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LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 56-64 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
5 118-124 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
6 181-205 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
7 207-215 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
11 1478-1481 Gene denotes sea Gene:6395
12 1565-1571 Species denotes people Tax:9606
13 1720-1726 Species denotes people Tax:9606
15 2328-2334 Species denotes people Tax:9606
17 3511-3519 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
19 4393-4399 Species denotes stocks Tax:3724
22 4918-4926 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
23 4935-4943 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239

LitCovid-PMC-OGER-BB

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T19 2386-2390 CHEBI:33290;CHEBI:33290 denotes food
T18 2701-2714 UBERON:0000467 denotes health system
T17 3511-3519 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T16 4028-4032 UBERON:0001456 denotes face
T15 5998-6012 UBERON:0000467 denotes health systems
T14 6328-6347 UBERON:0007221 denotes intensive care unit
T2 56-64 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T27 118-124 GO:0016265 denotes deaths
T26 181-192 NCBITaxon:11118 denotes coronavirus
T25 207-215 SP_7 denotes COVID-19
T24 783-789 UBERON:0000467 denotes system
T23 1565-1571 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T22 1720-1726 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people
T21 2264-2271 GO:0065007 denotes control
T20 2328-2334 NCBITaxon:9606 denotes people

LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 4028-4032 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T2 4784-4788 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 4028-4032 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 56-64 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 181-205 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 207-215 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 3511-3519 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 97-99 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T2 114-117 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054064 denotes 491
T3 147-150 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T4 261-262 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T5 299-303 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001557 denotes a 15
T6 385-388 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T7 466-472 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T8 710-711 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T9 774-775 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 1150-1151 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1241-1244 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T12 1338-1339 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T13 1417-1418 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 1608-1609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T15 1823-1824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T16 1860-1863 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T17 1916-1917 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 2078-2083 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0001410 denotes armed
T19 2655-2656 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T20 2817-2818 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T21 2955-2956 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 3006-3009 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T23 3087-3090 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T24 3101-3102 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T25 3237-3238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T26 3925-3926 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 4003-4004 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 4028-4032 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T29 4187-4192 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tests
T30 4231-4234 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T31 4407-4409 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T32 4872-4873 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 5212-5213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T34 5279-5282 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T35 6387-6391 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T36 6727-6730 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T37 7066-7069 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 1507-1509 Chemical denotes La http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_33336

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 2013-2022 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T2 6560-6571 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behavioural

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-73 Sentence denotes The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID-19 pandemic
T2 75-227 Sentence denotes Spain, with more than 11 000 cases and 491 deaths as of March 17, 2020, has one of the highest burdens of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide.
T3 228-349 Sentence denotes In response, its government used a royal decree (463/2020)1 to declare a 15-day national emergency, starting on March 15.
T4 350-628 Sentence denotes Although the Spanish health system has coped well during the 6 weeks since its first case was diagnosed, it will be tested severely in the coming weeks as there is already widespread community transmission in the most affected regions, Madrid, the Basque Country, and Catalonia.
T5 629-709 Sentence denotes The number of new cases in the country is increasing by more than 1000 each day.
T6 710-826 Sentence denotes A crisis such as this places pressure on all building blocks of a health system,2 each of which we consider in turn.
T7 827-851 Sentence denotes The first is governance.
T8 852-999 Sentence denotes Coordination is crucial in any country, but especially in one like Spain in which responsibility for health is devolved to 17 very diverse regions.
T9 1000-1225 Sentence denotes The Health Alert and Emergency Coordination Centre (Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias in Spanish), created in 2004, provides a mechanism for coordination between the national and regional governments.
T10 1226-1303 Sentence denotes This mechanism has not, however, ensured that measures are fully coordinated.
T11 1304-1498 Sentence denotes Thus, the Basque Country declared a public health emergency before any other region, whereas Catalonia requested a complete shutdown of the region, including closure of air, sea, and land ports.
T12 1499-1572 Sentence denotes Madrid, La Rioja, and Vitoria banned gatherings of more than 1000 people.
T13 1573-1819 Sentence denotes These measures were accompanied by a range of social distancing measures, including closure of schools, universities, libraries, centres for older people, and sporting venues, and even restricting all movement in some of the most affected areaS.3
T14 1820-2117 Sentence denotes In a country in which regional autonomy has been politically important, the new decree includes a controversial measure to give the central government sweeping new powers over health services, transport, and internal affairs, including giving members of the armed forces powers of law enforcement.
T15 2118-2272 Sentence denotes These measures have provoked opposition in Catalonia and the Basque Country, which have their own police forces that will now come under national control.
T16 2273-2568 Sentence denotes However, the imposition of restrictions on movement of people to allow only that necessary to get to work or buy food and medicines, as well as the closure of borders does seem to have been accepted, at least so far, with only limited disagreement among the main parties on the measures adopted.
T17 2569-2608 Sentence denotes The second building block is financing.
T18 2609-2738 Sentence denotes Before the decree, central government adopted a series of financial measures to support the health system and protect businesses.
T19 2739-3026 Sentence denotes It had allocated €2800 million to all regions for health services and created a new fund with €1000 million for priority health interventions.4 However, these amounts need to be seen against the background of almost a decade of austerity from which the health system has yet to recover.5
T20 3027-3155 Sentence denotes Third, in service delivery, the national Ministry of Health has developed a set of clinical protocols, published on its website.
T21 3156-3413 Sentence denotes Additional advice is published by certain regions and updated, in some cases, on a daily basis.6 Health facilities in the worst affected regions are struggling, with inadequate intensive care capacity and an insufficient number of ventilators in particular.
T22 3414-3510 Sentence denotes Both Catalonia and Madrid7 have cancelled non-emergency surgery and cleared beds where possible.
T23 3511-3599 Sentence denotes COVID-19 telephone help lines have long delays or have simply collapsed in some regions.
T24 3600-3754 Sentence denotes The new decree allows the regions to take over management of private health services while military installations will be used for public health purposes.
T25 3755-3799 Sentence denotes The fourth block is medicines and equipment.
T26 3800-3993 Sentence denotes So far, no serious shortages have been reported but supplies of personal protective equipment in health facilities have been a concern in all regions leading to re-use, despite the known risks.
T27 3994-4068 Sentence denotes There is a particular shortage of face masks caused by early panic buying.
T28 4069-4412 Sentence denotes These shortages have encouraged profiteering, with private laboratories, for example, charging exorbitant amounts for tests.8 In response, the central government has centralised purchasing and introduced price controls on medicines9 requiring companies producing relevant equipment to inform the central government of their stocks within 48 h.
T29 4413-4454 Sentence denotes The fifth block comprises health workers.
T30 4455-4527 Sentence denotes Many reports suggest that they are stretched to the point of exhaustion.
T31 4528-4649 Sentence denotes This situation in part reflects existing staff shortages, again following years of austerity with resultant low salaries.
T32 4650-4813 Sentence denotes Before the decree, patchy and insufficient measures were suggested such as cancelling holidays or bringing retired nurses and doctors back into the health service.
T33 4814-5097 Sentence denotes The problems are being exacerbated by the quarantining of a growing number of health workers exposed to patients who are infected.10 The new decree permits hiring graduates without specialisation, final year medical and nursing students, and extending contracts of medical residents.
T34 5098-5260 Sentence denotes The final building block, information, is widely considered to have been provided by authorities at all levels in a timely manner via mainstream and social media.
T35 5261-5414 Sentence denotes The Spanish media has largely acted responsibly, disseminating accurate information and debunking fake news stories circulating on social media networks.
T36 5415-5502 Sentence denotes These developments have coincided with changing attitudes among the Spanish population.
T37 5503-5649 Sentence denotes Initially, the disease attracted little attention, but this calm soon gave way to panic and hoarding of key supplies once cases began to increase.
T38 5650-5845 Sentence denotes However, many manifestations of solidarity have been seen, such as supporting health professionals, those who are most vulnerable, and voluntary social distancing, including greater home working.
T39 5846-5928 Sentence denotes Already, at least five important lessons can be drawn from the Spanish experience.
T40 5929-6075 Sentence denotes First, additional financial resources are needed to support regional health systems, each with different initial resources and current challenges.
T41 6076-6425 Sentence denotes Second, long-term underinvestment in health services, as seen in many countries following the 2008 financial crisis, impairs their resilience by depleting their ability to respond to surges in need for health care with sufficient health professionals, intensive care unit beds, protective equipment, diagnostic test kits, and mechanical ventilators.
T42 6426-6650 Sentence denotes Third, although Spanish residents do seem largely to have responded responsibly so far, it will be important to draw on evidence from behavioural sciences to ensure that this conduct continues over what could be many months.
T43 6651-6926 Sentence denotes Fourth, although coordination between the national and regional governments has generally been good, work will be needed to ensure this continues over the next few months, with an understanding that politicians must not be allowed to exploit the situation for political gain.
T44 6927-7112 Sentence denotes Finally, once the pandemic is over, Spain will need to address the decade of underinvestment in its previously strong health sector, which has left it struggling at this time of crisis.
T45 7114-7148 Sentence denotes We declare no competing interests.