PMC:7105881 / 4172-6542 JSONTXT

{"target":"https://pubannotation.org/docs/sourcedb/PMC/sourceid/7105881","sourcedb":"PMC","sourceid":"7105881","source_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/7105881","text":"Four human CoVs, including HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1, have been identified in humans, but without causing severe infections. HCoV-229E was isolated from nasal secretions of medical students with minor upper respiratory disease. This virus was an original isolate, and was first reported in the 1960s (Hamre and Procknow, 1966). In addition to HCoV-229E, several studies have reported the recovery of HCoV-OC43 from patients with upper respiratory tract illness (Tyrrell and Bynoe, 1965; Hamre et al., 1967; McIntosh et al., 1967; Kapikian et al., 1969). In 2004, HCoV-NL63 was isolated from clinical species of infants suffering from pneumonia or bronchiolitis, and characterized for its ability to infect human respiratory tract (Fouchier et al., 2004; van der Hoek et al., 2004). The subsequent study in 2005 identified a new member of CoVs, named HCoV-HKU1, from a 71-year-old man with pneumonia (Woo et al., 2005). Generally, these four viruses are the most common pathogens causing mild upper respiratory infection or asymptomatic infection, and count for about 30% of all colds (Myint, 1994; Lau et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2017). In the serological surveillance on healthy adults, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43 demonstrated more than 90% seropositive with the immunological assay. It appears common for these CoVs to infect children (Mourez et al., 2007; Shao et al., 2007; Severance et al., 2008). In contrast to the above three human CoVs, HCoV-HKU1 has around 50% seropositive in healthy individuals and a relatively low exposure rate in children (Lehmann et al., 2008; Severance et al., 2008). Although the prevalence of various CoVs is different, the incidence among these viruses shows no significant difference (Woo et al., 2009b). The afore-mentioned four CoVs have been detected in 2.1–17.9% of clinical specimens (Esper et al., 2006; Lau et al., 2006; Gerna et al., 2007; Regamey et al., 2008; Matoba et al., 2015; Killerby et al., 2018). These viruses have also been associated with lower respiratory tract illness in children, elders, and immunodeficient individuals (Falsey et al., 2002; Fouchier et al., 2004; Woo et al., 2005; Gerna et al., 2006). HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 may lead to central nervous system infection since viral RNAs are detected in the brain of some patients (Arbour et al., 2000; Desforges et al., 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