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PMC:7104291 / 67-4367 JSONTXT

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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
6 192-239 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
7 241-251 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
8 267-291 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
9 293-301 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
13 373-377 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
14 466-470 Disease denotes SARS MESH:D045169
15 478-484 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
18 1195-1213 Species denotes Pseudomonas putida Tax:303
19 1529-1543 Disease denotes system defects MESH:D009421
27 2250-2256 Species denotes people Tax:9606
28 2391-2397 Species denotes people Tax:9606
29 2552-2558 Species denotes people Tax:9606
30 2058-2066 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
31 2241-2249 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
32 2382-2390 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
33 2543-2551 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
39 4052-4062 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
40 2949-2954 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
41 3061-3066 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
42 3112-3117 Chemical denotes water MESH:D014867
43 3957-3965 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T50 176-183 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viruses
T49 192-204 SP_7 denotes severe acute
T48 205-216 SP_7;UBERON:0001004 denotes respiratory
T47 217-239 SP_7 denotes syndrome coronavirus 2
T46 241-251 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2
T45 267-278 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T44 293-301 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T43 373-377 SP_10 denotes SARS
T42 466-470 SP_10 denotes SARS
T41 478-484 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T40 630-635 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T39 1185-1193 NCBITaxon:1 denotes organism
T38 1195-1206 NCBITaxon:286 denotes Pseudomonas
T37 1207-1213 NCBITaxon:303 denotes putida
T36 1271-1280 NCBITaxon:1 denotes organisms
T35 2058-2066 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T34 2250-2256 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T33 2391-2397 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T32 2421-2426 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T31 2552-2558 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T30 2949-2954 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T29 3061-3066 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T28 3112-3117 CHEBI:15377;CHEBI:15377 denotes water
T27 3678-3683 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes viral
T26 3855-3860 NCBITaxon:10239 denotes virus
T25 3957-3965 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T24 4052-4062 SP_7 denotes SARS-CoV-2

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 1114-1119 Body_part denotes scale http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002542

LitCovid_AGAC

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
p60691s9 2421-2431 MPA denotes viral load

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T2 192-239 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 192-225 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T4 241-249 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T5 267-291 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T6 293-301 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 373-377 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T8 466-470 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 668-673 Disease denotes bends http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0020797
T10 2058-2066 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T11 3957-3965 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 4052-4060 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 54-55 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 176-183 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T3 327-328 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 347-348 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 385-386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 553-554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 630-635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T8 668-673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001927 denotes bends
T9 838-841 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T10 1024-1025 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1107-1108 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T12 1151-1155 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T13 1177-1178 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 1185-1193 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organism
T15 1185-1193 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organism
T16 1271-1280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organisms
T17 1271-1280 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organisms
T18 1347-1348 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T19 1558-1559 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 2412-2413 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 2463-2464 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 2523-2524 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T23 2562-2563 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 2657-2658 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 3008-3009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T26 3024-3033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001777 denotes bend; (3)
T27 3024-3033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001928 denotes bend; (3)
T28 3084-3085 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T29 3088-3092 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001927 denotes bend
T30 3099-3100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 3101-3104 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000002979 denotes tap
T32 3152-3153 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 3405-3406 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 3464-3467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T35 3664-3665 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 3855-3860 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T37 3920-3921 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 832-837 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T2 2949-2954 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T3 3061-3066 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377
T4 3112-3117 Chemical denotes water http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_15377

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 616-635 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046794 denotes transport of “virus
T2 616-625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T2 0-303 Sentence denotes By its very design, the wastewater plumbing system is a harbinger of pathogenic microorganisms with, under some circumstances, the potential to enable airborne transmission of viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
T3 304-485 Sentence denotes In 2003, WHO published a final report into a superspreading event of SARS within a housing block in Hong Kong.1 The 50-storey building had 342 confirmed cases of SARS and 42 deaths.
T4 486-687 Sentence denotes The report identified defects in the wastewater plumbing system as a transmission mode within the building, which facilitated the transport of “virus laden droplets” through empty U-bends in bathrooms.
T5 688-806 Sentence denotes This airborne transmission route was aided by bathroom extract ventilation, which drew contaminated air into the room.
T6 807-1054 Sentence denotes Since then, our research group has been investigating mechanisms of cross transmission, improvements in system design, and innovations in system monitoring, including confirmation of the wastewater plumbing system as a reservoir for pathogens.2, 3
T7 1055-1393 Sentence denotes In 2017, we published results from an experiment on a full-scale two-storey wastewater plumbing test-rig in which we used a model organism (Pseudomonas putida) to represent pathogens flushed into the system.4 Viable organisms were shown to be transmitted between rooms on different floors of a building, carried within the system airflow.
T8 1394-1476 Sentence denotes Droplet fallout resulted in contamination of surfaces within the system and rooms.
T9 1477-1626 Sentence denotes We also suggested causes of the wastewater plumbing system defects and presented a basic qualitative risk assessment for disease spread in buildings.
T10 1627-1845 Sentence denotes One important factor identified was the interconnectedness of all parts of the building by the wastewater plumbing system and, therefore, the potential for contaminated air to travel throughout the building unhindered.
T11 1846-1983 Sentence denotes We also identified the short-duration burst of contaminated air from the wastewater plumbing system that caused the cross-contamination.5
T12 1984-2067 Sentence denotes The implications of our work are far-reaching given the rate of spread of COVID-19.
T13 2068-2358 Sentence denotes The interconnectedness of the wastewater plumbing network, the sensitivity of the system to factors such as overuse, underuse, high temperatures, and high concentrations of infected people raise concerns over the practice of self isolation and the use of hospital wards as quarantine areas.
T14 2359-2495 Sentence denotes High concentrations of infected people contribute to a higher viral load in the system, thus leading to a higher risk of disease spread.
T15 2496-2602 Sentence denotes Self-isolation can lead to a greater number of infected people in a building and potential system overuse.
T16 2603-2721 Sentence denotes The use of hospital wards as quarantine areas is also a concern because of the interconnectedness of the whole system.
T17 2722-3645 Sentence denotes We recommend the following steps be taken to ensure that transmission through the wastewater plumbing system is minimised: (1) do not ignore unexplained foul smells in bathrooms, kitchens, or wash areas; (2) make sure that all water appliances in bathrooms and kitchens are fitted with a functioning U-bend; (3) to prevent the loss of the water trap seal within a U-bend, open a tap on all water appliances for at least 5 s twice a day (morning and evening) paying special attention to floor drains in bathrooms and wet rooms; (4) if the wastewater pipework from an appliance appears to be disconnected or open, seal it immediately (ie, use an elastic rubber glove to cover the end; a plastic bag and some tape will suffice, ensuring the bag has no holes); (5) if there appears to be any crack or leak in pipework, seal with tape or glue; and (6) continuously monitor whole system performance (for large or tall buildings).
T18 3646-3966 Sentence denotes The potential for a substantial viral load within the wastewater plumbing system (and therefore the main sewer system), in combination with the potential for airborne transmission due to aerosolisation of the virus, calls for wastewater plumbing systems to be considered as a potential transmission pathway for COVID-19.
T19 3967-4098 Sentence denotes The interconnectedness of the wastewater plumbing network can facilitate exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within, or even between, buildings.
T20 4099-4208 Sentence denotes This is of particular concern in high-risk transmission settings such as hospitals and health-care buildings.
T21 4209-4300 Sentence denotes Following the recommendations set out above will help to minimise the risk of transmission.