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LitCovid-PD-FMA-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue fma_id
T1 9272-9276 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T2 10937-10941 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T3 10945-10949 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T4 11607-11610 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T5 12080-12083 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T6 12119-12123 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T7 12512-12516 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T8 13267-13271 Body_part denotes Back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056
T9 16381-16385 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T10 16748-16752 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T11 17242-17246 Body_part denotes limb http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7182
T12 17820-17824 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T13 18218-18222 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T14 18264-18268 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T15 19487-19491 Body_part denotes eyes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T16 19550-19554 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T17 19633-19637 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T18 21208-21215 Body_part denotes neonate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma292381
T19 21324-21331 Body_part denotes neonate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma292381
T20 21646-21653 Body_part denotes neonate http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma292381
T21 22048-22053 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T22 22792-22796 Body_part denotes cell http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T23 27769-27773 Body_part denotes limb http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7182
T24 28509-28513 Body_part denotes back http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma25056
T25 31133-31136 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T26 33371-33375 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T27 34087-34091 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9712
T28 34802-34806 Body_part denotes eyes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T29 34808-34812 Body_part denotes face http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma24728
T30 34817-34833 Body_part denotes mucous membranes http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma85355
T31 36210-36213 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54448
T32 36274-36279 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088
T33 36284-36288 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7195
T34 36411-36422 Body_part denotes facial hair http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma54360
T35 37401-37406 Body_part denotes cells http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma68646
T36 38366-38371 Body_part denotes lipid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma67264

LitCovid-PD-UBERON

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue uberon_id
T1 9272-9276 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T2 10937-10941 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T3 10945-10949 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T4 11607-11610 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
T5 12080-12083 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
T6 12119-12123 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T7 12512-12516 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T8 16381-16385 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T9 16748-16752 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T10 17242-17246 Body_part denotes limb http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002101
T11 17370-17380 Body_part denotes extensions http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_2000106
T12 17467-17471 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T13 17820-17824 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T14 18218-18222 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T15 18264-18268 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T16 18677-18682 Body_part denotes valve http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0003978
T17 18731-18735 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T18 19418-19422 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T19 19436-19440 Body_part denotes tube http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025
T20 19550-19554 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T21 19633-19637 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T22 22048-22053 Body_part denotes Heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T23 27769-27773 Body_part denotes limb http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002101
T24 31133-31136 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
T25 33371-33375 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T26 34087-34091 Body_part denotes hand http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002398
T27 34808-34812 Body_part denotes face http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456
T28 34817-34833 Body_part denotes mucous membranes http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344
T29 36210-36213 Body_part denotes eye http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000970
T30 36274-36279 Body_part denotes heart http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948
T31 36284-36288 Body_part denotes lung http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048

LitCovid-PD-MONDO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue mondo_id
T1 16-24 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T2 163-171 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T3 279-303 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T4 305-313 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T5 551-560 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T6 1679-1687 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T7 1853-1900 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T8 1853-1886 Disease denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T9 1902-1910 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T10 2007-2015 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T11 2110-2118 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T12 2298-2306 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T13 2659-2663 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T14 2738-2746 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T15 2952-2960 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T16 2998-3006 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T17 3205-3213 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T18 3313-3321 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T19 3488-3496 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T20 3582-3586 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T21 3639-3643 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T22 3691-3700 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T23 3776-3780 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T24 3809-3817 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T25 4108-4116 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T26 4279-4287 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T27 4798-4806 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T28 4871-4877 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T29 5022-5031 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T30 5234-5242 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T31 5245-5254 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T32 5285-5295 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T33 5712-5720 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T34 5838-5846 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T35 6110-6120 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T36 6767-6775 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T37 7096-7104 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T38 7113-7120 Disease denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005618|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0011918
T40 7580-7588 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T41 7727-7735 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T42 8231-8240 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T43 8369-8377 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T44 8555-8563 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T45 10759-10774 Disease denotes cross infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0043544
T46 10765-10774 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T47 11320-11328 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T48 11344-11353 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T49 11374-11383 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T50 11762-11770 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T51 11870-11879 Disease denotes Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T52 11911-11919 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T53 12016-12024 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T54 12025-12034 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T55 13910-13917 Disease denotes sterile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005047
T56 14457-14465 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T57 14497-14505 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T58 14878-14886 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T59 15051-15059 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T60 15094-15100 Disease denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0004992
T61 15957-15965 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T62 16052-16061 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T63 16263-16272 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T64 16285-16294 Disease denotes Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T65 19042-19050 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T66 19065-19084 Disease denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0021113
T67 19980-19989 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T68 20408-20416 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T69 21614-21622 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T70 22349-22357 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T71 24079-24084 Disease denotes PAPRs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007352
T72 24188-24197 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T73 24722-24731 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T74 25444-25448 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T75 25819-25827 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T76 26356-26366 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T77 26573-26583 Disease denotes infectious http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T78 26795-26799 Disease denotes SARS http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T79 27069-27078 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T80 27095-27103 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T81 27289-27299 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T82 27499-27507 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T83 27636-27643 Disease denotes sterile http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005047
T84 28095-28103 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T85 28271-28281 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T86 28450-28458 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T87 28459-28469 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T88 28866-28875 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T89 28941-28949 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T90 31223-31231 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T91 31609-31614 Disease denotes PAPRs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007352
T92 32425-32437 Disease denotes in Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T93 32782-32790 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T94 32791-32800 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T95 33223-33231 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096
T96 33232-33241 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T97 34913-34922 Disease denotes Infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T98 35372-35377 Disease denotes PAPRs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007352
T99 35780-35789 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T100 35961-35970 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T101 36190-36200 Disease denotes infections http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T102 36838-36843 Disease denotes PAPRs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007352
T103 37241-37249 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T104 38662-38677 Disease denotes gastroenteritis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002269
T105 38719-38727 Disease denotes SARS-CoV http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005091
T106 39111-39120 Disease denotes infection http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005550
T107 39501-39509 Disease denotes COVID-19 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0100096

LitCovid-PD-CLO

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 14-15 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T2 35-36 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T3 92-93 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T4 324-327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T5 344-345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T6 411-412 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T7 438-439 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T8 728-729 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T9 954-955 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T10 1470-1471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T11 1534-1535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T12 1821-1833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000245 denotes Organization
T13 1923-1924 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T14 1976-1981 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes Human
T15 1985-1990 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T16 2078-2081 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T17 2164-2165 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T18 3126-3133 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T19 3216-3219 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T20 3265-3267 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T21 3342-3343 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T22 3459-3462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T23 5158-5159 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T24 5321-5327 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes tested
T25 5336-5341 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T26 5650-5651 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T27 5896-5897 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T28 6280-6287 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000881 denotes digital
T29 6490-6491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T30 6765-6766 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T31 7032-7033 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T32 7174-7175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T33 7246-7251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T34 7271-7272 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T35 7375-7376 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T36 7461-7462 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T37 8083-8093 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T38 8525-8526 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T39 8984-8985 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T40 9174-9181 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0002807 denotes Donning
T41 9188-9189 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T42 9272-9276 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T43 9501-9502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T44 10455-10457 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009141 denotes St
T45 10455-10457 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050980 denotes St
T46 10624-10625 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T47 10654-10655 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T48 10937-10941 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T49 10945-10949 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T50 11433-11438 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T51 11607-11610 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eye
T52 11760-11761 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T53 11805-11806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T54 11981-11982 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T55 12038-12039 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T56 12080-12083 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eye
T57 12119-12123 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T58 12368-12369 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T59 12501-12502 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T60 12512-12516 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T61 12575-12576 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T62 12905-12912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T63 13237-13238 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T64 13264-13265 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001021 denotes B
T65 13496-13498 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T66 13865-13876 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes instruments
T67 13956-13963 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T68 14203-14204 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T69 14466-14467 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T70 14671-14673 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001000 denotes 35
T71 14911-14912 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T72 15193-15194 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T73 16083-16084 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T74 16360-16366 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T75 16381-16385 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T76 16409-16415 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T77 16666-16671 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T78 16681-16682 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T79 16737-16738 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T80 16748-16752 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T81 17128-17129 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T82 17242-17246 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes limb
T83 17426-17427 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T84 17439-17445 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T85 17467-17471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T86 17490-17491 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T87 17505-17511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T88 17512-17518 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T89 17530-17533 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T90 17534-17535 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T91 17549-17550 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T92 17593-17594 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T93 17662-17663 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T94 17735-17741 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001005 denotes airway
T95 17760-17762 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T96 17805-17806 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T97 17820-17824 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T98 18218-18222 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T99 18264-18268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T100 18677-18682 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000825 denotes valve
T101 18731-18735 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T102 18809-18810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T103 18984-18985 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T104 19156-19157 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T105 19397-19403 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes device
T106 19418-19422 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T107 19436-19440 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000025 denotes tube
T108 19487-19491 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eyes
T109 19539-19540 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T110 19550-19554 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T111 19633-19637 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T112 19705-19710 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T113 20179-20180 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T114 20231-20232 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T115 20393-20394 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T116 20810-20811 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T117 21100-21102 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050509 denotes 27
T118 21195-21200 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T119 21367-21372 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T120 21385-21386 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T121 21498-21501 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T122 21593-21594 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T123 21693-21694 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T124 21722-21723 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T125 21809-21812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T126 22048-22053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes Heart
T127 22048-22053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes Heart
T128 22048-22053 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes Heart
T129 22048-22053 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes Heart
T130 22191-22192 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T131 22551-22557 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000265 denotes aortic
T132 22719-22720 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T133 22792-22796 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cell
T134 22917-22918 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T135 23014-23022 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001637 denotes arterial
T136 23014-23022 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000814 denotes arterial
T137 23470-23477 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T138 23629-23632 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T139 23728-23731 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T140 23827-23828 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T141 23957-23958 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T142 24070-24074 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0008479 denotes PPEs
T143 24090-24100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000030 denotes objectives
T144 24322-24332 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T145 24391-24392 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T146 24920-24930 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T147 25203-25213 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T148 25253-25263 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activation
T149 26114-26117 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T150 27093-27094 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T151 27441-27442 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T152 27615-27620 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T153 27769-27773 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000876 denotes limb
T154 28119-28120 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T155 28447-28449 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001382 denotes 48
T156 28907-28908 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T157 29250-29251 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T158 30036-30041 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes virus
T159 30279-30286 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T160 30340-30342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0009141 denotes St
T161 30340-30342 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050980 denotes St
T162 30429-30431 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001407 denotes 52
T163 30575-30578 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T164 30812-30813 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T165 30824-30825 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T166 30893-30894 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T167 30912-30913 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T168 30957-30964 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T169 31133-31136 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eye
T170 31321-31322 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T171 32813-32814 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T172 33153-33154 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T173 33204-33205 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T174 33306-33307 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T175 33455-33456 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T176 33598-33599 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T177 34174-34175 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T178 34267-34268 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T179 34313-34314 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T180 34366-34367 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T181 34585-34586 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T182 34627-34629 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0053733 denotes 11
T183 34802-34806 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eyes
T184 34808-34812 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001456 denotes face
T185 34817-34833 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000344 denotes mucous membranes
T186 35096-35100 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes test
T187 35101-35102 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T188 35272-35273 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T189 35458-35460 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001313 denotes 36
T190 36210-36213 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000827 denotes eye
T191 36274-36279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000948 denotes heart
T192 36274-36279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0007100 denotes heart
T193 36274-36279 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0015228 denotes heart
T194 36274-36279 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000815 denotes heart
T195 36284-36288 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0002048 denotes lung
T196 36284-36288 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0000934 denotes lung
T197 36407-36410 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T198 36550-36557 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000473 denotes testing
T199 37169-37170 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes A
T200 37188-37190 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0050507 denotes 22
T201 37213-37218 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T202 37315-37320 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_9606 denotes human
T203 37401-37406 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005623 denotes cells
T204 37578-37580 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T205 37857-37864 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000968 denotes devices
T206 38079-38086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0100026 denotes organic
T207 38079-38086 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000468 denotes organic
T208 38200-38208 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T209 38293-38294 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T210 38338-38346 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001658 denotes activity
T211 38382-38389 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T212 38443-38446 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T213 38447-38448 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T214 38466-38469 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0051582 denotes has
T215 38470-38471 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T216 38578-38579 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T217 38589-38597 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T218 38602-38609 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T219 38699-38700 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T220 38728-38730 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0054055 denotes 71
T221 38793-38800 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_10239 denotes viruses
T222 38802-38810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCBITaxon_2 denotes bacteria
T223 38854-38855 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T224 39184-39185 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a
T225 39322-39323 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CLO_0001020 denotes a

LitCovid-PD-CHEBI

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue chebi_id
T1 131-133 Chemical denotes Se http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_27568
T2 10464-10466 Chemical denotes MN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141442
T3 10821-10826 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T4 12658-12663 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T5 13981-14000 Chemical denotes quaternary ammonium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35267
T6 13992-14000 Chemical denotes ammonium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28938
T7 14001-14009 Chemical denotes chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17996
T8 14010-14022 Chemical denotes disinfectant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219
T9 14058-14077 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32146
T10 14058-14064 Chemical denotes sodium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26708
T11 14065-14077 Chemical denotes hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29222
T12 14104-14121 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T13 14104-14112 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T14 14113-14121 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T15 14572-14578 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T16 15370-15375 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T17 16090-16095 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T18 16815-16821 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T19 19574-19580 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T20 19841-19843 Chemical denotes IR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74061
T21 20259-20261 Chemical denotes IR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74061
T22 20305-20307 Chemical denotes IR http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_74061
T23 21827-21833 Chemical denotes oxygen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_25805
T24 23356-23361 Chemical denotes drugs http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_23888
T25 28810-28815 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T26 30020-30028 Chemical denotes carriers http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_78059
T27 30349-30351 Chemical denotes MN http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_141442
T28 32252-32254 Chemical denotes Re http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49882
T29 35109-35114 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T30 35174-35179 Chemical denotes group http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_24433
T31 37582-37589 Chemical denotes ethanol http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16236
T32 37596-37613 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T33 37596-37604 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T34 37605-37613 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T35 37622-37641 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32146
T36 37622-37628 Chemical denotes sodium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26708
T37 37629-37641 Chemical denotes hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29222
T38 37703-37724 Chemical denotes benzalkonium chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_135611|http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3020
T40 37716-37724 Chemical denotes chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17996
T41 37734-37759 Chemical denotes chlorhexidine digluconate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28312
T42 37734-37747 Chemical denotes chlorhexidine http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_3614
T43 37870-37889 Chemical denotes quaternary ammonium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35267
T44 37881-37889 Chemical denotes ammonium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28938
T45 37890-37898 Chemical denotes chloride http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_17996
T46 37899-37911 Chemical denotes disinfectant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219
T47 37946-37965 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_32146
T48 37946-37952 Chemical denotes sodium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_26708
T49 37953-37965 Chemical denotes hypochlorite http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_29222
T50 37978-37995 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T51 37978-37986 Chemical denotes hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_49637
T52 37987-37995 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785
T53 38099-38111 Chemical denotes disinfectant http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_48219
T54 38112-38120 Chemical denotes solution http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_75958
T55 38210-38239 Chemical denotes Quaternary ammonium compounds http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35273
T56 38221-38239 Chemical denotes ammonium compounds http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_35276
T57 38221-38229 Chemical denotes ammonium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_28938
T58 38366-38371 Chemical denotes lipid http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18059
T59 38526-38543 Chemical denotes Hydrogen peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_16240
T60 38526-38534 Chemical denotes Hydrogen http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_18276
T61 38535-38543 Chemical denotes peroxide http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_44785

LitCovid-PD-GO-BP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 3350-3362 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0000003 denotes reproduction
T2 12533-12544 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transported
T3 13661-13670 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes breathing
T4 17028-17036 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0015297 denotes exchange
T5 17188-17197 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes breathing
T6 17627-17633 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007601 denotes vision
T7 18848-18857 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T8 19327-19337 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0046903 denotes secretions
T9 23801-23810 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007610 denotes behaviour
T10 25165-25174 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0006810 denotes transport
T11 27719-27728 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes breathing
T12 32968-32979 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009056 denotes degradation
T13 33054-33061 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0051235 denotes storage
T14 33750-33759 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes breathing
T15 34040-34049 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0007585 denotes breathing

LitCovid-sentences

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
T1 0-130 Sentence denotes Preparing for a COVID-19 pandemic: a review of operating room outbreak response measures in a large tertiary hospital in Singapore
T2 131-264 Sentence denotes Se préparer pour la pandémie de COVID-19: revue des moyens déployés dans un bloc opératoire d’un grand hôpital tertiaire au Singapour
T3 266-274 Sentence denotes Abstract
T4 275-395 Sentence denotes The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has been designated a public health emergency of international concern.
T5 396-537 Sentence denotes To prepare for a pandemic, hospitals need a strategy to manage their space, staff, and supplies so that optimum care is provided to patients.
T6 538-639 Sentence denotes In addition, infection prevention measures need to be implemented to reduce in-hospital transmission.
T7 640-752 Sentence denotes In the operating room, these preparations involve multiple stakeholders and can present a significant challenge.
T8 753-1010 Sentence denotes Here, we describe the outbreak response measures of the anesthetic department staffing the largest (1,700-bed) academic tertiary level acute care hospital in Singapore (Singapore General Hospital) and a smaller regional hospital (Sengkang General Hospital).
T9 1011-1311 Sentence denotes These include engineering controls such as identification and preparation of an isolation operating room, administrative measures such as modification of workflow and processes, introduction of personal protective equipment for staff, and formulation of clinical guidelines for anesthetic management.
T10 1312-1408 Sentence denotes Simulation was valuable in evaluating the feasibility of new operating room set-ups or workflow.
T11 1409-1593 Sentence denotes We also discuss how the hierarchy of controls can be used as a framework to plan the necessary measures during each phase of a pandemic, and review the evidence for the measures taken.
T12 1594-1782 Sentence denotes These containment measures are necessary to optimize the quality of care provided to COVID-19 patients and to reduce the risk of viral transmission to other patients or healthcare workers.
T13 1784-2228 Sentence denotes On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak a public health emergency of international concern.1 Human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was established and at the time of writing this article, it has caused coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in over 90,000 people in 72 countries, with a case fatality rate of 2.3% in China and 1.6% outside China.2–8
T14 2229-2633 Sentence denotes Singapore General Hospital (SGH) confirmed Singapore’s first case of COVID-19 on 23 January 2020.9,10 Local transmission was subsequently reported11 and by 7 February 2020, Singapore raised the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) alert level to orange, indicating that the disease is severe and spreads easily from person to person (but is not spread widely and is being contained).12,13
T15 2634-3394 Sentence denotes Current understanding of SARS-CoV2 transmission is based on extrapolation from past experience with the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2003.14–17 Possible modes of transmission include respiratory droplets, contact, fomites, and the fecal-oral route.18,19 At present, there is no conclusive evidence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but past experience suggests that SARS-CoV can be transmitted via aerosol-generating procedures, most commonly tracheal intubation.20,21 As with most respiratory viruses, it is considered most contagious when the patient is symptomatic, but SARS-CoV-2 has been transmitted by asymptomatic individuals.22 Early data suggests that transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is moderate, with a basic reproduction number of approximately 2.23,24
T16 3395-3479 Sentence denotes Transmission within healthcare facilities to healthcare workers has been documented:
T17 3480-3857 Sentence denotes 3.8% of COVID-19 cases have occurred in healthcare workers, causing five deaths in China.7 During the SARS outbreak in 2003, anesthesiologists also contracted SARS in the line of duty.25 With the institution of infection control measures, several hospitals successfully operated on patients with SARS without any transmission of SARS-CoV within the operating room complex.26,27
T18 3858-4011 Sentence denotes The Division of Anesthesiology at SGH developed disease outbreak response measures in coordination with surgical, nursing, and other allied health staff.
T19 4012-4237 Sentence denotes The two goals of these measures were to facilitate the care of patients with known or suspected COVID-19 who needed surgery, and to reduce the risk of perioperative viral transmission to healthcare workers and other patients.
T20 4238-4401 Sentence denotes At the time of writing, no patients with COVID-19 have required surgery, but we expect this to change in the near future as the number of cases increases globally.
T21 4402-4674 Sentence denotes This article aims to describe the measures taken to address these goals, including identification and set-up of an isolation operating room (OR), modification of workflow and processes, management of staff, and formulation of clinical guidelines for anesthetic management.
T22 4676-4727 Sentence denotes Hospital measures related to surgery and anesthesia
T23 4729-4748 Sentence denotes Increasing capacity
T24 4749-4935 Sentence denotes To cope with the anticipated increased influx of COVID-19 patients, we decided to reduce elective surgery.28 Day surgery, cancer surgery, and other urgent operations continued as normal.
T25 4936-5052 Sentence denotes We increased the turnaround time between elective surgeries to accommodate additional infection prevention measures.
T26 5054-5097 Sentence denotes Management of patients, visitors, and staff
T27 5098-5183 Sentence denotes All patients presenting to the hospital were screened using a standard questionnaire.
T28 5184-5342 Sentence denotes Patients who fulfilled the criteria for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were isolated, referred to an infectious diseases specialist, and tested for the virus.
T29 5343-5421 Sentence denotes Elective surgery was postponed if the patient had travelled to affected areas.
T30 5422-5461 Sentence denotes Visitor numbers were also restricted.28
T31 5462-5676 Sentence denotes Staff were asked to refrain from unnecessary travel to certain destinations as advised by the Singapore Ministry of Health.29 Staff returning from these destinations were required to take a 14-day leave of absence.
T32 5677-5813 Sentence denotes We also separated staff caring for COVID-19 patients and those caring for other patients to reduce the risk of in-hospital transmission.
T33 5814-5975 Sentence denotes Staff who had cared for COVID-19 patients continued with usual clinical work with a surgical mask on and monitored themselves for fever and respiratory symptoms.
T34 5976-6203 Sentence denotes If inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE) was worn at the time of close contact, the staff member was taken off duty while an infectious diseases team assessed the risk of transmission and planned subsequent management.
T35 6204-6376 Sentence denotes Temperatures of all staff were taken twice daily using hospital-issued oral digital thermometers, and entered into electronic records monitored by administrative personnel.
T36 6377-6461 Sentence denotes Web-based forms were created to facilitate ease of entry using personal smartphones.
T37 6462-6556 Sentence denotes Staff members who developed a fever or respiratory symptoms were screened at the staff clinic.
T38 6558-6590 Sentence denotes Communications and staff support
T39 6591-6731 Sentence denotes In the early phase of the outbreak, the situation was rapidly evolving so case definitions and hospital guidelines were modified frequently.
T40 6732-6843 Sentence denotes Communication channels including a COVID-19 website were set up and daily email updates were sent to all staff.
T41 6844-6989 Sentence denotes Staff used social media, such as Workplace from Facebook and encrypted instant messaging, to approach senior management with ideas or concerns.13
T42 6990-7135 Sentence denotes Resources, including reading material and a helpline, were set up in the hospital to help staff cope with COVID-19-related anxiety and burnout.13
T43 7137-7162 Sentence denotes Operating room management
T44 7163-7360 Sentence denotes An OR with a negative pressure environment is ideal to reduce dissemination of the virus beyond the OR.5,30 A standard OR is usually designed to be at positive pressure relative to surrounding air.
T45 7361-7460 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, a high frequency of air changes (25 per hr) rapidly reduces viral load within the OR.
T46 7461-7589 Sentence denotes A small OR complex comprising three separate ORs was designated for surgery in patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19.
T47 7590-7700 Sentence denotes This was separate from the main OR complex and reduced the risk of contaminating other ORs and other patients.
T48 7701-7783 Sentence denotes Elective surgeries on non-COVID-19 patients were relocated to the main OR complex.
T49 7784-7888 Sentence denotes Each OR had its own ventilation system with an integrated high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.
T50 7889-8051 Sentence denotes Traffic and flow of contaminated air were minimized by locking all doors to the OR during surgery, with only one possible route for entry/exit via the scrub room.
T51 8052-8133 Sentence denotes New workflows were created for activation and use of the designated isolation OR.
T52 8134-8307 Sentence denotes These workflows considered coordination of staff, movement of surgical and anesthetic equipment, infection prevention practices, and decontamination following the procedure.
T53 8308-8470 Sentence denotes An additional anesthesiologist was called in to care for the COVID-19 patient, while the usual on-call specialist continued with emergency surgery in the main OR.
T54 8471-8635 Sentence denotes Because more time is needed to prepare for surgery in a suspected/confirmed case of COVID-19, daily routines were set up regardless of whether surgery would happen.
T55 8636-8751 Sentence denotes These included routine checks and cleaning of anesthetic machines and powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) sets.
T56 8752-8814 Sentence denotes Designated areas were prepared for donning and doffing of PPE.
T57 8815-8895 Sentence denotes Steps were numbered in sequence and posters were put up to guide staff (Fig. 1).
T58 8896-8959 Sentence denotes Fig. 1 Personal protective equipment donning and doffing areas.
T59 8960-9145 Sentence denotes Steps are colour-coded (A: blue for clean and red for contaminated) and marked in numerical sequence at designated areas just outside the OR, with posters to guide staff on the process.
T60 9146-9153 Sentence denotes Step 1:
T61 9154-9165 Sentence denotes Put on N95.
T62 9166-9173 Sentence denotes Step 2:
T63 9174-9191 Sentence denotes Donning PAPR (B).
T64 9192-9199 Sentence denotes Step 3:
T65 9200-9228 Sentence denotes Enter OR through scrub room.
T66 9229-9236 Sentence denotes Step 4:
T67 9237-9327 Sentence denotes Clean external surface of the PAPR face shield (C), remove surgical gown and outer gloves.
T68 9328-9335 Sentence denotes Step 5:
T69 9336-9353 Sentence denotes Doffing PAPR (D).
T70 9354-9414 Sentence denotes OR = operating room; PAPR = powered air-purifying respirator
T71 9416-9469 Sentence denotes Management of staff in the division of anesthesiology
T72 9471-9500 Sentence denotes Personal protective equipment
T73 9501-9557 Sentence denotes A comprehensive program for the use of PPE was enforced.
T74 9558-9632 Sentence denotes Healthcare personnel were medically cleared and trained in the use of PPE.
T75 9633-9724 Sentence denotes They were also taught how to clean, disinfect, store, and inspect their PPE for any damage.
T76 9725-9843 Sentence denotes All staff were fitted with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified N95 respirators.
T77 9844-9992 Sentence denotes If staff did not fit into available N95 masks, they would use the CleanSpaceR HALOTM PAPR (CleanSpace Technology Pty Ltd, Artarmon, NSW, Australia).
T78 9993-10084 Sentence denotes Personal goggles (model 9302-245; Uvex, Germany) were also issued to every member of staff.
T79 10086-10127 Sentence denotes Powered air-purifying respirator training
T80 10128-10201 Sentence denotes Refresher training for the use and maintenance of the PAPR was conducted.
T81 10202-10494 Sentence denotes Educators from the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine trained designated trainers within the department who then went on to train the 180 anesthesia staff members (consultants and trainees) on the Jupiter and Proflow PAPR models (3M, St Paul, MN, United States of America).
T82 10495-10570 Sentence denotes In addition, mask fitting was done for all users of the CleanSpaceR HALOTM.
T83 10572-10592 Sentence denotes Segregation of staff
T84 10593-10710 Sentence denotes The anesthesia division staffs a tertiary hospital (SGH) and a smaller regional hospital (Sengkang General Hospital).
T85 10711-10793 Sentence denotes Staff were segregated between the two to reduce cross infection between hospitals.
T86 10794-10851 Sentence denotes Locum employment and large group meetings were suspended.
T87 10852-10908 Sentence denotes Web-based conferencing was used to enable communication.
T88 10909-11011 Sentence denotes Attendance was taken at all face-to-face meetings to facilitate contact tracing should the need arise.
T89 11013-11043 Sentence denotes Minimizing exposure and spread
T90 11044-11181 Sentence denotes Routine postoperative visits were suspended and replaced by phone calls where applicable to reduce movement of staff around the hospital.
T91 11182-11251 Sentence denotes Non-urgent preoperative assessment clinic visits were also postponed.
T92 11252-11329 Sentence denotes Pregnant and immunocompromised staff did not care for patients with COVID-19.
T93 11331-11364 Sentence denotes Measures for infection prevention
T94 11366-11403 Sentence denotes Routine infection prevention measures
T95 11404-11572 Sentence denotes Once community spread of the virus had been confirmed, the hospital instituted guidelines for airborne and contact precautions during all aerosol-generating procedures.
T96 11573-11640 Sentence denotes These included wearing N95 masks, eye protection, gown, and gloves.
T97 11641-11868 Sentence denotes Routine care of low-risk patients (no fever or respiratory symptoms, no history of recent travel or close contact with a COVID-19 patient) required only the use of a simple surgical mask to protect against droplet transmission.
T98 11870-11927 Sentence denotes Infection prevention when caring for the COVID-19 patient
T99 11928-12384 Sentence denotes The minimum standard of PPE for any staff caring for a patient with confirmed/suspected COVID-19 infection is a fitted, NIOSH-certified N95 respirator, eye protection (either goggles or full-face shield), cap, gown, and gloves.5 Double gloves may be considered and the outer pair should be changed when contaminated.31 As transmission remains possible despite N95 protection,32 staff participating in aerosol-generating procedures can wear a PAPR (Fig. 2).
T100 12385-12479 Sentence denotes Fig. 2 Staff in powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) during an aerosol-generating procedure
T101 12480-12629 Sentence denotes The patient, wearing a surgical face mask, should be transported from the isolation unit along a designated route with minimal contact with others.31
T102 12630-12943 Sentence denotes Only selected equipment and drugs should be brought into the OR to reduce the number of items that need cleaning or discarding following the procedure.33 Single-use equipment should be selected where possible.26 Consent and charting are done electronically with touch-screen devices to facilitate decontamination.
T103 12944-13119 Sentence denotes Anesthetic monitors, laptop computers, and ultrasound machine surfaces are covered with plastic wrap to decrease the risk of contamination and to facilitate cleaning (Fig. 3).
T104 13120-13236 Sentence denotes Fig. 3 High-touch equipment within the operating room are wrapped with plastic sheets to facilitate decontamination.
T105 13237-13263 Sentence denotes A) Anesthesia workstation.
T106 13264-13298 Sentence denotes B) Back of anesthesia workstation.
T107 13299-13340 Sentence denotes C) Exposed surfaces wrapped with plastic.
T108 13341-13376 Sentence denotes D) Laptop for nursing documentation
T109 13377-13630 Sentence denotes The patient should be reviewed, induced, and recovered within the OR itself to restrict contamination to just one room.27 The number of staff involved in the surgery should be limited.5 Movement of staff in and out of the OR should also be restricted.31
T110 13631-13931 Sentence denotes After surgery, the anesthetic breathing circuit and the canister of soda lime are discarded to eliminate the negligible risk of circuit contamination.25,26,34 After disposing of single-use equipment in well-marked biohazard bags, all instruments are sent for decontamination and sterile reprocessing.
T111 13932-14029 Sentence denotes Surfaces of all medical devices are cleaned with quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectant wipes.
T112 14030-14164 Sentence denotes The OR is then cleaned with sodium hypochlorite 1000 ppm and treated with hydrogen peroxide vaporization or ultraviolet-C irradiation.
T113 14165-14225 Sentence denotes All staff then shower and change into a clean set of scrubs.
T114 14226-14310 Sentence denotes Names of all participating staff members are recorded to facilitate contact tracing.
T115 14311-14407 Sentence denotes More time is needed for decontamination, so the turn-around time following surgery is increased.
T116 14409-14465 Sentence denotes Anesthesia of patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19
T117 14466-15020 Sentence denotes A study of 1,099 patients with COVID-19 showed that 18.7% present with shortness of breath, 41.3% require oxygen supplementation, 5% become critically ill, and 2.3% require invasive mechanical ventilation.35 The median duration of symptoms and hospital length of stay are both between 12 and 13 days.10,35 To reduce risks to both patient and staff, only emergency and not elective surgery should be performed on COVID-19-infected patients.33 If a few hours’ delay is permissible, it is preferable to await the results of the viral swab before proceeding.
T118 15021-15192 Sentence denotes In patients confirmed to have COVID-19 who require urgent surgery (e.g., cancer or cardiac surgery), the risks and benefits of proceeding or postponing need to be weighed.
T119 15193-15307 Sentence denotes A team huddle should take place before surgery to ensure everyone understands the plan for anesthesia and surgery.
T120 15308-15409 Sentence denotes This enables seamless teamwork and ensures that all necessary drugs and equipment have been prepared.
T121 15410-15496 Sentence denotes It also minimizes the need to leave and re-enter the OR to bring in missing equipment.
T122 15497-15974 Sentence denotes All staff should be aware that communication is more difficult after PPE (and especially PAPR) have been donned, and pay special attention to facilitate communication during the procedure.26 All staff should be protected in appropriate PPE, and the staff number should be restricted to the minimum necessary for patient safety.5 Given the relative lack of familiarity with the new changes in workflow, an OR coordinator is assigned to each team caring for the COVID-19 patient.
T123 15975-16082 Sentence denotes This coordinator directs all team members and guides them on their roles and infection prevention measures.
T124 16083-16190 Sentence denotes A core group of anesthesiologists, who are familiar with the isolation OR processes, serve as coordinators.
T125 16191-16284 Sentence denotes Anesthesia should be planned with two goals in mind: patient safety and infection prevention.
T126 16285-16525 Sentence denotes Infection prevention entails reducing aerosol-generating procedures (i.e., airway manipulation, face mask ventilation, open airway suctioning, patient coughing) as far as possible.33 Regional anesthesia is preferred over general anesthesia.
T127 16526-17098 Sentence denotes Awake intubation techniques should be avoided because both patient coughing and atomized local anesthetic may lead to aerosolization of the virus.25,33 If a regional technique is chosen, the patient should wear a surgical face mask at all times.5 If sedation is administered, supplemental oxygen may be administered via nasal prongs underneath the surgical mask.25 Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation and high flow nasal cannulae such as the transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange should be avoided to reduce the risk of viral aerosolization.
T128 17099-17425 Sentence denotes Before anesthesia induction, a HEPA filter should be connected to the patient end of the breathing circuit, and another between the expiratory limb and the anesthetic machine.33 Equipment should be prepared to reduce the need for circuit disconnections—e.g., any circuit extensions should be attached before starting the case.
T129 17426-17548 Sentence denotes A definitive airway with an endotracheal tube is preferred over a supraglottic airway device because it has a better seal.
T130 17549-17661 Sentence denotes A video-laryngoscope is recommended because a PAPR hood or goggles may hamper vision during direct laryngoscopy.
T131 17662-17762 Sentence denotes A video-laryngoscope also keeps the intubator further from the patient’s airway during intubation.36
T132 17763-18185 Sentence denotes Pre-oxygenation should be carried out via a well-fitting face mask.25 Rapid sequence induction should be carried out to reduce the need for bag-mask ventilation.25 If bag-mask ventilation cannot be avoided, small tidal volumes (at low pressure) should be administered.25 Deep anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade should be achieved before attempting intubation, and the latter can be assessed by train-of-four monitoring.
T133 18186-18269 Sentence denotes Ensure full expiration into the face mask before lifting it off the patient’s face.
T134 18270-18443 Sentence denotes The most experienced operator should intubate.25 Following intubation, the cuff should be inflated and the circuit connected before initiating positive pressure ventilation.
T135 18444-18759 Sentence denotes Closed, in-line tracheal suction should be used instead of open suction.33 Minimizing circuit disconnections is ideal, but if this is unavoidable, ensure positive pressure ventilation is ceased, turn the adjustable pressure limiting valve to zero, and consider clamping the endotracheal tube prior to disconnection.
T136 18760-18895 Sentence denotes This technique may also be used before switching a patient from intensive care from the transport ventilator to the anesthetic machine.
T137 18896-19085 Sentence denotes The patient should be preoxygenated and the duration of disconnection should be kept to a minimum to avoid exacerbating hypoxia in critically ill COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure.
T138 19086-19155 Sentence denotes Anti-emetics should be administered to reduce postoperative retching.
T139 19156-19288 Sentence denotes A rigid suction catheter may be used to reduce the chance of contaminating the surroundings with the soft flexible suction catheter.
T140 19289-19370 Sentence denotes All equipment in contact with patient secretions should be carefully manipulated.
T141 19371-19492 Sentence denotes This includes the suction device, endotracheal tube, nasogastric tube (if used) and even the tape used to cover the eyes.
T142 19493-19560 Sentence denotes Following extubation, the patient should wear a surgical face mask.
T143 19561-19762 Sentence denotes Supplemental oxygen may be administered via nasal prongs underneath the face mask.25 Venturi masks should be avoided as they may aerosolize the virus.25 The patient should recover within the OR itself.
T144 19764-19813 Sentence denotes Considerations specific to individual disciplines
T145 19815-19844 Sentence denotes Interventional radiology (IR)
T146 19845-20102 Sentence denotes As far as possible, portable cases that can be done under local anesthesia should be done so in the isolation ward within the airborne infection isolation room (AIIR).28 If the procedure requires anesthetic support, it should take place in the isolation OR.
T147 20103-20297 Sentence denotes If the procedure is more complex and requires specialized equipment such as a computed tomography scan, it should take place in a dedicated room within the IR facility with its own control room.
T148 20298-20417 Sentence denotes As the IR suite is regularly used for procedures, it would have to be cleared and prepared for a patient with COVID-19.
T149 20418-20562 Sentence denotes This would mean postponing or cancelling other elective procedures and discharging any patients recovering within the post-anesthetic care unit.
T150 20563-20627 Sentence denotes Unnecessary equipment should be removed from the procedure room.
T151 20628-20727 Sentence denotes Remaining equipment (such as image intensifier, lead shield) should be covered with plastic sheets.
T152 20728-20809 Sentence denotes Signs are placed at doors to alert other staff not to enter the room without PPE.
T153 20810-21006 Sentence denotes A similar workflow can be replicated as in the isolation OR with similar principles of reducing exposure of staff, ensuring appropriate PPE, reducing contamination, and subsequent decontamination.
T154 21007-21102 Sentence denotes All processes from pre-induction checks to recovery should be done within the procedure room.27
T155 21104-21114 Sentence denotes Obstetrics
T156 21115-21373 Sentence denotes Current limited evidence suggests that there is no vertical transmission of the virus to the neonate if the mother is infected in late pregnancy.37 Considerations specific to obstetrics include protecting the neonate and preventing transmission of the virus.
T157 21374-21515 Sentence denotes In theory, a lower segment Cesarean delivery may reduce fecal-oral transmission, but this is may not be favoured because it has more risks.38
T158 21516-21631 Sentence denotes Cesarean deliveries should be performed in the isolation OR if the mother is a known or suspected COVID-19 patient.
T159 21632-21863 Sentence denotes At birth, the neonate should be isolated and be cared for by a dedicated neonatal team in a separate room from the mother.38,39 We use the induction room for this purpose as it has the necessary oxygen supply and suction apparatus.
T160 21864-22010 Sentence denotes If this environment is unfamiliar to obstetric and neonatal teams, simulation is conducted to familiarize all the staff with the planned workflow.
T161 22012-22034 Sentence denotes Cardiothoracic surgery
T162 22035-22205 Sentence denotes The National Heart Centre Singapore (NHCS) performs all elective cardiac surgery within its own OR complex, which is connected to the main SGH building via a link bridge.
T163 22206-22321 Sentence denotes Emergency surgeries done after office hours are usually performed in the major OR complex in the main SGH building.
T164 22322-22461 Sentence denotes To isolate known/suspected COVID-19 patients requiring emergency cardiac surgery, the largest OR within the outbreak OR complex was chosen.
T165 22462-22642 Sentence denotes This accommodated additional equipment such as the cardiopulmonary bypass machine, intra-aortic balloon pump, transesophageal echocardiography machine, and fluid management system.
T166 22643-22905 Sentence denotes Because the main NHCS operating complex was further away, equipment such as a dedicated bypass machine and other essential cardiac equipment such as cell saver, cerebral oximetry, fluid warmer, and disposable bronchoscope were stored in the isolation OR complex.
T167 22906-22983 Sentence denotes The use of a heated humidifier was discouraged to avoid viral aerosolization.
T168 22984-23139 Sentence denotes Equipment kits for peripheral arterial and central venous cannulation were assembled and contained all necessary items such as syringes and gauze (Fig. 4).
T169 23140-23205 Sentence denotes This was done to reduce contamination of common equipment stores.
T170 23206-23376 Sentence denotes To familiarize cardiothoracic anesthetic staff with the new set-up in the isolation OR, they were given photographs showing the location of essential drugs and equipment.
T171 23377-23412 Sentence denotes Fig. 4 Pre-packed sets of equipment
T172 23414-23432 Sentence denotes In situ simulation
T173 23433-23530 Sentence denotes In situ simulation was important for testing the preparedness of our isolation OR and procedures.
T174 23531-23625 Sentence denotes In situ simulation is simulation training that takes place in the actual clinical environment.
T175 23626-23928 Sentence denotes It has been used to improve reliability and safety in high-risk or high-stress environments,40–42 and has been shown to improve clinical skills, teamwork, patient safety, and behaviour.43 We conducted a series of simulations and “walk-throughs” of various scenarios with different surgical disciplines.
T176 23929-24085 Sentence denotes The final scenario involved a crisis situation that required the surgical and anesthesia participants to perform resuscitation while wearing PPEs and PAPRs.
T177 24086-24268 Sentence denotes The objectives of these simulations were to proactively seek latent threats and potential breaches in infection control, especially during vulnerable and stressful moments of crisis.
T178 24269-24414 Sentence denotes We also wanted to evaluate the responsiveness of our activation workflow and adaptability of the isolation OR to cater to a variety of surgeries.
T179 24415-24787 Sentence denotes These simulation exercises allowed us to identify and address unexpected problems that were not apparent in the initial planning, such as lack of oversight and coordination, environment limitations, unsatisfactory equipment set-up, communication difficulties, lack of familiarity with protective equipment, infection control breaches, and inadequate support during crisis.
T180 24788-25043 Sentence denotes These led to many downstream interventions, including appointing an OR coordinator to oversee this multi-step and multidisciplinary activation process to ensure that essential steps that may potentially compromise patient and staff safety were not missed.
T181 25044-25223 Sentence denotes By rectifying deficiencies, we were able to effectively improve OR responsiveness and readiness by streamlining the ward transport process and refining the OR activation workflow.
T182 25224-25299 Sentence denotes This was reflected in faster activation times with each in situ simulation.
T183 25301-25311 Sentence denotes Discussion
T184 25312-25467 Sentence denotes As part of disease containment measures, our anesthetic division implemented the above procedures in phases to decrease the risk of SARS-CoV2 transmission.
T185 25468-25551 Sentence denotes In the initial phase, the emphasis was on identifying and isolating imported cases.
T186 25552-25750 Sentence denotes Once local community transmission had been reported, surveillance was enhanced to identify cases, including cases with no previous travel to affected areas or previous contact with infected persons.
T187 25751-25828 Sentence denotes At that stage, routine PPE was also enhanced in case of undiagnosed COVID-19.
T188 25829-26016 Sentence denotes However, if there is widespread global transmission, containment will no longer be feasible and the goals will shift towards risk mitigation instead, to reduce the impact on society.44,45
T189 26017-26193 Sentence denotes Containment measures may be categorized according to the hierarchy of controls approach,46 which has been used to effectively control exposure to occupational hazards (Fig. 5).
T190 26194-26267 Sentence denotes Fig. 5 Hierarchy of controls to control exposure to occupational hazards.
T191 26268-26332 Sentence denotes The five layers can be implemented concurrently or sequentially.
T192 26333-26479 Sentence denotes To control exposure to infectious diseases in the healthcare environment, elimination and substitution controls are often limited or not feasible.
T193 26480-26549 Sentence denotes Effectiveness of control measures generally decreases down the layers
T194 26550-26733 Sentence denotes To control exposure to infectious diseases in the healthcare environment, options for hazard control, such as elimination and substitution controls, are often limited or not feasible.
T195 26734-26966 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, transmission of respiratory pathogens (such as SARS-CoV2) can often be reduced through exposure control by means of engineering, administrative controls, and PPE.5,28 Figure 6 shows the summary of the measures adopted.
T196 26967-27112 Sentence denotes Fig. 6 Summary of the measures implemented in the operating room and anesthetic department to enhance infection prevention in a COVID-19 pandemic
T197 27113-27213 Sentence denotes Engineering controls refer to the placement of barriers between the hazard and healthcare personnel.
T198 27214-27429 Sentence denotes Ideally, AIIR should be used as ORs for surgical patients who had airborne infections.28 Nevertheless, in our institution, all the ORs are positive pressure rooms and we did not have AIIR which could be used as ORs.
T199 27430-27517 Sentence denotes Therefore, a separate OR complex was set aside for surgery involving COVID-19 patients.
T200 27518-27667 Sentence denotes Disposable anesthetic and surgical equipment were used whenever possible to decrease the risk of virus exposure to OR sterile processing technicians.
T201 27668-27868 Sentence denotes HEPA filters were used at the patient’s end of the breathing circuit and also between the expiratory limb of the circuit and the anesthetic machine to decrease the risk of environmental contamination.
T202 27869-27988 Sentence denotes Administrative controls refer to policies mandated by healthcare institutions to reduce or prevent exposure to hazards.
T203 27989-28167 Sentence denotes One of the first policies implemented was to discourage unnecessary travel to high-risk areas affected by COVID-19, and to impose a leave of absence upon return from these areas.
T204 28168-28630 Sentence denotes It is likely that travel restrictions in China over the Chinese New Year holiday limited the spread of infections.7,47 In the first few weeks of the outbreak, cases outside China emerged in Bangkok, Hong Kong, and Singapore—all cities with high volumes of air traffic from China.48 COVID-19 infections diagnosed in six countries were traced back to one single conference.49 At least one medical conference in Singapore was cancelled because of transmission risk.
T205 28631-28747 Sentence denotes Other administrative controls in the hospital environment include the screening and isolation of high risk patients.
T206 28748-28903 Sentence denotes Location-based segregation of staff was implemented and large group meetings were suspended to reduce potential cross-infection among healthcare personnel.
T207 28904-29387 Sentence denotes In a pandemic, should the numbers of COVID-19 patients increase dramatically, OR staff should be segregated into those caring for infected patients and those caring for other patients, to reduce the possibility of in-hospital transmission.28 Anesthetic pre-assessment, induction, and postoperative recovery of each patient should be conducted in a single OR with restricted staff numbers.28In situ simulation was invaluable in helping us identify latent threats and gaps in workflow.
T208 29388-29625 Sentence denotes It allowed members of the operating team to understand the challenges of operating in an unfamiliar environment with additional PPE, and allowed us to identify unexpected deficiencies that were not apparent in the initial planning stage.
T209 29626-29827 Sentence denotes Together with other authors who have used simulation-based training to prepare for disease outbreaks,50,51 we highly recommend it to refine processes, enhance communication, and build staff confidence.
T210 29828-30042 Sentence denotes Personal protective equipment is the final line of protection for healthcare workers especially in the context of community transmission, as patients without known contact history may also be carriers of the virus.
T211 30043-30215 Sentence denotes In line with Occupational Safety and Health Administration Respiratory Protection Standards, all healthcare personnel were trained on the indications and proper use of PPE.
T212 30216-30569 Sentence denotes Twenty percent of anesthesiologists in our division failed fit-testing for N95 respirators (1860, 1860S, 1870+ by 3MTM [3M, St Paul, MN, USA]), increasing the risk of them becoming infected should they be exposed.52 Alternative respiratory protection should be made available to these staff, or they should be allocated duties away from high-risk areas.
T213 30570-30692 Sentence denotes This has implications on anesthetic departments in particular, as our routine work involves aerosol-generating procedures.
T214 30693-30771 Sentence denotes Staff who failed to be fitted for the N95 respirator may use the PAPR instead.
T215 30772-30857 Sentence denotes In our department, they were fitted for a PAPR with a facepiece (CleanSpaceR HALOTM).
T216 30858-31119 Sentence denotes This offers better protection than a hooded PAPR with a loose fitting facepiece.53 Sufficient PAPR devices should therefore be available to cater for different operational and staffing needs and advance consideration must be given to purchasing additional sets.
T217 31120-31303 Sentence denotes Furthermore, eye protection is important because inoculation of the conjunctival surface may result in COVID-19 infection5,54,55 Goggles were therefore issued to each member of staff.
T218 31304-31407 Sentence denotes There is risk of a shortage of N95 respirators during any pandemic, especially if it becomes prolonged.
T219 31408-31587 Sentence denotes Measures taken to mitigate this included earlier mentioned engineering and administrative controls to decrease the number of healthcare personnel requiring respiratory protection.
T220 31588-31700 Sentence denotes Alternatives such as PAPRs may be used and practices may be introduced to extend the use of each N95 respirator.
T221 31701-31946 Sentence denotes The latter include extended use and limited re-use.56 Extended use refers to the practice of wearing the same N95 respirator for repeated close contact encounters with several patients, without removing the respirator between patient encounters.
T222 31947-32390 Sentence denotes Studies have shown that most healthcare personnel could tolerate wearing N95 respirators for up to eight to 12 hr.57,58 Nevertheless, because most healthcare workers need to take breaks during shifts to eat, drink, and use the toilet, extended use of N95 beyond four hours is unlikely in most settings.59 Re-use refers to the practice of using the same N95 respirator for multiple encounters with patients but removing it after each encounter.
T223 32391-32736 Sentence denotes The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology position paper, developed from various guidelines (including the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, WHO and the Institute of Medicine), recommend extended use over re-use.60
T224 32737-33127 Sentence denotes For cases with highly suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection, we adopted a single-use policy for these respirators because extended use and limited re-use of these respirators carries risks, such as droplet spray contamination, degradation of filtration efficacy and mask fit with time, cross-contamination during storage, and contamination during doffing and donning of the respirators.
T225 33128-33242 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, we adopted a re-use policy for N95 respirators for cases with a low suspicion of COVID-19 infection.
T226 33243-33789 Sentence denotes The recommended practices for extending the use and/or reusing a respirator can be found in Table 1.60 This includes performing hand hygiene before and after handling of the respirator; inspecting and performing a seal check before each use; avoiding the removal, adjustment, and contact with the inner and outer surfaces of the respirator; storing it in a clean dry location to avoid contamination and to maintain its integrity; and discarding the respirator if it is grossly contaminated or damaged or if breathing through it becomes difficult.
T227 33790-33875 Sentence denotes Table 1 Recommended practices for extending the use and/or re-using an N95 respirator
T228 33876-33964 Sentence denotes Avoid removing, adjusting, or touching the respirator (both outside and inside surfaces)
T229 33965-34078 Sentence denotes Discard the respirator if it becomes grossly contaminated or damaged or if breathing through it becomes difficult
T230 34079-34149 Sentence denotes Perform hand hygiene before and after handling/touching the respirator
T231 34150-34246 Sentence denotes Store the respirator in a clean, dry location to avoid contamination and maintain its integrity.
T232 34247-34330 Sentence denotes It can be stored in a single-use breathable container, or hung in a designated area
T233 34331-34394 Sentence denotes Inspect the respirator and perform a seal check before each use
T234 34395-34446 Sentence denotes Training staff to use PPE competently is essential.
T235 34447-34874 Sentence denotes In an observational study, 90% of staff did not use the correct doffing sequence or technique, or use the appropriate PPE.61 According to a survey conducted by Amrita John et al., 11 of 74 (14.9%) physicians did not have prior training in the use of PPE.62 Emphasis must be placed on proper doffing technique and staff must be reminded not to touch their eyes, face, or mucous membranes as these may lead to self-contamination.
T236 34875-35033 Sentence denotes In our institution, trainers from the Infection Control and Occupational Medicine departments were initially overwhelmed by requests to conduct PAPR training.
T237 35034-35168 Sentence denotes To mitigate this, we arranged for these trainers to teach and test a small group of anesthetic consultants on the correct use of PAPR.
T238 35169-35232 Sentence denotes This group then went on to teach all 180 staff in the division.
T239 35233-35971 Sentence denotes Powered air-purifying respirators have a higher protective factor than N95 respirators,63 but there is no conclusive evidence to show that PAPRs decrease the likelihood of viral transmission, especially airborne transmission.36 The concurrent use of N95 respirators with PAPR to further decrease the risk of viral transmission may sound tempting, but there is no strong evidence of an added protective effect.64 Disadvantages of such concurrent use include increased communication difficulties,65 claustrophobic reactions,66 and increased risk of infection from doffing the additional layers of PPE (Table 2).67 It is more important to emphasize proper doffing and cleaning of PAPR for re-use to prevent contamination and cross-infection.
T240 35972-36036 Sentence denotes Table 2 Pros and cons of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR)
T241 36037-36046 Sentence denotes Pros Cons
T242 36047-36200 Sentence denotes Higher protective factor than N95 respirators No definitive evidence that PAPR reduces likelihood of viral transmission for potential airborne infections
T243 36201-36313 Sentence denotes Provides eye protection (hooded models only) Inability to auscultate for heart and lung sounds (for hooded PAPR)
T244 36314-36386 Sentence denotes More comfortable to wear than N95 respirator Challenges in communication
T245 36387-36516 Sentence denotes Can be used if user has facial hair (not possible with N95 respirator) Patient apprehension (especially among pediatric patients)
T246 36517-36659 Sentence denotes Hooded models do not require fit-testing (unlike N95 respirator) Training on use, doffing, and care of PAPR is needed to prevent contamination
T247 36660-36740 Sentence denotes Eliminates unexpected poor N95 respirator fit Requires decontamination after use
T248 36741-36837 Sentence denotes Less likely to be dislodged when managing an agitated patient More expensive than N95 respirator
T249 36838-37042 Sentence denotes PAPRs with hood may provide additional protection against contamination compared with typical gear worn with N95 mask Inability to re-use disposable filters between patients (need large supply of filters)
T250 37043-37119 Sentence denotes Need to train staff repeatedly to maintain competency if not frequently used
T251 37120-37168 Sentence denotes Risk of battery failure and inadvertent exposure
T252 37169-37483 Sentence denotes A recent review of 22 studies revealed that human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, or endemic human coronaviruses can persist (i.e., maintain viral morphology or ability to infect cells) on inanimate surfaces such as metal, glass, or plastic for up to nine days.
T253 37484-37779 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, these can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within one minute.68 Other biocidal agents such as 0.05–0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective.
T254 37780-38038 Sentence denotes The disinfection process at our institution involves cleaning of all medical devices with quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectant wipes and cleaning of the OR with sodium hypochlorite followed by hydrogen peroxide vaporization or ultraviolet-C irradiation.
T255 38039-38094 Sentence denotes The mechanical action of wiping removes organic debris.
T256 38095-38209 Sentence denotes The disinfectant solution released by the wipe on the target surface is responsible for the bactericidal activity.
T257 38210-38525 Sentence denotes Quaternary ammonium compounds have good cleaning and deodorization properties with a broad spectrum of biocidal and sporostatic activity, including against lipid-enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses.69 Hypochlorite is affordable, has a rapid onset, and has a large bactericidal spectrum with no toxic residues.69
T258 38526-38824 Sentence denotes Hydrogen peroxide vaporization is effective against a range of bacteria and viruses within hospital settings,70 including transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, a surrogate for the SARS-CoV.71 Ultraviolet-C irradiation effectively inactivates aerosolized viruses, bacteria, and fungi.72
T259 38826-38837 Sentence denotes Conclusions
T260 38838-38984 Sentence denotes Preparation for a pandemic involves considering the different levels in the hierarchy of controls as well as the different phases of the pandemic.
T261 38985-39173 Sentence denotes In the OR setting, these measures include the modification of infrastructure and processes, management of staff and patients, infection prevention strategies, and clinical recommendations.
T262 39174-39385 Sentence denotes The OR is a complex environment with multiple stakeholders including anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, OR attendants, and technicians; it can be a challenge to align the interests and concerns of all parties.
T263 39386-39604 Sentence denotes Nevertheless, we believe that these containment measures are necessary to optimize the quality of care provided to COVID-19 patients and to reduce the risk of viral transmission to other patients or healthcare workers.
T264 39606-39622 Sentence denotes Publisher's Note
T265 39623-39741 Sentence denotes Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
T266 39743-39759 Sentence denotes Acknowledgements
T267 39760-39858 Sentence denotes The authors would like to acknowledge the Division of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital.
T268 39860-39881 Sentence denotes Conflicts of interest
T269 39882-39887 Sentence denotes None.
T270 39889-39906 Sentence denotes Funding statement
T271 39907-39912 Sentence denotes None.
T272 39914-39938 Sentence denotes Editorial responsibility
T273 39939-39983 Sentence denotes This submission was handled by Dr. Hilary P.
T274 39984-40041 Sentence denotes Grocott, Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia.

LitCovid-PD-HP

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue hp_id
T1 4871-4877 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T2 5944-5949 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T3 6492-6497 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T4 7113-7120 Phenotype denotes anxiety http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000739
T5 11679-11684 Phenotype denotes fever http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0001945
T6 14537-14556 Phenotype denotes shortness of breath http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002098
T7 15094-15100 Phenotype denotes cancer http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002664
T8 16436-16444 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T9 16593-16601 Phenotype denotes coughing http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012735
T10 19016-19023 Phenotype denotes hypoxia http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0012418
T11 19065-19084 Phenotype denotes respiratory failure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0002878

2_test

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue
32162212-32129805-18287475 6987-6989 32129805 denotes 13
32162212-32129805-18287476 7133-7135 32129805 denotes 13
32162212-14656775-18287477 12244-12246 14656775 denotes 31
32162212-15030699-18287478 12303-12305 15030699 denotes 32
32162212-14656775-18287479 12627-12629 14656775 denotes 31
32162212-20810676-18287480 12781-12783 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-15264737-18287481 12839-12841 15264737 denotes 26
32162212-15166557-18287482 13496-13498 15166557 denotes 27
32162212-14656775-18287483 13628-13630 14656775 denotes 31
32162212-12765882-18287484 13781-13783 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-15264737-18287485 13784-13786 15264737 denotes 26
32162212-10792138-18287486 13787-13789 10792138 denotes 34
32162212-32125362-18287487 14766-14768 32125362 denotes 10
32162212-20810676-18287488 14905-14907 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-15264737-18287489 15685-15687 15264737 denotes 26
32162212-20810676-18287490 16465-16467 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-12765882-18287491 16672-16674 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-20810676-18287492 16675-16677 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-12765882-18287493 16888-16890 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-20810676-18287494 17274-17276 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-32052373-18287495 17760-17762 32052373 denotes 36
32162212-12765882-18287496 17830-17832 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-12765882-18287497 17924-17926 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-12765882-18287498 18031-18033 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-12765882-18287499 18316-18318 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-20810676-18287500 18516-18518 20810676 denotes 33
32162212-12765882-18287501 19643-19645 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-12765882-18287502 19711-19713 12765882 denotes 25
32162212-15166557-18287503 21100-21102 15166557 denotes 27
32162212-32151335-18287504 21260-21262 32151335 denotes 37
32162212-32142639-18287505 21513-21515 32142639 denotes 38
32162212-32142639-18287506 21754-21756 32142639 denotes 38
32162212-28968283-18287507 23718-23720 28968283 denotes 40
32162212-31651937-18287508 28282-28283 31651937 denotes 7
32162212-32151335-18287509 28284-28286 32151335 denotes 47
32162212-32374834-18287510 28447-28449 32374834 denotes 48
32162212-29779846-18287511 29727-29729 29779846 denotes 50
32162212-15202153-18287512 30429-30431 15202153 denotes 52
32162212-32061333-18287513 31243-31245 32061333 denotes 54
32162212-32086236-18287514 31246-31248 32086236 denotes 55
32162212-19126810-18287515 32061-32063 19126810 denotes 57
32162212-23768438-18287516 32064-32066 23768438 denotes 58
32162212-24628658-18287517 32249-32251 24628658 denotes 59
32162212-31291152-18287518 34569-34571 31291152 denotes 61
32162212-27181222-18287519 34701-34703 27181222 denotes 62
32162212-32052373-18287520 35458-35460 32052373 denotes 36
32162212-18313516-18287521 35642-35644 18313516 denotes 64
32162212-10718233-18287522 35727-35729 10718233 denotes 65
32162212-12074023-18287523 35755-35757 12074023 denotes 66
32162212-14656774-18287524 35842-35844 14656774 denotes 67
32162212-32035997-18287525 37660-37662 32035997 denotes 68
32162212-31452873-18287526 38412-38414 31452873 denotes 69
32162212-31452873-18287527 38523-38525 31452873 denotes 69
32162212-19931937-18287528 38635-38637 19931937 denotes 70
32162212-24656442-18287529 38728-38730 24656442 denotes 71
32162212-30377199-18287530 38822-38824 30377199 denotes 72

LitCovid-PubTator

Id Subject Object Predicate Lexical cue tao:has_database_id
1 16-24 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
9 528-536 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
10 1688-1696 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
11 1751-1759 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
12 279-303 Disease denotes coronavirus disease 2019 MESH:C000657245
13 305-313 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
14 551-560 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
15 1679-1687 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
24 1853-1900 Species denotes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Tax:2697049
25 1902-1912 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
26 1976-1981 Species denotes Human Tax:9606
27 1985-1990 Species denotes human Tax:9606
28 2007-2017 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
29 2135-2141 Species denotes people Tax:9606
30 2089-2108 Disease denotes coronavirus disease MESH:D018352
31 2110-2118 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
33 2298-2306 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
41 2659-2668 Species denotes SARS-CoV2 Tax:2697049
42 2738-2746 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
43 2952-2962 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
44 2998-3006 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
45 3177-3184 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
46 3205-3215 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
47 3313-3323 Species denotes SARS-CoV-2 Tax:2697049
53 3762-3770 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
54 3809-3817 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
55 3488-3496 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
56 3553-3559 Disease denotes deaths MESH:D003643
57 3691-3700 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
63 4075-4083 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
64 4228-4236 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
65 4265-4273 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
66 4108-4116 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
67 4279-4287 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
72 4807-4815 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
73 4798-4806 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
74 4871-4877 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
75 5022-5031 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
77 5068-5076 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
83 5102-5110 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
84 5184-5192 Species denotes Patients Tax:9606
85 5381-5388 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
86 5234-5254 Disease denotes SARS-CoV-2 infection MESH:C000657245
87 5285-5304 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
98 5721-5729 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
99 5757-5765 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
100 5847-5855 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
101 5712-5720 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
102 5838-5846 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
103 5944-5949 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
104 5954-5974 Disease denotes respiratory symptoms MESH:D012818
105 6110-6129 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
106 6492-6497 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
107 6501-6521 Disease denotes respiratory symptoms MESH:D012818
109 6767-6775 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
112 7096-7104 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
113 7113-7120 Disease denotes anxiety MESH:D001007
119 7540-7548 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
120 7691-7699 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
121 7736-7744 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
122 7580-7588 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
123 7727-7735 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
127 8378-8385 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
128 8231-8240 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
129 8369-8377 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
131 8555-8563 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
133 10464-10466 CellLine denotes MN CVCL:U508
135 10759-10774 Disease denotes cross infection MESH:D003428
138 11306-11314 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
139 11320-11328 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
141 11344-11353 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
143 11374-11383 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
149 11666-11674 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
150 11771-11778 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
151 11679-11684 Disease denotes fever MESH:D005334
152 11688-11708 Disease denotes respiratory symptoms MESH:D012818
153 11762-11770 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
156 11870-11879 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
157 11911-11919 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
161 11983-11990 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
162 12016-12024 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
163 12025-12034 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
165 12484-12491 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
167 13381-13388 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
171 13981-14009 Chemical denotes quaternary ammonium chloride
172 14058-14077 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite MESH:D012973
173 14104-14121 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
176 14423-14431 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
177 14457-14465 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
189 14483-14491 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
190 14796-14803 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
191 14896-14904 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
192 15024-15032 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
193 14572-14578 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
194 14497-14505 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
195 14537-14556 Disease denotes shortness of breath MESH:D004417
196 14606-14620 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
197 14878-14895 Disease denotes COVID-19-infected MESH:C000657245
198 15051-15059 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
199 15094-15100 Disease denotes cancer MESH:D009369
204 15809-15816 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
205 15966-15973 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
206 15957-15965 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
207 16052-16061 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
217 16244-16251 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
218 16428-16435 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
219 16585-16592 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
220 16717-16724 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
221 16815-16821 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
222 16263-16272 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
223 16285-16294 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
224 16436-16444 Disease denotes coughing MESH:D003371
225 16593-16601 Disease denotes coughing MESH:D003371
228 17169-17176 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
229 17725-17732 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
238 18254-18261 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
239 18811-18818 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
240 18900-18907 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
241 19051-19059 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
242 19016-19023 Disease denotes hypoxia MESH:D000860
243 19027-19041 Disease denotes critically ill MESH:D016638
244 19042-19050 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
245 19065-19084 Disease denotes respiratory failure MESH:D012131
251 19319-19326 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
252 19519-19526 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
253 19718-19725 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
254 19574-19580 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
255 19646-19653 Chemical denotes Venturi
257 19980-19989 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
261 20395-20402 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
262 20505-20513 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
263 20408-20416 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
265 21233-21241 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
269 21623-21630 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
270 21827-21833 Chemical denotes oxygen MESH:D010100
271 21614-21622 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
275 22358-22366 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
276 22349-22357 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
277 22545-22570 Disease denotes intra-aortic balloon pump MESH:D054549
283 23781-23788 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
284 24018-24030 Species denotes participants Tax:9606
285 25002-25009 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
286 24188-24197 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
287 24722-24731 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
292 25444-25453 Species denotes SARS-CoV2 Tax:2697049
293 25742-25749 Species denotes persons Tax:9606
294 25733-25741 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
295 25819-25827 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
297 26356-26375 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
300 27069-27078 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
301 27095-27103 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
304 26795-26804 Species denotes SARS-CoV2 Tax:2697049
305 26573-26592 Disease denotes infectious diseases MESH:D003141
311 27263-27271 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
312 27508-27516 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
313 27698-27705 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
314 27289-27299 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
315 27499-27507 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
320 28095-28103 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
321 28271-28281 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
322 28450-28458 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
323 28459-28469 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
332 28738-28746 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
333 28950-28958 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
334 29043-29051 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
335 29079-29087 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
336 29219-29226 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
337 28860-28875 Disease denotes cross-infection MESH:D003428
338 28941-28949 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
339 29034-29042 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
341 29969-29977 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
346 30397-30405 Disease denotes infected MESH:D007239
347 31223-31231 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
348 31232-31241 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
349 30349-30351 CellLine denotes MN CVCL:U508
354 31877-31885 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
355 31927-31934 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
356 32344-32352 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
357 32428-32437 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
360 32782-32790 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
361 32791-32800 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
364 33223-33231 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245
365 33232-33241 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
367 34913-34922 Disease denotes Infection MESH:D007239
374 36458-36465 Species denotes Patient Tax:9606
375 36507-36515 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
376 36795-36802 Species denotes patient Tax:9606
377 37003-37011 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
378 36190-36200 Disease denotes infections MESH:D007239
379 37128-37143 Disease denotes battery failure MESH:D006333
382 35780-35789 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
383 35955-35970 Disease denotes cross-infection MESH:D003428
398 37213-37218 Species denotes human Tax:9606
399 37219-37232 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
400 37241-37249 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
401 37251-37302 Species denotes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus Tax:1335626
402 37315-37320 Species denotes human Tax:9606
403 37321-37334 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
404 37582-37589 Chemical denotes ethanol MESH:D000431
405 37596-37613 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
406 37622-37641 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite MESH:D012973
407 37703-37724 Chemical denotes benzalkonium chloride MESH:D001548
408 37734-37759 Chemical denotes chlorhexidine digluconate MESH:C010882
409 37870-37898 Chemical denotes quaternary ammonium chloride
410 37946-37965 Chemical denotes sodium hypochlorite MESH:D012973
411 37978-37995 Chemical denotes hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
416 38398-38411 Species denotes coronaviruses Tax:11118
417 38210-38239 Chemical denotes Quaternary ammonium compounds MESH:D000644
418 38366-38371 Chemical denotes lipid MESH:D008055
419 38415-38427 Chemical denotes Hypochlorite MESH:D006997
423 38719-38727 Species denotes SARS-CoV Tax:694009
424 38526-38543 Chemical denotes Hydrogen peroxide MESH:D006861
425 38662-38697 Disease denotes gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs MESH:D005759
431 39101-39109 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
432 39510-39518 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
433 39573-39581 Species denotes patients Tax:9606
434 39111-39120 Disease denotes infection MESH:D007239
435 39501-39509 Disease denotes COVID-19 MESH:C000657245