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{"project":"LitCovid-PD-HP","denotations":[{"id":"T19","span":{"begin":293,"end":298},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T20","span":{"begin":311,"end":326},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T21","span":{"begin":1021,"end":1026},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T22","span":{"begin":2325,"end":2341},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T23","span":{"begin":2414,"end":2429},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T24","span":{"begin":2435,"end":2453},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T25","span":{"begin":3540,"end":3555},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T26","span":{"begin":3579,"end":3595},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T27","span":{"begin":3640,"end":3658},"obj":"Phenotype"},{"id":"T28","span":{"begin":5878,"end":5894},"obj":"Phenotype"}],"attributes":[{"id":"A19","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T19","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A20","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T20","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0011134"},{"id":"A21","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T21","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945"},{"id":"A22","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T22","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202"},{"id":"A23","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T23","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002716"},{"id":"A24","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T24","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002206"},{"id":"A25","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T25","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002716"},{"id":"A26","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T26","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202"},{"id":"A27","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T27","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002206"},{"id":"A28","pred":"hp_id","subj":"T28","obj":"http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002202"}],"text":"Results\n\nDemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19\nThe demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients with COVID-19 are summarized in Table 1. Among all 62 patients, 51 (82.3%) patients had a confirmed history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, 43 (69.4%) patients had fever, and mainly low-grade fever (46.8%). There were no significant differences in terms of age, sex, and laboratory test results (CRP, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, hemoglobin level, procalcitonin level) between the early-stage group and progressive-stage group (all p \u003e 0.05).\nTable 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics between two groups in patients with COVID-19\nVariables Early-stage group (n = 34) Progressive-stage group (n = 28) p value\nDemographic\n Age, (years) 44.32 ± 13.53 50.82 ± 13.23 0.062\n Male 18 (52.9%) 16 (57.1%) 0.741 (χ)\nExposure history 0.494 (χ)\n Positive 27 (79.4%) 24 (85.7%)\n Negative 4 (11.8%) 1 (3.6%)\n Unknown 3 (8.8%) 3 (10.7%)\nSymptoms\n Fever (°C) 37.70 ± 0.73 37.66 ± 0.94 0.854\n \u003c 37.4 °C 8 (23.5%) 11 (39.3%) 0.064 (χ)\n 37.4–38 °C 20 (58.8%) 9 (32.1%)\n 38.1–39 °C 4 (11.8%) 6 (21.4%)\n 39.1–41 °C 2 (5.9%) 2 (7.1%)\nLaboratory tests\n CRP (mg/L) 15.98 (1.78–55.98) 35.62 (5.63–63.04) 0.329\n White blood cell count (× 109/L) 5.78 ± 1.93 6.24 ± 3.55 0.518\n Neutrophil count (× 109/L) 0.71 ± 0.13 0.74 ± 0.11 0.343\n Lymphocyte count (× 109/L) 1.04 ± 0.49 0.97 ± 0.46 0.541\n Platelet count (× 109/L) 180.79 ± 66.83 190.18 ± 73.91 0.602\n Hemoglobin (g/dL) 13.72 ± 1.79 13.69 ± 1.80 0.956\n Procalcitonin (ng/mL) 0.05 (0.04–0.07) 0.07 (0.04–0.11) 0.234\nCOVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein\n\nCT findings in patients with COVID-19\nThe CT findings of patients with COVID-19 in early and progressive stages are listed in Table 2 and shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5. In terms of CT characteristics, the major finding was the GGO in 38 (61.3%) of the 62 patients. In addition, GGO with consolidation was observed in 22 (35.5%) patients; rounded opacities were observed in 16 (25.8%) patients; a crazy-paving pattern was observed in 16 (25.8%) patients; an air bronchogram was observed in 14 (22.6%) patients; a halo sign was observed in 7 (11.3%) patients; a subpleural curvilinear line was observed in 6 (9.7%) patients; pleural effusion was observed in 2 (3.2%) patients; and consolidation, nodules, thoracic lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary fibrosis were observed in 1 (1.6%) patient each. No patient presented cavitation, a reticular pattern, or bronchial wall thickening. Between the early-stage group and progress-stage group, there were no significant differences in the CT findings, except for the halo sign (p = 0.013). Specifically, the halo sign was found in only the early-stage group in 20.6% of the patients.\nTable 2 Comparison of CT findings and scores between two groups in patients with COVID-19\nVariables Early-stage group (n = 34) Progressive-stage group (n = 28) p value\nCT findings\n Ground-glass opacity 22 (64.7%) 16 (57.1%) 0.543 (χ)\n Consolidation 1 (2.9%) 0 (0%) 1.000 (χ)\n Ground-glass opacity with consolidation 11 (32.4%) 11 (39.3%) 0.570 (χ)\n Reticular pattern 0 0 –\n Nodule 1 (2.9%) 0 1.000 (χ)\n Rounded opacities 10 (29.4%) 6 (21.4%) 0.475 (χ)\n Cavitation 0 0 –\n Crazy-paving pattern 8 (23.5%) 8 (28.6%) 0.652 (χ)\n Air bronchogram 8 (23.5%) 6 (21.4%) 0.844 (χ)\n Halo sign 7 (20.6%) 0 0.013 (χ)\n Bronchial wall thickening 0 0 –\n Subpleural curvilinear line 4 (11.8%) 2 (7.1%) 0.681 (χ)\n Thoracic lymphadenopathy 0 1 (3.6%) 0.452 (χ)\n Pleural effusion or thickening 1 (2.9%) 1 (3.6%) 1.000 (χ)\n Pulmonary fibrosis 0 1 (3.6%) 0.452 (χ)\n Max diameter of lesion (cm) 4.27 ± 2.66 5.83 ± 3.76 0.059\n \u003c 1 cm 0 1 (3.6) 0.201 (χ)\n 1–2.9 cm 13 (38.2%) 5 (17.9%)\n 3–4.9 cm 12 (35.3%) 10 (35.7%)\n \u003e 5 cm 9 (26.5%) 12 (42.9%)\nDistribution\n Central 1 (2.9%) 1 (3.6%) 0.961 (χ)\n Peripheral 12 (35.3%) 9 (32.1%)\n Both central and peripheral 21 (61.8%) 18 (64.3%)\nCT score 4.79 ± 2.76 7.79 ± 4.62 0.004\n 0–5 27 (79.4%) 10 (35.7%) 0.004 (χ)\n 6–10 6 (17.6%) 12 (42.9%)\n 11–15 0 3 (10.7%)\n \u003e 15 1 (2.9%) 3 (10.7%)\nCOVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019\nFig. 2 A 56-year-old male with coronavirus disease 2019 in the early-stage group. a Axial non-contrast CT shows ground-glass opacities in the anterior segments of bilateral upper lobes. b Ground-glass opacity is also shown in the peripheral region of the lateral basal segment of left lower lobe. CT score = 1 (right upper lobe) + 1 (left upper lobe) + 1 (left lower lobe) = 3\nFig. 3 A 34-year-old female with coronavirus disease 2019 in the early-stage group. a Axial non-contrast CT shows halo sign in the dorsal segment of left lower lobe and multiple ground-glass opacities in the right upper lobe and the dorsal segment of the right lower lobe. b Sagittal non-contrast CT demonstrates multiple ground-glass opacities with consolidations in the right lung, mainly distributed in the periphery. CT score = 2 (right upper lobe) + 2 (right lower lobe) + 1 (left lower lobe) = 5\nFig. 4 A 40-year-old female with coronavirus disease 2019 in the progressive-stage group. a Axial non-contrast CT shows crazy-paving pattern in the anterior segment and consolidation in the posterior segment of right upper lobe. b Consolidations are noted in the bilateral lower lobes mainly in the peripheral regions, accompanied with subpleural curvilinear line. CT score = 3 (right upper lobe) + 1 (right middle lobe) + 3 (right lower lobe) + 1 (left upper lobe) + 3 (left lower lobe) = 11\nFig. 5 A 60-year-old male with coronavirus disease 2019 in the progressive-stage group. a Axial non-contrast CT in pulmonary window shows diffuse ground-glass opacities with consolidations in bilateral lungs. b Axial non-contrast CT in mediastinal window shows consolidations in bilateral lungs, with bilateral pleural effusion. CT score = 5 (right upper lobe) + 4 (right middle lobe) + 4 (right lower lobe) + 3 (left upper lobe) + 2 (left lower lobe) = 18\nIn terms of lesion size, lesions with a maximum diameter greater than 5 cm were found in 21 (33.9%) of 62 patients; lesions with a maximum diameter of 3–4.9 cm were found in 22 (35.5%) patients; lesions with a maximum diameter of 1–2.9 cm were found in 18 (29.0%) patients; and lesions with a maximum diameter less than 1 cm were found in 1 (1.6%) patient. There was no statistically significant difference in lesion size between the two groups of patients with COVID-19 (p = 0.059). Regarding the distribution of pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities, lesions that were mainly distributed in both the central and peripheral lung regions accounted for 62.9%; lesions distributed in the peripheral lung were present in 21 (33.9%) patients; and lesions distributed in the central lung were present in 2 (3.2%) patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities between the two groups of patients with COVID-19 (p = 0.961).\n\nCT score of patients with COVID-19\nThe CT scores of all patients with COVID-19 are shown in Table 2 and the CT scores of each lobe in the two groups are shown in Fig. 6. The CT scores of the progressive-stage group were significantly greater than those of the early-stage group (p = 0.004). In the early-stage group, 27 (79.4%) patients had CT scores in the range of 0–5, 6 (17.6%) patients had CT scores of 6–10, and only 1 patient had a CT score of 11 or more. In the progressive-stage group, 10 (35.7%) patients had CT scores in the range of 0–5, 12 (42.9%) patients had CT scores of 6–10, 3 (10.7%) patients had CT scores of 11–15, and 3 (10.7%) patients had CT scores of 15 or more.\nFig. 6 The CT score of each lobe in the early-stage group and progressive-stage group\nAmong all 62 COVID-19 patients, the CT scores of pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities were significantly positively correlated with maximum diameter of the lesions (r = 0.531, p \u003c 0.001), and the CT scores were also significantly positively correlated with the age of the patients (r = 0.255, p = 0.045), shown in Table 3.\nTable 3 Correlation of clinical variables with CT score in patients with COVID-19\nVariables CT score\nAge (years)\n p value 0.045\n r value 0.255\nMax diameter of lesion (cm)\n p value \u003c 0.001\n r value 0.531\nCOVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019"}

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