PMC:7127009 / 2308-6514 JSON TXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

LitCovid-PubTator

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":1436,"end":1444},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":1490,"end":1498},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":1918,"end":1928},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":1929,"end":1932},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":1991,"end":1999},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T17","span":{"begin":2665,"end":2669},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T18","span":{"begin":3238,"end":3251},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":3556,"end":3561},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A12","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A13","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma84050"},{"id":"A14","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma82740"},{"id":"A15","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67095"},{"id":"A16","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67257"},{"id":"A17","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T17","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74402"},{"id":"A18","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T18","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9825"},{"id":"A19","pred":"fma_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9576"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-UBERON","denotations":[{"id":"T1","span":{"begin":3238,"end":3251},"obj":"Body_part"},{"id":"T2","span":{"begin":3556,"end":3561},"obj":"Body_part"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A1","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T1","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002405"},{"id":"A2","pred":"uberon_id","subj":"T2","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001443"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

LitCovid-PD-CLO

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-CHEBI","denotations":[{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":167,"end":171},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":1258,"end":1263},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":1283,"end":1293},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":1298,"end":1309},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1918,"end":1928},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1991,"end":1999},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":3990,"end":3995},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":4081,"end":4090},"obj":"Chemical"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":4091,"end":4100},"obj":"Chemical"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A23","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_10545"},{"id":"A24","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A25","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35222"},{"id":"A26","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_64360"},{"id":"A27","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36976"},{"id":"A28","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_36080"},{"id":"A29","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T29","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888"},{"id":"A30","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T30","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_22587"},{"id":"A31","pred":"chebi_id","subj":"T31","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25367"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-GO-BP","denotations":[{"id":"T3","span":{"begin":1276,"end":1293},"obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0033673"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-PD-HP

{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T6","span":{"begin":27,"end":47},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T7","span":{"begin":437,"end":456},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T8","span":{"begin":1436,"end":1461},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T9","span":{"begin":1490,"end":1504},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T10","span":{"begin":3367,"end":3372},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T11","span":{"begin":3374,"end":3379},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T12","span":{"begin":3381,"end":3388},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T13","span":{"begin":3393,"end":3400},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T14","span":{"begin":3430,"end":3439},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T15","span":{"begin":3644,"end":3663},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T16","span":{"begin":3673,"end":3693},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A6","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T6","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"},{"id":"A7","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T7","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002086"},{"id":"A8","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T8","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"},{"id":"A9","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T9","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0033041"},{"id":"A10","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T10","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A11","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T11","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735"},{"id":"A12","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T12","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0003326"},{"id":"A13","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T13","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012378"},{"id":"A14","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T14","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002090"},{"id":"A15","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T15","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878"},{"id":"A16","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T16","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-sentences

{"project":"LitCovid-sentences","denotations":[{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":0,"end":56},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":57,"end":237},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":238,"end":479},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":480,"end":705},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":706,"end":757},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":758,"end":916},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":917,"end":1182},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":1183,"end":1536},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":1537,"end":1872},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T29","span":{"begin":1873,"end":2040},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T30","span":{"begin":2041,"end":2167},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T31","span":{"begin":2168,"end":2392},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T32","span":{"begin":2393,"end":2622},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T33","span":{"begin":2623,"end":2885},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T34","span":{"begin":2886,"end":3021},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T35","span":{"begin":3022,"end":3157},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T36","span":{"begin":3158,"end":3308},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T37","span":{"begin":3309,"end":3603},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T38","span":{"begin":3604,"end":3957},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T39","span":{"begin":3958,"end":4101},"obj":"Sentence"},{"id":"T40","span":{"begin":4102,"end":4206},"obj":"Sentence"}],"namespaces":[{"prefix":"_base","uri":"http://pubannotation.org/ontology/tao.owl#"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

2_test

{"project":"2_test","denotations":[{"id":"32253068-32113704-55639817","span":{"begin":4202,"end":4203},"obj":"32113704"}],"text":"1 SARS-CoV2 and the acute respiratory distress syndrome\nCoronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) has emerged over the past months as a clinical syndrome caused by a novel beta-Coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2. It was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China and the disease was officially named CoViD-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11th, 2020 following an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in the Hubei province. Since these earliest reports, this infection has spread in many countries worldwide with a significant rate of infection in Italy that currently accounts for more than 110,000 infected cases associated with 13,155 fatalities. The WHO declared CoViD-19 a pandemic on March 11th. The CoViD-19 pandemic has important implications for patients with rheumatic diseases, particularly those undergoing a variety of immunosuppressive therapies. As it seems obvious that immunosuppressive therapy increases their risk of severe disease if infected with CoViD-19, many patients have the tendency to stop their immunosuppressive treatments, especially in highly impacted areas such as the Italian Lombardy region. However, it is important to note that many commonly used immunosuppressive drugs such as JAK kinase inhibitors and tocilizumab have been proposed and/or used for the treatment of select patients who develop a frequently fatal clinical sequalae known as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) (also referred to as “cytokine storm”) following CoViD-19 infection. While data are changing rapidly and the disease trajectories can only be hypothesized, the issue whether to continue treating rheumatic disease patients needs to be addressed by the field of Rheumatology and other medical subspecialties, since some of these agents may be beneficial for specific phases or complications of the disease. SARS-CoV2 is a positive single strand 30,000 nucleotide RNA virus that includes 14 open reading frames that encode 27 proteins and belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Its phylogenetic data are consistent with the presence of a bat reservoir and subsequent spill over into the human population. Sequencing data shows that SARS-CoV2 shares a high degree of sequence homology with a betacoronavirus isolated from bats termed Bat-CoV-RaTG13, suggesting that the Chinese chrysanthemum bat is the likely origin of SARS-CoV2. Nonetheless, an unknown animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan has been hypothesized to act as the intermediate host, as the first cases had common contacts in a market where no bats were present (bats hibernate in December). In addition, SARS-CoV2 shares 79% and 50% gene homologies with the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that was responsible for an outbreak in 2002 and with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV responsible for infections in Saudi Arabia in 2012, respectively. Both these viruses had intermediate hosts that included the civet and camel, respectively, with humans serving as terminal hosts [1].\"\"\nPerson-to-person transmission has already been established for SARS-CoV2 infection and reasoned to be mediated by respiratory droplets. The current data also suggests that the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system are at a significantly higher risk and higher mortality.\nThe CoViD-19 infection is suspected when patients develop fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue, with bilateral interstitial pneumonia diagnosed in most patients (up to 76% in the earliest series) by ground glass opacity and patchy infiltrates in the chest as visualized by computerized tomography. Around 20% of cases rapidly worsen into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a mortality rate of approximately 2–3%, being highest in older age patients particularly those with chronic diseases and who are currently hospitalized in ICUs (up to 38%) [[2], [3], [4]]. Currently there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines for SARS-CoV2 infection, prompting the use of several broad-spectrum antiviral molecules. In addition, an animal model to study the disease and test potential vaccines is at present missing [5]."}

PMC:7127009 / 2308-6514 JSONTXT

Annnotations TAB JSON ListView MergeView

PMC:7127009 / 2308-6514 JSON TXT