bruijns et al. [36] and its dimensions are chosen in such way that the internal volume of the reaction chamber is the same as the reaction volume of the used Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) together with the EvaGreen dye solution (Biotium, Fremont, CA, USA), while maintaining an as low as possible surface-area-to-volume ratio [44].
T118 14220-14565 Sentence denotes Using SolidWorks 2018 computer-aided design (CAD) software (Dassault Systemes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France), the 3D image of the chip is drawn and with the use of the AutoDesk HSMWorks computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) plug-in (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA), this image is transferred into a computer numerical control (CNC) milling code.
T119 14566-14654 Sentence denotes The total chip size is 3 cm by 3 cm and contains an inlet and outlet of 1.5 mm diameter.
T120 14655-14752 Sentence denotes The inlet and outlet are of such size that the reaction chamber can be filled using pipette tips.
T121 14753-14845 Sentence denotes In between the inlet and outlet, a rectangular reaction chamber of 10 mm by 3 mm is located.
T122 14846-14947 Sentence denotes Two trapezoid structures are placed in the tapered channels between the inlet/outlet and the chamber.
T123 14948-14992 Sentence denotes The function of these trapezoids is twofold:
T124 14993-15153 Sentence denotes First, they minimize the dead volume between the inlet/outlet and the reaction chamber, locating as much as possible of the reaction mixture inside the chamber.
T125 15154-15207 Sentence denotes Second, they provide support for the chamber closure.
T126 15208-15365 Sentence denotes A stadium-shaped channel of 1.5 mm wide and 1.0 mm deep is located next to the reaction chamber, in such way that this channel is also covered by the heater.
T127 15366-15417 Sentence denotes This channel serves as temperature monitor chamber.
T128 15418-15521 Sentence denotes A thermocouple is inserted in this channel for real-time monitoring of the temperature inside the chip.
T129 15522-15616 Sentence denotes This way, a more accurate temperature of the reaction mixture inside the chip can be obtained.
T130 15617-15687 Sentence denotes Via a feedback loop, the input potential can be changed when required.
T131 15688-15777 Sentence denotes In Figure 3, the SolidWorks design of the chamber-based chip with both chambers is shown.
T132 15778-15854 Sentence denotes In Figure A1, in Appendix A, the technical drawing of the chip can be found.
T133 15856-15860 Sentence denotes 2.2.
T134 15861-15894 Sentence denotes Resistive Heater Structure Design
T135 15895-16068 Sentence denotes A resistive heater structure will be placed at the bottom side of the chip using shadow masks and a metal deposition method capable of being used for large-scale production.
T136 16069-16172 Sentence denotes A meandering heater design is chosen, as this minimizes the input power required to heat up the heater.
T137 16173-16526 Sentence denotes This is evident from Equation (1), which is the relation between Joule’s law, Ohm’s law, and Pouillet’s law. (1) P=Across−section∗V2ρres,i∗lheater Here, P is the input power, Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor, V is the input potential, ρres,i is the resistivity of resistor material i, and lheater is the length of the resistor.
T138 16527-16725 Sentence denotes This makes a meandering structure, or any other narrow line structure, a quite often used pattern for heaters or electrodes within micro-electromechanical structures and microfluidics [26,29,54,55].
T139 16726-16960 Sentence denotes MDA is being done at temperatures of around 30 °C [50], which is lower than, for example, temperatures required for HDA (64 °C) [9] or LAMP (65 °C) [11] and the required PCR temperatures of Chung et al. (95 °C, 54 °C, and 72 °C) [28].
T140 16961-17038 Sentence denotes However, most amplification methods require a DNA denaturation step at 95 °C.
T141 17039-17728 Sentence denotes Equation (2) is used to make an estimation of the required heating powers for a COC–H2O–COC stack (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil, but the thermal properties of this foil are unknown). (2) P=ΔTRth=ΔT∗Aheated∗κCOClCOC,1+κH2OlH2O+κCOClCOC,2+h Here, Rth is defined as the sum of all thermal resistances in series: (3) Rth=1h×Aheated+∑isubstancesliκi×Aheated Here, P is the required power, ΔT is the temperature difference, Rth is the thermal resistance, Aheated is the heated area, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient (being 10 W m−2 K−1 for convection to air [56]), κi is the thermal conductivity of substance i, and li is the thickness of substance i.
T142 17729-17770 Sentence denotes Values for κi can be found in Appendix B.
T143 17771-17851 Sentence denotes From Equation (3), the product Rth×A can be defined as the sum of 1/h and li/κi.
T144 17852-18074 Sentence denotes Based on this summation, one can conclude that the convective heat transfer to the air is the most present heat transfer mechanism within the system (begin almost a factor 100 higher than the heat lost in the COC and H2O).
T145 18075-18267 Sentence denotes This is also evident from solving Equation (2) for every individual temperature differences within the system and also including convective heat transfer directly from the heater into the air.
T146 18268-18528 Sentence denotes If a heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm is assumed, which covers both the reaction chamber and the temperature monitor chamber, and a system consisting of 1 mm COC–0.5 mm H2O–0.1 mm COC is assumed, than the heater temperatures and powers in Table 1 are required.
T147 18529-18642 Sentence denotes These are all in the workable range when a COC of a proper grade is chosen (e.g., TOPAS 6017 has a Tg of 170 °C).
T148 18643-18763 Sentence denotes The only side note here is that at higher temperatures, the temperature gradient through the system also becomes larger.
T149 18764-18841 Sentence denotes This can be eliminated by using double-sided heating, like Chung et al. [28].
T150 18842-19092 Sentence denotes To determine the optimal heater width and heater spacing in the heated area, a parametric study using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a finite element method simulations with the Heat Transfer in Solids (ht) package is done (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA).
T151 19093-19253 Sentence denotes The model is designed such that it consists of two parallel rectangles of COC (in the real device, the upper plate is an adhesive PCR foil) with H2O in between.
T152 19254-19338 Sentence denotes The meandering heater are assumed to be lines at the bottom side of the layer stack.
T153 19339-19477 Sentence denotes This reduces the required complexity of the mesh tremendously, as the heater in the real device will be approximately 100 nm in thickness.
T154 19478-19546 Sentence denotes The heater temperature is set at a constant temperature of 303.15 K.
T155 19547-19669 Sentence denotes This makes the heater material independent and the model purely focused on the heat transfer inside the COC–H2O–COC stack.
T156 19670-19724 Sentence denotes All used values and equations are given in Appendix B.
T157 19725-19848 Sentence denotes The layer stack is meshed with an extremely fine mapped mesh consisting of 280.650 elements with average quality of 0.9966.
T158 19849-20013 Sentence denotes A parametric sweep from 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, in steps of 0.1 mm, is done for both the heater width (wheater) and the heater spacing (sheater), giving 324 combinations.
T159 20014-20197 Sentence denotes The simulations are solved by using the fully coupled, direct Pardiso solver on a custom-build and 40% CPU overclocked simulation computer, containing the equipment listed in Table 2.
T160 20198-20393 Sentence denotes To validate whether the metal tracks can withstand the required current, a quick analysis is done for the four extreme cases (i.e., wheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm and sheater of 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm).
T161 20394-20513 Sentence denotes In the same heated area of 7.7 mm by 10.1 mm a 100 nm (theater) thick heater track consisting of rectangles is assumed.
T162 20514-20619 Sentence denotes The total amount of large and smaller interconnecting rectangles for all 4 cases is estimated in Table 3.
T163 20620-21014 Sentence denotes Based on the polynomial approximation equations for the resistivity of Au and Pt (ρres,i, where i is either Au or Pt) which COMSOL MultiPhysics 5.3a uses (Equations (4) and (5)) and Equation (6) an estimation is made for the required input currents and the created current densities (defined as Ii/Across−section, in A m−2) when the heater is operated at 129.4 mW to get a temperature of 95 °C.
T164 21015-21304 Sentence denotes These estimations are also given in Table 3. (4) ρres,Au(T)=−2.210068×10−9+9.057611×10−11∗Tfor60≤T<400−4.632985×10−14∗T2+6.950205×−17∗T3 (5) ρres,Pt(T)=−1.927892×10−8+5.233699×10−10∗Tfor160≤T<600−4.107885×10−13∗T2+6.694129×−16∗T3−4.447775×10−19∗T4 (6) Ii=PRi=P∗Across−sectionρres,i∗lheater
T165 21305-21622 Sentence denotes In which ρres,i is the resistivity, T is the temperature, Ii is the current going through the resistor, Pi is the input power, R is the resistance of the resistor, lheater is the length of the resistor, and Across−section is the cross-sectional area of the resistor defined as width times thickness (wheater×theater).
T166 21623-21676 Sentence denotes The subscript i denotes the material, being Au or Pt.
T167 21677-21828 Sentence denotes All these current densities are below the critical current densities for Au and Pt, which are around 1010 A m−2 [57] and 1011 A m−2 [58], respectively.
T168 21829-21955 Sentence denotes Therefore, any possible combination of heater width and heater spacing will give a resistive that can withstand its operation.
T169 21957-21961 Sentence denotes 2.3.
T170 21962-21973 Sentence denotes Fabrication
T171 21974-22146 Sentence denotes COC [42] is chosen as polymeric substrate because of its biocompatibility, optical transparency, physical resistance, chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and price.
T172 22147-22298 Sentence denotes This copolymer consists of two monomers, an apolar bridged cyclic hydrocarbon (norbornene) monomer and a linear, lesser apolar, linear ethene monomers.
T173 22299-22494 Sentence denotes Injection molded COC plates (10 cm by 10 cm and 1.5 mm thickness) of the grade TOPAS 6017 (see Figure 4a) are obtained via Kunststoff-Zentrum Leipzig (Kunststoff-Zentrum gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany).
T174 22495-22597 Sentence denotes This grade is chosen because of its high norbornene content, giving it a relatively high Tg of 170 °C.
T175 22598-22770 Sentence denotes This minimizes the chance of melting during the milling process and decreases the chance of heater failure due to a deforming substrate during operation of the heater [28].
T176 22771-22940 Sentence denotes The microfluidic structure explained in Section 2.1 is CNC-milled using a Mikron WF 21C milling machine (Mikron SA Agno, Agno, Switzerland), as can be seen in Figure 4b.
T177 22941-23029 Sentence denotes Milling is a very fast prototyping technique and chosen because of its flexibility [41].
T178 23030-23120 Sentence denotes The milling creates a surface roughness, which increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio.
T179 23121-23263 Sentence denotes This roughness increases the chance of inhibition during the amplification due to the interaction of the used chemicals with the surface [44].
T180 23264-23415 Sentence denotes It also causes a considerable loss of optical transparency, which could obstruct the potential use of in situ fluorescence detection in future devices.
T181 23416-23500 Sentence denotes Therefore, a chemical post-treatment with cyclohexane vapor is done (see Figure 4c).
T182 23501-23731 Sentence denotes Such treatment dissolves a thin outer layer of the COC substrate and causes reflowing of the surface roughness due to the surface tension of the material, restoring the optical transparency and reducing the surface roughness [59].
T183 23732-23830 Sentence denotes CNC milling and subsequent cyclohexane vapor post-treatment are less suitable for mass production.
T184 23831-23895 Sentence denotes However, COC has the possibility of being injection molded [42].
T185 23896-23943 Sentence denotes The used substrates are made using this method.
T186 23944-24184 Sentence denotes This is a large-scale production method and could lower the costs of the eventual product and it eliminates the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment, as injection-molded chips would have the same optical transparency as the pristine substrates.
T187 24185-24309 Sentence denotes Guckenberger et al. mention production costs of $ 47 per simple microfluidic device when only 50 pieces are fabricated [41].
T188 24310-24387 Sentence denotes This price is expected to drop drastically when large numbers are fabricated.
T189 24388-24547 Sentence denotes A metal is deposited on the backside of the substrate using two laser-cut metal (Mo) shadow masks to outline the shape of the resistive heater (see Figure 4d).
T190 24548-24679 Sentence denotes Mo has a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than stainless steel, and therefore gives less deformation during the deposition.
T191 24680-24782 Sentence denotes Metals of interest are Au or Pt, which are commonly used metals to function as resistive heaters [54].
T192 24783-25110 Sentence denotes The deposition methods studied are DC magnetron sputtering using a custom-build machine (Techno Centrum voor Onderwijs en Onderzoek, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands) and e-beam physical vapor deposition (evaporation) using a Balzers BAK 600 CE (Oerlikon Balzers limited, Balzers, Principality of Liechtenstein).
T193 25111-25249 Sentence denotes Both deposition methods are capable of large-scale production, which will lower the production costs in the large-volume production stage.
T194 25250-25694 Sentence denotes The metal and deposition method will be chosen based on the metal adhesion performances on the COC substrate, which is studied using the Scotch tape test [60,61], and the resistance versus temperature behavior in the range 20 °C to 100 °C, which is measured in a Heraeus T5025 oven (Heraeus Holding GmbH, Hanau, Germany), customized with electrical readout and connected to a custom-build National Instruments LabVIEW program (Austin, TX, USA).
T195 25696-25700 Sentence denotes 2.4.
T196 25701-25710 Sentence denotes Operation
T197 25711-25863 Sentence denotes The chambers with the resistive heater on the backside, are intensively cleaned by rinsing with acetone, MilliQ DI water, ethanol, and isopropanol [45].
T198 25864-25942 Sentence denotes Each cleaning step was done 3 times and the chips are blow dried using N2 gas.
T199 25943-26166 Sentence denotes After drying, the chambers are closed using Microseal “B” PCR plate sealing foil from Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), which is cut in the proper size and manually attached on top of the substrate (see Figure 4e).
T200 26167-26416 Sentence denotes The DNA, reactants and buffer solutions from the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and an EvaGreen fluorescence dye are pipetted inside the chip using the inlet aperture, after which the inlet and outlet are closed using the same PCR foil.
T201 26417-26598 Sentence denotes An input potential is applied on the resistive heater using a Keithley 2602 SYSTEM SourceMeter (Cleveland, OH, USA) until they acquire the desired temperature for the amplification.
T202 26599-26773 Sentence denotes The temperature is real-time monitored by inserting a 162 series RS Technics thermocouple K (RS Components B.V., Haarlem, The Netherlands) in the temperature monitor chamber.
T203 26774-26870 Sentence denotes The thermocouple is read out with a Tenma 72-7715 Thermometer (Premier Farnell Ltd., Leeds, UK).
T204 26871-26974 Sentence denotes The source and the read-out of the thermocouple are operated using a custom-programmed LabVIEW program.
T205 26975-27123 Sentence denotes The initial potential is based on the heater characterization measurements, but will be adjusted according to the feedback-loop of the thermocouple.
T206 27124-27290 Sentence denotes Detection of the amplification is done ex-situ by using quartz cuvets and an Horiba Scientific FluoroMax+ spectrofluorometer (Horiba Scientific, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
T207 27292-27294 Sentence denotes 3.
T208 27295-27317 Sentence denotes Results and Discussion
T209 27319-27323 Sentence denotes 3.1.
T210 27324-27362 Sentence denotes COMSOL MultiPhysics Simulation Results
T211 27363-27460 Sentence denotes In Figure 5, the results of heat transfer simulations of two different heater spacings are shown.
T212 27461-27585 Sentence denotes The heater width for both geometries is 0.3 mm, while the heater spacing in Figure 5b,c are 0.3 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively.
T213 27586-27713 Sentence denotes In Figure 6a–d, tables with the results of the full parametric sweep for different heater widths and heater spacings are shown.
T214 27714-27900 Sentence denotes Figure 6a shows the temperature deviation between the highest and lowest temperature at the top of the chamber, i.e., the second H2O and COC interface (ΔTtopofchamber=Ttop,max−Ttop,min).
T215 27901-28078 Sentence denotes Figure 6b shows the deviation between the highest and lowest temperature inside the chamber, i.e., between the two COC and H2O interfaces (ΔTacrosschamber=Tbottom,max−Ttop,min).
T216 28079-28270 Sentence denotes Figure 6c shows the temperature deviation between the highest and lowest temperature at the bottom of the chamber, i.e., the first COC and H2O interface (ΔTbottomofchamber=Tbot,max−Tbot,min).
T217 28271-28477 Sentence denotes Figure 6d shows the deviation between the set heater temperature of 30 °C and the lowest temperature at the top of the chamber, i.e., the second H2O and COC interface (ΔTdeviationfromsetT=Theater−Ttop,min).
T218 28478-28655 Sentence denotes As can be seen from the results in Figure 6, a combination of small heater widths and heater spacings will result in smaller temperature differences inside the reaction mixture.
T219 28656-28770 Sentence denotes This is evident as smaller heater spacings will result in a better coverage of the heated area by heater material.
T220 28771-28925 Sentence denotes The smaller heater widths will result in a smaller heater cross-sectional area, and thus can be operated at lower powers, as is evident from Equation (1).
T221 28926-29079 Sentence denotes Resulting in the fact that a densely packed meander structure with small heater widths and small heater spacings can dissipate more heat into the system.
T222 29080-29243 Sentence denotes Based on these results and its simplicity, a meandering heater pattern of a heater with a width of 0.3 mm and a spacing of 0.3 mm in between the lines is designed.
T223 29244-29445 Sentence denotes A side note on the chosen heater width and heater spacing is that according to the simulations, the temperature differences within the chamber are less than ±0.3 °C for the most unfavorable dimensions.
T224 29446-29578 Sentence denotes This temperature difference is still well-accepted in the temperature window in which the MDA reaction takes place (25 °C to 35 °C).
T225 29579-29718 Sentence denotes However, as pointed out, a smaller cross-sectional area will result in a lower power consumption and therefore these dimensions are chosen.
T226 29719-29838 Sentence denotes It is known that a meandering heater structure does not give the optimal temperature distribution over the device [26].
T227 29839-30054 Sentence denotes Therefore, the heater lines are longer than the width of the reaction chamber, and thus also covering the bulk material outside the chamber in order to improve the temperature uniformity inside the reaction mixture.
T228 30055-30190 Sentence denotes The heater pattern is divided over two shadow masks to minimize the length of the narrow Mo tracks in between the meandering structure.
T229 30191-30241 Sentence denotes This prevents curvature due to intrinsic stresses.
T230 30242-30337 Sentence denotes See Figure 7 for the outlines of both shadow masks, together with the resulting pattern on COC.
T231 30338-30436 Sentence denotes The use of two shadow masks will give a metal track in which small parts has the double thickness.
T232 30437-30473 Sentence denotes Here, the temperature will be lower.
T233 30474-30599 Sentence denotes The system is designed such that these thicker parts are outside the reaction chamber and temperature control chamber region.
T234 30601-30605 Sentence denotes 3.2.
T235 30606-30617 Sentence denotes Fabrication
T236 30619-30651 Sentence denotes Milling and Optical Transparency
T237 30652-30746 Sentence denotes The milling increased the surface roughness of the COC plates also increases the surface area.
T238 30747-30886 Sentence denotes Inhibition of the amplification can be caused by large surface areas as the used chemicals have more surface to have interaction with [44].
T239 30887-31225 Sentence denotes The created surface roughness is visualized using a FEI Sirion high resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and measured using a Bruker Icon Dimension AFM in tapping mode with Bruker Tespa-V2 cantilevers (Bruker Nano Surfaces, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) and Gwyddion 2.52 open source freeware [62].
T240 31226-31260 Sentence denotes The results are shown in Figure 8.
T241 31261-31320 Sentence denotes The surface roughness of pristine COC had a RRMS of 3.5 nm.
T242 31321-31393 Sentence denotes This increased two orders of magnitude after milling (RRMS of 310.1 nm).
T243 31394-31593 Sentence denotes With the reported surface treatment [44,59] we were capable of decreasing the surface roughness to a value even lower than that of pristine COC and the lowest reported in literature (RRMS of 0.9 nm).
T244 31594-31805 Sentence denotes For this grade of COC (TOPAS 6017) it worked the best to do four short exposures of 5 s, with N2 blow drying after each exposure, instead of one longer exposure, as is more common in other grades of COC [44,59].
T245 31806-31955 Sentence denotes The difference in duration for the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment can be explained by the different ratios of the copolymers present in each grade.
T246 31956-32069 Sentence denotes As the grade number increase, the ratio changes towards more norbornene monomers and less linear ethene monomers.
T247 32070-32257 Sentence denotes The norbornene is more apolar due to the bridged cyclic hydrocarbon present in its molecular structure and therefore, will dissolve faster in non-polar solvents, like cyclohexane (vapor).
T248 32258-32339 Sentence denotes Lowering the surface roughness also increased the optical transmittance fivefold.
T249 32340-32440 Sentence denotes Transmittance measurements in the visible range are done using a Woollam M-2000UI ellipsometer (J.A.
T250 32441-32472 Sentence denotes Woollam Co., Lincoln, NE, USA).
T251 32473-32523 Sentence denotes The results can be seen in Figure 9 and Figure 10.
T252 32524-32763 Sentence denotes Having a high optical transparency in the visible range can be desired when in situ fluorescence detection will be implemented (e.g., EvaGreen fluorescence dye has an excitation wavelength of 500 nm and emission wavelength of 525 nm [63]).
T253 32764-33004 Sentence denotes However, as in situ fluorescence detection is not used yet in this system and can also be done through the transparent PCR plate sealing foil, no further effort is put into optimizing this procedure to get even better optical transmittance.
T254 33006-33010 Sentence denotes 3.3.
T255 33011-33025 Sentence denotes Metal Adhesion
T256 33026-33141 Sentence denotes To get reliable heaters, four possible options are investigated for their adhesion properties to the COC substrate.
T257 33142-33328 Sentence denotes The adhesion of Au and Pt deposited by either evaporation or DC magnetron sputtering is investigated using the Scotch tape test [60,61] before and after temperature cycling up to 100 °C.
T258 33329-33587 Sentence denotes Test patterns consisting of rectangular metal strips of 2 mm by 14 mm are fabricated by depositing 100 nm of metal using a hand-made shadow mask made out of DuPont Kapton® HN polyimide film of 0.05 mm thickness (RS Components B.V., Haarlem, The Netherlands).
T259 33588-33640 Sentence denotes See Table 4 for the results of the Scotch tape test.
T260 33641-33956 Sentence denotes Normally, heating up a glass or Si substrate with thin metal strips while measuring the resistance (RT) in these metal strips at certain temperature intervals (T) yields directly a linear relation, which can be fitted with RT/R0=1+αT−T0 [64], in which α is the the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) value.
T261 33957-34123 Sentence denotes The thin-film TCR values have to be measured as they differ from the bulk TCR values due to its dependency on layer purity, grain size, and deposition method [65,66].
T262 34124-34304 Sentence denotes Belser and Hicklin also lists other attributes, such as surface roughness, porosity, and adsorbed materials present in or on the substrate which could influence the TCR value [64].
T263 34305-34374 Sentence denotes The bulk TCR values are 0.0034 K−1 and 0.0037 K−1 for Au and Pt [67].
T264 34375-34496 Sentence denotes The TCR characterizations of the metal strips on a COC substrate did not yield trustworthy TCR values at the first cycle.
T265 34497-34662 Sentence denotes The first temperature cycle can be seen as a kind of thermal annealing, and therefore gives an hysteresis in the graphs, as can be seen in Figure A2 in Appendix C.1.
T266 34663-34736 Sentence denotes After this first cycle, the values more or less show the linear behavior.
T267 34737-34862 Sentence denotes The resulting TCR of this linear part is in agreement with the TCR ranges of Belser and Hicklin [64] and is given in Table 4.
T268 34863-34998 Sentence denotes Belser and Hicklin used for their experiments substrates with coefficients of linear thermal expansion lower than 1.2 × 10−5 °C−1 [64].
T269 34999-35116 Sentence denotes The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for Au and Pt are 1.42 × 10−5 K−1 and 0.88 × 10−5 K−1, respectively [68].
T270 35117-35214 Sentence denotes COC of the grade TOPAS 6017 has a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of 6.0 × 10−5 K−1 [42].
T271 35215-35309 Sentence denotes This mismatch in coefficients of linear thermal expansion can give strain in the metal layers.
T272 35310-35467 Sentence denotes Both Au [69,70,71] and Pt [72,73,74] are used as strain-sensitive gauges, and thus are sensitive to strain-induced geometry changes due to thermal expansion.
T273 35468-35537 Sentence denotes Another effect influencing the TCR value of the metal layer is aging.
T274 35538-35659 Sentence denotes As can be seen in Figure A3 in Appendix C.2, the TCR value already changes after two weeks storing in ambient conditions.
T275 35660-35728 Sentence denotes This could be due to adsorbed materials present on the surface [64].
T276 35729-35845 Sentence denotes However, in this device, the TCR is not of importance as the metal structure will not be used as temperature sensor.
T277 35846-35940 Sentence denotes Real-time temperature sensing is done using a thermocouple in the temperature monitor chamber.
T278 35941-36081 Sentence denotes The resistance of the heater structure changes with temperature; thus, the dissipated power changes when a fixed voltage or current is used.
T279 36082-36206 Sentence denotes However, the results in Section 3.4 show a 25 h stability test with a constant input potential and only a ±1.5 °C deviation.
T280 36207-36309 Sentence denotes The TCR can become more important when other (higher) temperatures are required for the amplification.
T281 36310-36460 Sentence denotes Based on the results in Table 4, the choice of heater material and deposition method to be used in the actual device is Au deposited using sputtering.
T282 36461-36592 Sentence denotes Sputtering is an industrial-scale technique that is already being used in, for example, the car mirror and headlight industry [75].
T283 36594-36598 Sentence denotes 3.4.
T284 36599-36615 Sentence denotes Chip Functioning
T285 36616-36756 Sentence denotes Characterization of the actual heat distribution is done using a FLIR One Pro iOS thermal camera (FLIR Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, OR, USA).
T286 36757-36919 Sentence denotes Thermal images of the heat distribution are made at the side of the substrate without the resistor, whereas different input powers are used to heat up the heater.
T287 36920-37126 Sentence denotes Au reflects the infrared radiation of the environment directly, therefore an image with the resistor facing the camera would give a heat map of the surrounding and not of the real temperature of the heater.
T288 37127-37227 Sentence denotes These measurements also gives a better insight of the heat distribution inside the reaction chamber.
T289 37228-37292 Sentence denotes The images are processed using the FLIR postprocessing freeware.
T290 37293-37349 Sentence denotes Results of these measurements are shown in Figure 11a,b.
T291 37350-37416 Sentence denotes The results are in good agreement with the estimations in Table 1.
T292 37417-37799 Sentence denotes The slight deviation between the values can be explained by the fact that the heated area in the calculations had an assumed value, the thermal camera measurements used 1.5 mm thick COC substrates without a water-filled chamber, the actual resistors have small parts wich have a double thickness due to the two used shadow masks, and rounding of the values used in the calculations.
T293 37800-37923 Sentence denotes The reliability of the heater is tested by inserting the thermocouple into the temperature control chamber (see Figure 3a).
T294 37924-38036 Sentence denotes A constant input potential of 4 V is applied using the Keithley source and the temperature is measured for 25 h.
T295 38037-38188 Sentence denotes This exceeds the required operation time at least twelve-fold, meaning that it is a good indication for the reliability of the heater and thermocouple.
T296 38189-38225 Sentence denotes The results are shown in Figure 11c.
T297 38226-38487 Sentence denotes To perform on-chip amplifications, the resistive heater on the chip is connected to the Keithley source using crocodile connections and the thermocouple is inserted in the temperature control chamber and connected to a Tenma 72-7715 Thermometer (see Figure 12).
T298 38489-38493 Sentence denotes 3.5.
T299 38494-38511 Sentence denotes DNA Amplification
T300 38512-38700 Sentence denotes First, to determine the temperature window of operation, MDA reactions are performed at 25 °C and 30 °C using the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and EvaGreen fluorescence dye.
T301 38701-38850 Sentence denotes From the literature, we know that this reaction does not work above 35 °C due to degradation of the protein activity in presence of a substrate [44].
T302 38851-38997 Sentence denotes In Figure 13, a graph of the fluorescence signal during MDA reactions at 25 °C and 30 °C, together with their non template control (NTC) is shown.
T303 38998-39373 Sentence denotes These reactions are carried out in a conventional Bio-Rad CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR machine (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and the results show that the chosen proof-of-principle DNA amplification reaction is temperature dependent to some extent, but that there is a wide range of temperatures at which the amplification can be performed, i.e., 25°C to 35°C.
T304 39374-39489 Sentence denotes This makes the functioning of the integrated resistive heater less critical than the stability shown in Figure 11c.
T305 39490-39692 Sentence denotes MDA reactions are also performed inside an Eppendorf tube (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) and inside the chip, again using the Illustra GenomiPhi V2 DNA amplification kit and EvaGreen fluorescence dye.
T306 39693-39807 Sentence denotes As heat supply the water bath of an IKA Rotary Evaporator RV 8V (IKA-Werke, Staufen im Breisgau, Germany) is used.
T307 39808-39911 Sentence denotes This water bath is according to its specification stable within a range of the set temperature ±0.1 °C.
T308 39912-40036 Sentence denotes The chip and an Eppendorf tube are loaded with the reaction mixture containing the DNA sample and the EvaGreen dye solution.
T309 40037-40170 Sentence denotes Here, the Eppendorf tube is serving as a control to show that the fabrication steps of the chips are not inhibiting the MDA reaction.
T310 40171-40261 Sentence denotes The inlet and outlet of the chip are sealed with the Microseal “B” PCR plate sealing foil.
T311 40262-40398 Sentence denotes The closed chip and tube are heated up in a separate water bath to 95 °C and kept at that temperature for 3 min to denaturate the dsDNA.
T312 40399-40533 Sentence denotes Subsequently, the chip and tube are cooled down by placing it in an ice bath for 5 min after which the rest of the reagents are added.
T313 40534-40596 Sentence denotes The complete mixtures are according to Table A3 in Appendix D.
T314 40597-40770 Sentence denotes After closing the chip and tube again, they are placed in the water bath of the rotary evaporater and left there for 90 min, after which the reaction is terminated at 65 °C.
T315 40771-40881 Sentence denotes The MDA is also performed inside the chip, but with the integrated Au resistive heater serving as heat source.
T316 40882-40926 Sentence denotes The set up shown schematically in Figure 12.
T317 40927-40993 Sentence denotes The same procedure is followed as with the water bath heated test.
T318 40994-41040 Sentence denotes Denaturation is done in a separate water bath.
T319 41041-41264 Sentence denotes The heater is driven by an input potential of 3.2 V to get to a temperature of 30 °C and at the end of the reaction, the system is heated up to 65 °C by applying a potential of 9.2 V in order to terminate the amplification.
T320 41265-41335 Sentence denotes In Figure 14 the logged temperature during the amplification is shown.
T321 41336-41526 Sentence denotes After the amplifications, the reaction mixtures are pipetted out of the chips and tubes and into 1 mL quartz cuvettes containing 55 μL MilliQ DI water (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
T322 41527-41644 Sentence denotes Fluorescence measurements are done in a Horiba Scientific FluoroMax+ spectrofluorometer to verify each amplification.
T323 41645-41820 Sentence denotes The mixture is excitated at a wavelength of 500 nm and the emission spectrum is measured at wavelengths from 510 nm to 550 nm (bounded EvaGreen dye has a peak at 525 nm [63]).
T324 41821-41981 Sentence denotes The measured spectra are normalized by subtracting the background signal of a mixture containing only the reaction buffer, the sample buffer, EvaGreen, and DNA.
T325 41982-42063 Sentence denotes No Enzyme was added to this mixture, therefore no amplification could take place.
T326 42064-42135 Sentence denotes See Figure 15 for the results obtained in the Eppendorf tube and chips.
T327 42136-42230 Sentence denotes Figure A4 in Appendix E shows the background signal which is subtracted from all measurements.
T328 42231-42506 Sentence denotes As can be seen in Figure 15, the spectra of the amplification performed inside the chip, and by applying heat with the water bath as well as with the integrated Au-resistive heater, show the same trend as the amplification performed in the Eppendorf and heated by water bath.
T329 42507-42576 Sentence denotes There is an order of magnitude difference in the fluorescence signal.
T330 42577-42669 Sentence denotes However, the fluorescence intensity cannot be used as a value to quantify the amount of DNA.
T331 42670-42810 Sentence denotes EvaGreen is a bis-intercalating cyanine fluorescence dye consisting of two monomeric DNA-binding dyes which are linked by a flexible spacer.
T332 42811-42953 Sentence denotes These two DNA-binding dyes bind each in between two base pairs, which make them simple and fast, but also nonuniform and non-specific [44,63].
T333 42954-43081 Sentence denotes However, with this dye, a simple yes-or-no answer can be obtained if the amplification took place, as can be seen in Figure 15.
T334 43083-43085 Sentence denotes 4.
T335 43086-43097 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T336 43098-43321 Sentence denotes The aim of this study was to fabricate biocompatible, low-cost, and disposable chips with integrated heater, which should be able to perform DNA amplification, and possible in situ fluorescence detection in the near future.
T337 43322-43460 Sentence denotes In this case there is no interest in quantification of the DNA, but only in amplification of DNA until the detection threshold is reached.
T338 43461-43548 Sentence denotes As proof-of-principle the MDA reaction and ex-situ fluorescence measurements were used.
T339 43549-43650 Sentence denotes With the proposed fabrication process, low-cost and biocompatible chips (Figure 12b) were fabricated.
T340 43651-43905 Sentence denotes The integrated resistive heaters on the chips were characterized and showed a temperature stability of ±2 °C over a time period of 25 h, which is at least twelve-fold longer than the required operating times for DNA amplification reactions [6,8,9,10,11].
T341 43906-44018 Sentence denotes The main cause of this period of lowered temperature was due to the fact that the measurement was run overnight.
T342 44019-44144 Sentence denotes With the proof-of-principle device, successful DNA amplifications using MDA inside a disposable polymeric chip were achieved.
T343 44145-44233 Sentence denotes The heat for the reaction was applied using the integrated low-cost Au-resistive heater.
T344 44234-44403 Sentence denotes The device was operated at a suitable temperature for MDA reactions and the amplified DNA was measured using EvaGreen fluorescence dye and an ex situ spectrofluorometer.
T345 44404-44492 Sentence denotes A distinct peak is visible in the reaction mixtures which is absent in the NTC mixtures.
T346 44493-44597 Sentence denotes The operating temperature for MDA reactions is around 30 °C, which is comparable with a nice summer day.
T347 44598-44710 Sentence denotes Using amplification reactions which such low reaction temperatures could encounter problems at warmer locations.
T348 44711-44813 Sentence denotes However, as MDA is not sequence specific, this reaction will not be integrated in the final protocols.
T349 44814-44947 Sentence denotes MDA was only used as proof-of-principle reaction to show the biocompatibility of the device and functioning of the integrated heater.
T350 44948-45074 Sentence denotes Sequence specific amplifications, e.g., HDA and LAMP, are performed at higher temperatures, as will be discussed in Section 5.
T351 45075-45135 Sentence denotes This makes the system less sensitive to the hot summer days.
T352 45136-45287 Sentence denotes The device in its current state is not fully conform the WHO-SDI ASSURED criteria [49] as it still relies on the use of (expensive) external equipment.
T353 45288-45343 Sentence denotes However, the first steps are made to an ASSURED device.
T354 45344-45440 Sentence denotes Future steps which will make the device fully ASSURED are given in the next section (Section 5).
T355 45442-45444 Sentence denotes 5.
T356 45445-45452 Sentence denotes Outlook
T357 45453-45709 Sentence denotes Future steps, which will result in a device for early-stage detection of, for example, zoonoses, include studies on the optimization of this device for sequence specific DNA amplifications (e.g., primer design and reaction optimization), i.e., HDA or LAMP.
T358 45710-45844 Sentence denotes HDA utilizes DNA helicase (an enzyme also used in vitro during DNA replication) to separate the dsDNA instead of thermal denaturation.
T359 45845-46083 Sentence denotes After separation, ssDNA binding proteins hybridize on the ssDNA strands for stabilization, ensuring that the next primer will have time to bind to the ssDNA stripe and a DNA polymerase will extend the primers with the complementary bases.
T360 46084-46253 Sentence denotes This method is a truly isothermal technique in which the separation of the dsDNA can be performed at the same temperature as the amplification reaction, i.e., 64 °C [9].
T361 46254-46333 Sentence denotes LAMP is more similar to MDA in the way it also uses heat to denature the dsDNA.
T362 46334-46518 Sentence denotes After denaturation, a set of four primers (six can be used as well to achieve better selectivity) and a DNA polymerase is used at isothermal conditions (65 °C) to amplify the DNA [11].
T363 46519-46728 Sentence denotes When used in combination with reverse transcriptase, LAMP becomes a RNA amplification method, which could be used for RNA-containing viruses [11], like virus-based zoonoses diseases as the corona viruses [22].
T364 46729-46847 Sentence denotes Despite not being a truly isothermal technique, LAMP offers the possibility to use turbidity as detection method [76].
T365 46848-47007 Sentence denotes Such a detection method would simplify the required equipment even further as a decrease in transmitted light through the chip can be used as detection method.
T366 47008-47074 Sentence denotes Different amplification techniques require different temperatures.
T367 47075-47199 Sentence denotes Based on Table 1 one can conclude that a higher temperature would also give a larger temperature gradient within the system.
T368 47200-47331 Sentence denotes This can be disadvantageous for amplification reactions, as optimal denaturation temperatures are in the range 92 °C to 94 °C [77].
T369 47332-47447 Sentence denotes The denaturation in this research was done in a separate water bath, so this temperature gradient was circumvented.
T370 47448-47656 Sentence denotes However, when on-chip denaturation and/or another amplification technique will be used, a second step will be the optimization of the heater in order to create better temperature uniformity within the system.
T371 47657-47754 Sentence denotes This can be done by using different heater geometries [26,37] or using double-sided heating [28].
T372 47755-47842 Sentence denotes The third step that has to be optimized in the sample collection and work-up procedure.
T373 47843-48024 Sentence denotes One has to think of what kind of samples to collect in order to have the biggest chance of having the agent of the disease present in that sample (i.e., blood, mucus, saliva, etc.).
T374 48025-48092 Sentence denotes Such crude samples contain full cells, with the DNA present within.
T375 48093-48179 Sentence denotes There are different approaches to perform cell lysis in order to extract the DNA [78].
T376 48180-48314 Sentence denotes Various components of bodily fluids, and reagents and products of the lysis are well-known to inhibit the amplification reaction [79].
T377 48315-48386 Sentence denotes However, MDA [80] and HDA [9] could also be performed on crude samples.
T378 48387-48520 Sentence denotes A fourth step in the near-future is the development of a first prototype with all hardware integrated in a single piece of equipment.
T379 48521-48761 Sentence denotes Such a device in its pure essence will consist of a battery to power the heater and detection, a chip holder to firmly keep the chip in its place, a thermocouple for real-time monitoring of the temperature, and a LED light and a photodiode.
T380 48762-48862 Sentence denotes The lamp and photodiode could both be used for fluorescence measurements and turbidity measurements.
T381 48864-48879 Sentence denotes Acknowledgments
T382 48880-49005 Sentence denotes The authors would like to thank Brigitte Bruijns from Micronit Microtechnologies for her help during the brainstorm sessions.
T383 49006-49128 Sentence denotes Jörg Strack from TOPAS Advanced Polymers and Thomas Wagenknecht from KUZ Leipzig are thanked for their information on COC.
T384 49129-49549 Sentence denotes Pieter Post, Rob Dierink, and Sip Jan Boorsma of TCO (Technical Center for Education and Research of the University of Twente) are thanked for their work in the milling and laser cutting processes, Christian Bruinink for his assistance in the transparency measurements, Daniel Monteiro Cunha, M.Sc. for his assistance in the AFM measurements, and Nikki Stroot for her assistance with the initial amplification reactions.
T385 49550-49570 Sentence denotes Sample Availability:
T386 49571-49637 Sentence denotes Samples of the amplification chips are available from the authors.
T387 49639-49659 Sentence denotes Author Contributions
T388 49660-50098 Sentence denotes Conceived and designed the experiments: H.-W.V., F.A.M., and R.S.; developed the measurement setup and software, and provided technical help: R.S.; developed the methodology: H.-W.V. and F.A.M.; performed the experiments: F.A.M.; visualized the results: H.-W.V. and F.A.M.; wrote the first draft of the paper: H.-W.V.; reviewed and edited the first draft of the paper: H.-W.V., F.A.M., R.S., R.W. and J.L.; supervised the project: H.-W.V.
T389 50099-50175 Sentence denotes All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
T390 50177-50184 Sentence denotes Funding
T391 50185-50234 Sentence denotes This work is financed with institutional funding.
T392 50236-50257 Sentence denotes Conflicts of Interest
T393 50258-50302 Sentence denotes The authors declare no conflict of interest.
T394 50303-50316 Sentence denotes Abbreviations
T395 50317-50401 Sentence denotes The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: AFM atomic force microscopy
T396 50402-50409 Sentence denotes Au gold
T397 50410-50435 Sentence denotes CAD computer-aided design
T398 50436-50468 Sentence denotes CAM computer-aided manufacturing
T399 50469-50499 Sentence denotes CNC computer numerical control
T400 50500-50527 Sentence denotes COC cyclic olefin copolymer
T401 50528-50545 Sentence denotes DC direct current
T402 50546-50559 Sentence denotes DI de-ionized
T403 50560-50585 Sentence denotes DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
T404 50586-50611 Sentence denotes dsDNA double stranded DNA
T405 50612-50621 Sentence denotes H2O water
T406 50622-50658 Sentence denotes HDA helicase-dependent amplification
T407 50659-50702 Sentence denotes LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification
T408 50703-50742 Sentence denotes MDA multiple displacement amplification
T409 50743-50756 Sentence denotes Mo molybdenum
T410 50757-50768 Sentence denotes N2 nitrogen
T411 50769-50793 Sentence denotes NTC non template control
T412 50794-50823 Sentence denotes PCR polymerase chain reaction
T413 50824-50849 Sentence denotes PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
T414 50850-50886 Sentence denotes PID proportional-integral-derivative
T415 50887-50898 Sentence denotes Pt platinum
T416 50899-50928 Sentence denotes PVD physical vapor deposition
T417 50929-50949 Sentence denotes RNA ribonucleic acid
T418 50950-50982 Sentence denotes SEM scanning electron microscopy
T419 50983-51008 Sentence denotes ssDNA single stranded DNA
T420 51009-51065 Sentence denotes SDI Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diagnostics Initiative
T421 51066-51107 Sentence denotes TCR temperature coefficient of resistance
T422 51108-51139 Sentence denotes Tg glass transition temperature
T423 51140-51170 Sentence denotes WGA whole genome amplification
T424 51171-51200 Sentence denotes WHO World Health Organization
T425 51202-51213 Sentence denotes Appendix A.
T426 51214-51236 Sentence denotes Technical Drawing Chip
T427 51237-51296 Sentence denotes Figure A1 Technical drawing of the DNA amplification chip.
T428 51297-51322 Sentence denotes All dimensions are in mm.
T429 51323-51359 Sentence denotes The total chip size is 3 mm by 3 mm.
T430 51361-51372 Sentence denotes Appendix B.
T431 51373-51431 Sentence denotes Equations and Values Used in the COMSOL Multiphysics Study
T432 51433-51446 Sentence denotes Appendix B.1.
T433 51447-51452 Sentence denotes Water
T434 51453-51713 Sentence denotes For H2O, the build-in temperature-dependent equations for the density (ρH2O, see equations in Equation (A1)), heat capacity at constant pressure (CP,H2O, see equations in Equation (A2)), and thermal conductivity (κH2O, see equations in Equation (A3)) are used.
T435 51714-51918 Sentence denotes The ratio (γH2O) of the specific heats at constant pressure (CP,H2O) and constant volume (CV,H2O) is calculated manually according to the table from the Engineering Toolbox website [81] and Equation (A4).
T436 51919-52293 Sentence denotes The values for γH2O are listed in Table A1. (A1) ρH2O(T)=972.7584+0.2084T−4×10−4T2for273≤T<283345.28+5.749816T−0.0157244T2+1.264375×10−5T3for283≤T<373 (A2) CP,H2O(T)=12010.1471−80.4072879T+0.309866854T2for273.15≤T<553.75−5.38186884×10−4T3+3.62536437×10−7T4 (A3) κH2O(T)=−0.869083936+0.00894880345T−1.58366345×10−5T2for273.15≤T<553.75+7.97543259×10−9T3 (A4) γH2O=CP,H2OCV,H2O
T437 52294-52341 Sentence denotes Table A1 The ratio of specific heats of water.
T438 52342-52359 Sentence denotes T γH2O T γH2O
T439 52360-52378 Sentence denotes [K] [-] [K] [-]
T440 52379-52419 Sentence denotes 273.16 1.000592782 393.15 1.157465496
T441 52420-52460 Sentence denotes 283.15 1.001073729 413.15 1.199809492
T442 52461-52501 Sentence denotes 293.15 1.006591292 433.15 1.246234334
T443 52502-52542 Sentence denotes 298.15 1.010560913 453.15 1.297534537
T444 52543-52583 Sentence denotes 303.15 1.015203400 473.15 1.355013713
T445 52584-52624 Sentence denotes 313.15 1.025996023 493.15 1.420794975
T446 52625-52665 Sentence denotes 323.15 1.038520763 513.15 1.498241758
T447 52666-52706 Sentence denotes 333.15 1.052405261 533.15 1.592792563
T448 52707-52747 Sentence denotes 343.15 1.067512483 553.15 1.714447794
T449 52748-52788 Sentence denotes 353.15 1.083658241 573.15 1.883524402
T450 52789-52829 Sentence denotes 363.15 1.100748613 593.15 2.148448797
T451 52830-52870 Sentence denotes 373.15 1.118756966 613.15 2.666580033
T452 52871-52911 Sentence denotes 383.15 1.137648990 633.15 4.550527720
T453 52913-52926 Sentence denotes Appendix B.2.
T454 52927-52950 Sentence denotes Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
T455 52951-53265 Sentence denotes Values for the density (ρCOC = 1020 kg m−3), specific heat (cCOC, see Table A2), and thermal conductivity (κCOC,23°C = 0.17 W m−1 K−1 and κCOC,320°C = 0.24 W m−1 K−1, linear fit in between these point) of TOPAS 6017 COC are obtained via TOPAS Advanced Polymers (TOPAS Advanced Polymers, Farmington Hills, MI, USA).
T456 53266-53462 Sentence denotes The heat capacity at constant pressure (CP,COC) is calculated assuming a homogeneous body of mass m, via Equation (A5), where COMSOL interpolated linearly in between the points. (A5) CP,COC=cCOC×m
T457 53463-53509 Sentence denotes Table A2 The specific heat of TOPAS 6017 COC.
T458 53510-53523 Sentence denotes T c T c
T459 53524-53560 Sentence denotes [°C] [W m−1 K−1] [°C] [W m−1 K−1]
T460 53561-53580 Sentence denotes 30 1333 180 2298
T461 53581-53600 Sentence denotes 70 1538 210 2412
T462 53601-53621 Sentence denotes 110 1754 250 2539
T463 53622-53642 Sentence denotes 150 1968 290 2645
T464 53643-53800 Sentence denotes 160 2047 330 2758 Convective heat loss to the air is also taken into account with Equation (A6), which is often used in simulations [56]. (A6) h=10Wm−2K−1
T465 53802-53813 Sentence denotes Appendix C.
T466 53814-53830 Sentence denotes TCR Measurements
T467 53831-53996 Sentence denotes The two subsections below show two effects on the TCR measurements, i.e., the effect of thermal annealing during the first temperature cycle and the effect of aging.
T468 53998-54011 Sentence denotes Appendix C.1.
T469 54012-54029 Sentence denotes Thermal Annealing
T470 54030-54118 Sentence denotes The graph below is an example of the measured thermal annealing of a metal layer on COC.
T471 54119-54216 Sentence denotes Here, only the graph for evaporated Au is shown, but all except evaporated Pt show this behavior.
T472 54217-54272 Sentence denotes Evaporated Pt had some contaminants in the metal track.
T473 54273-54321 Sentence denotes This is most probably caused by the shadow mask.
T474 54322-54384 Sentence denotes Figure A2 Thermal annealing of an evaporated 100 nm Au layer.
T475 54386-54399 Sentence denotes Appendix C.2.
T476 54400-54405 Sentence denotes Aging
T477 54406-54514 Sentence denotes The layer analyzed in Figure A2 is stored for two weeks in ambient conditions and the TCR is analyzed again.
T478 54515-54605 Sentence denotes From the graph it is visible that the aging has some effect on the TCR of the metal layer.
T479 54606-54690 Sentence denotes Figure A3 The effect of two weeks aging in ambient conditions on a 100 nm Au layer.
T480 54691-54793 Sentence denotes The TCR of the as deposited layer is 0.00161 K−1 and the TCR of the two week old layer is 0.00224 K−1.
T481 54795-54806 Sentence denotes Appendix D.
T482 54807-54827 Sentence denotes MDA Reaction Mixture
T483 54828-54905 Sentence denotes The reaction mixture for the on-chip MDA reaction consisted of the following.
T484 54906-54946 Sentence denotes Table A3 On-chip MDA reaction mixtures.
T485 54947-55019 Sentence denotes Sample Reaction Buffer Sample Buffer DNA MilliQ DI Water EG Enzyme
T486 55020-55054 Sentence denotes [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL]
T487 55055-55086 Sentence denotes Tube with DNA 9 9 1 - 4 1
T488 55087-55113 Sentence denotes Tube NTC 9 9 - 1 4 1
T489 55114-55145 Sentence denotes Chip with DNA 9 9 1 - 4 1
T490 55146-55172 Sentence denotes Chip NTC 9 9 - 1 4 1
T491 55174-55185 Sentence denotes Appendix E.
T492 55186-55229 Sentence denotes Background Signal Fluorescence Measurements
T493 55230-55367 Sentence denotes All fluorescence measurements in the Horiba Scientific FluoroMax+ spectrofluorometer are normalized by subtracting the background signal.
T494 55368-55433 Sentence denotes This background signal is measured using the mixture in Table A4.
T495 55434-55491 Sentence denotes Table A4 Mixture used for background signal measurement.
T496 55492-55564 Sentence denotes Sample Reaction Buffer Sample Buffer DNA MilliQ DI Water EG Enzyme
T497 55565-55599 Sentence denotes [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL] [μL]
T498 55600-55628 Sentence denotes Background 9 9 1 1 4 -
T499 55629-55689 Sentence denotes Figure A4 The background signal of the mixture in Table A4.
T500 55691-55746 Sentence denotes Figure 1 Schematic representation of the MDA reaction.
T501 55747-55785 Sentence denotes In panel (a), a dsDNA strand is shown.
T502 55786-55830 Sentence denotes In panel (b), denaturation happens at 95 °C.
T503 55831-55946 Sentence denotes In panel (c), the random hexamer-primers (purple) and ϕ29 DNA polymerase (blue arrow) bind to the initiation sites.
T504 55947-56063 Sentence denotes In panel (d), the amplification is performed by the polymerase, which binds complementary bases to the ssDNA strand.
T505 56064-56184 Sentence denotes In panel (e), the polymerase encounters another hexamer binded to an initiation site and starts lifting up this hexamer.
T506 56185-56316 Sentence denotes In panel (f), a hexamer binds to the displaced ssDNA strands and the polymerase starts the amplification from this initiation site.
T507 56317-56371 Sentence denotes For clarity, the amplified DNA is bordered with black.
T508 56372-56594 Sentence denotes Figure 2 Close-up of the chip showing the Au resistive heater and alignment crosses, the DNA amplification chamber filled with blue food coloring dye, and the temperature monitor chamber filled with red food coloring dye.
T509 56595-56750 Sentence denotes Figure 3 The SolidWorks design of the DNA amplification chip with reaction chamber and chamber for thermocouple-assisted real-time temperature monitoring.
T510 56751-56808 Sentence denotes This drawing is used to set up the code for the CNC mill.
T511 56809-56848 Sentence denotes Total size of the chip is 3 cm by 3 cm.
T512 56849-56999 Sentence denotes Panel (a) shows the top view, panel (b) shows the bird’s eye view, and panel (c) the close-up of the chambers with the in-chamber trapezoid structure.
T513 57000-57121 Sentence denotes Figure 4 Schematic top views (top row) and cross-sectional representations (bottom row) of the full fabrication process.
T514 57122-57181 Sentence denotes In panel (a) the pristine COC substrate is shown as step 0.
T515 57182-57300 Sentence denotes Then, in panel (b) the first step is shown, i.e., the milling of the reaction chamber and temperature monitor chamber.
T516 57301-57361 Sentence denotes In panel (c), the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment is shown.
T517 57362-57439 Sentence denotes Then, the substrate is flipped and metal is deposited as step 3 in panel (d).
T518 57440-57539 Sentence denotes The substrate is flipped back and the microfluidic structure is closed using PCR foil in panel (e).
T519 57540-57610 Sentence denotes The images are not on scale and out of proportion for clarity reasons.
T520 57611-57769 Sentence denotes Figure 5 COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a finite element method heat transfer simulations of a 0.75 mm deep chamber with different heater widths and heater spacings.
T521 57770-57934 Sentence denotes Panel (a) shows the schematics with the materials indicated in the figure and the heaters exaggerated in red (they are 1 dimensional lines in the simulation model).
T522 57935-58010 Sentence denotes Panel (b) shows the case for 0.3 mm heater width and 0.3 mm heater spacing.
T523 58011-58086 Sentence denotes Panel (c) shows the case for 0.3 mm heater width and 2.0 mm heater spacing.
T524 58087-58162 Sentence denotes The scale bar in panel (d) is in °C and applies to both panels (b) and (c).
T525 58163-58221 Sentence denotes Figure 6 Three temperature differences within the system.
T526 58222-58491 Sentence denotes In panel (a) the ΔTtopofchamber, in panel (b) the ΔTacrosschamber, in panel (c) the ΔTbottomofchamber, and in panel (d) the ΔTdeviationfromsetT are shown for different heater widths (0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, in the columns) and heater spacings (0.3 mm to 2.0 mm, in the rows).
T527 58492-58672 Sentence denotes The differences are obtained using a parametric sweeps for both the heater width and heater spacing in the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a finite element method heat transfer simulations.
T528 58673-58754 Sentence denotes The cells in dark indicate the smallest ΔT and the cells in white the largest ΔT.
T529 58755-58851 Sentence denotes Figure 7 Panels (a) and (b) show the SolidWorks drawings of shadow masks 1 and 2, respectively.
T530 58852-58911 Sentence denotes Panel (c) shows the resulting metal track after deposition.
T531 58912-58975 Sentence denotes The crosses are used for alignment under an optical microscope.
T532 58976-59126 Sentence denotes Figure 8 AFM measurements (a–c) and SEM images (d–f) showing the effect of a cyclohexane vapor post-treatment on the surface roughness of milled COC.
T533 59127-59258 Sentence denotes Panel (a,d) shows the pristine COC surface. (b,e) Shows the milled surface. (c,f) Shows the cyclohexane vapor post-treated surface.
T534 59259-59301 Sentence denotes The scale bars in the SEM images are 2 μm.
T535 59302-59499 Sentence denotes Figure 9 The effect of the cyclohexane vapor post-treatment on the optical transparency of milled COC. (a) shows a milled surface and (b) the same surface, but post-treated with cyclohexane vapor.
T536 59500-59572 Sentence denotes The graph in Figure 10 shows the transmittance data of these substrates.
T537 59573-59763 Sentence denotes Figure 10 Graph of the transmittance data for a pristine substrate, and the substrates of Figure 9a,b showing the improvement in optical transparancy after cyclohexane vapor post-treatment.
T538 59764-59886 Sentence denotes The red line is for pristine COC, the green line for milled COC, and the blue line for cyclohexane vapor post-treated COC.
T539 59887-59968 Sentence denotes Measurements are done with a Woollam M-2000UI ellipsometer in transmittance mode.
T540 59969-60099 Sentence denotes Figure 11 Characterization of the 100 nm thick Au heater structure deposited by sputtering using the two sequential shadow masks.
T541 60100-60299 Sentence denotes Panel (a) depicts the thermal images on the other side of the 1.5 mm thick substrate, while operating the heater at different input powers. (b) The graph with the recorded heat profiles of panel (a).
T542 60300-60386 Sentence denotes Panel (c) shows the durability test in which a constant potential is applied for 25 h.
T543 60387-60712 Sentence denotes Figure 12 The set up for MDA reacions, (a) the schematics in which the voltage source is a Keithley SourceMeter, the thermocouple is connected to a Tenma thermometer. (b) The DNA amplification chip (both the amplification chamber and temperature control chamber are filled with food coloring dye for visualization purposes).
T544 60713-60830 Sentence denotes Figure 13 Fluorescence signal of MDA reactions performed at 25 °C and 30 °C, together with their (overlapping) NTCs.
T545 60831-60982 Sentence denotes Figure 14 Temperature profile recorded with the thermocouple inside the water-filled temperature control chamber during the on-chip MDA amplification.
T546 60983-61061 Sentence denotes Figure 15 Fluorescence signal of DNA-binded EvaGreen dye after MDA reactions.
T547 61062-61127 Sentence denotes The reactions are performed inside an Eppendorf tube and on-chip.
T548 61128-61274 Sentence denotes As heating, two different methods are used, namely a water bath (for both the Eppendorf tube and chip) and the on-chip resistive heater (3 chips).
T549 61275-61363 Sentence denotes The fluorescence intensity cannot be used as a value to quantify the amount of DNA [44].
T550 61364-61491 Sentence denotes The two blue lines with circular points are the MDA (continuous line) and NTC (dashed line) performed inside an Eppendorf tube.
T551 61492-61628 Sentence denotes The two orange lines with circular points are the MDA (continuous line) and NTC (dashed line) performed inside a water bath heated chip.
T552 61629-61809 Sentence denotes The three continuous orange lines with asterisks, squares, and diamonds represent the signals obtained after MDA reactions performed inside chips while using the integrated heater.
T553 61810-61934 Sentence denotes Table 1 Calculated required heater temperatures and powers when a desired temperature at the top of the chamber is assumed.
T554 61935-61987 Sentence denotes The calculations are based on Equations (2) and (3).
T555 61988-62043 Sentence denotes Desired Temperature Heater Temperature Required Power
T556 62044-62060 Sentence denotes [°C] [°C] [mW]
T557 62061-62075 Sentence denotes 30 31.7 17.3
T558 62076-62090 Sentence denotes 54 59.1 58.6
T559 62091-62105 Sentence denotes 65 71.8 77.7
T560 62106-62120 Sentence denotes 72 79.8 89.6
T561 62121-62137 Sentence denotes 95 106.3 129.4
T562 62138-62185 Sentence denotes Table 2 Specifications of simulation computer.
T563 62186-62205 Sentence denotes Component Hardware
T564 62206-62246 Sentence denotes Motherboard ASUS RoG Rampage VI Extreme
T565 62247-62300 Sentence denotes CPU Intel Core i9 7900X processor, 10 cores, 3.3 GHz
T566 62301-62346 Sentence denotes CPU cooler NZXT Kraken X62 AM4 water cooling
T567 62347-62402 Sentence denotes RAM G.Skill Trident Z RGB LED 4 × 16 GB DDR4, 3200 MHz
T568 62403-62431 Sentence denotes GPU Radeon Pro WX2100, 2 GB
T569 62432-62468 Sentence denotes Power supply Corsair HX1000i 1000 W
T570 62469-62542 Sentence denotes Table 3 Estimated current densities for the 4 extreme heater geometries.
T571 62543-62618 Sentence denotes sheater wheater lheater IAu IAu/Across−section IPt IPt/Across−section
T572 62619-62673 Sentence denotes [mm] [mm] [mm] [mA] [109 A m−2] [mA] [108 A m−2]
T573 62674-62709 Sentence denotes 0.3 0.3 134.9 32 1.06 14 4.73
T574 62710-62744 Sentence denotes 0.3 2.0 46.4 54 1.84 24 8.06
T575 62745-62780 Sentence denotes 2.0 0.3 30.9 172 8.60 77 3.83
T576 62781-62816 Sentence denotes 2.0 2.0 22.2 203 1.01 90 4.51
T577 62817-62904 Sentence denotes Table 4 Results of the Scotch tape metal adhesion tests before and after heat cycling.
T578 62905-63037 Sentence denotes Here, + means passing the tape test, − means failing the tape test, and +/− means that not all test structures failed the tape test.
T579 63038-63079 Sentence denotes Material Method Tape Test Initial TCR
T580 63080-63114 Sentence denotes Before After Resistance [Ω] K−1
T581 63115-63150 Sentence denotes Au Evaporation + − 5.0 0.00161
T582 63151-63185 Sentence denotes Au Sputtering + + 8.2 0.00192
T583 63186-63226 Sentence denotes Pt Evaporation + + 400 ∗ −0.00440 ∗
T584 63227-63263 Sentence denotes Pt Sputtering + +/− 6.8 0.00207
T585 63264-63354 Sentence denotes * These results are not reliable as the shadow mask gave contamination in the metal track.

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32106462-30140679-69893262 1250-1251 30140679 denotes 1
32106462-25353010-69893263 1475-1476 25353010 denotes 2
32106462-25958184-69893264 1477-1478 25958184 denotes 3
32106462-28754024-69893265 1479-1480 28754024 denotes 4
32106462-25353010-69893266 1741-1742 25353010 denotes 2
32106462-22519858-69893267 1743-1744 22519858 denotes 5
32106462-14522060-69893268 1935-1936 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-22711640-69893269 2081-2082 22711640 denotes 7
32106462-14522060-69893270 3219-3220 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-2999980-69893271 3221-3222 2999980 denotes 8
32106462-15247927-69893272 3265-3266 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893273 3322-3324 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-24030680-69893274 3719-3721 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-19327449-69893275 3728-3730 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-21387067-69893276 3734-3736 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-17553097-69893277 3737-3739 17553097 denotes 18
32106462-22704369-69893278 3743-3745 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-24030680-69893279 4230-4232 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-21387067-69893280 5550-5552 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-22592150-69893281 5553-5555 22592150 denotes 21
32106462-21479543-69893282 5680-5682 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893283 5683-5685 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-21267083-69893284 5708-5710 21267083 denotes 24
32106462-22038328-69893285 5711-5713 22038328 denotes 25
32106462-15269812-69893286 6287-6289 15269812 denotes 33
32106462-18975094-69893287 6290-6292 18975094 denotes 34
32106462-21479543-69893288 6671-6673 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893289 6674-6676 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-21267083-69893290 6677-6679 21267083 denotes 24
32106462-22038328-69893291 6680-6682 22038328 denotes 25
32106462-19327449-69893292 6926-6928 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-24030680-69893293 7225-7227 24030680 denotes 12
32106462-19327449-69893294 7234-7236 19327449 denotes 15
32106462-21387067-69893295 7240-7242 21387067 denotes 17
32106462-17553097-69893296 7243-7245 17553097 denotes 18
32106462-22704369-69893297 7249-7251 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-21479543-69893298 7310-7312 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-23610705-69893299 7313-7315 23610705 denotes 23
32106462-18975094-69893300 7322-7324 18975094 denotes 34
32106462-20218572-69893301 7328-7330 20218572 denotes 38
32106462-28281349-69893302 7498-7500 28281349 denotes 40
32106462-25906246-69893303 7602-7604 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-20066496-69893304 7816-7818 20066496 denotes 43
32106462-31277382-69893305 7822-7824 31277382 denotes 45
32106462-25906246-69893306 8003-8005 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-25906246-69893307 8191-8193 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-24957952-69893308 8583-8585 24957952 denotes 48
32106462-22704369-69893309 9877-9879 22704369 denotes 20
32106462-16786504-69893310 10214-10216 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-16786504-69893311 11112-11114 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-23298390-69893312 11203-11205 23298390 denotes 52
32106462-16786504-69893313 13357-13359 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-26835667-69893314 16718-16720 26835667 denotes 54
32106462-16786504-69893315 16777-16779 16786504 denotes 50
32106462-15247927-69893316 16855-16856 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893317 16875-16877 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-25430135-69893318 21810-21812 25430135 denotes 58
32106462-25906246-69893319 23025-23027 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-25906246-69893320 24305-24307 25906246 denotes 41
32106462-26835667-69893321 24778-24780 26835667 denotes 54
32106462-31277382-69893322 25859-25861 31277382 denotes 45
32106462-14522060-69893323 43892-43893 14522060 denotes 6
32106462-2999980-69893324 43894-43895 2999980 denotes 8
32106462-15247927-69893325 43896-43897 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893326 43901-43903 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-15247927-69893327 46250-46251 15247927 denotes 9
32106462-21157218-69893328 46514-46516 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-21157218-69893329 46661-46663 21157218 denotes 11
32106462-21479543-69893330 46724-46726 21479543 denotes 22
32106462-11708792-69893331 46843-46845 11708792 denotes 76
32106462-2003928-69893332 47327-47329 2003928 denotes 77
32106462-9327537-69893333 48310-48312 9327537 denotes 79
32106462-11959976-69893334 48329-48331 11959976 denotes 80
32106462-15247927-69893335 48342-48343 15247927 denotes 9